11/28/2025
She helped lead the suffrage movement. Her best friend was Susan B. Anthony. Then they erased her from history—because she was too radical to remember.March 24, 1826. Cicero, New York.Matilda Joslyn Gage was born into a family that believed freedom wasn't negotiable.Her father, Dr. Hezekiah Joslyn, didn't just talk about abolition—his home was a station on the Underground Railroad. As a child, Matilda handed out antislavery pamphlets and listened to Frederick Douglass speak in her living room.She absorbed a lesson that would define her life: If something is wrong, you fight it. No matter the cost.Matilda wanted to become a doctor.Every medical school refused her. Because she was a woman.So she became something else. Something more dangerous to the systems that rejected her.September 1852. National Women's Rights Convention in Syracuse, New York.A 26-year-old Matilda Joslyn Gage walked to the podium.No one had invited her. She had simply decided to speak."Let Syracuse sustain her name for radicalism," she declared.Her speech was the only one reprinted in full by the newspapers.For the next four decades, Gage stood alongside Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton as one of the "Triumvirate"—three women leading the National Woman Suffrage Association.She served as president from 1875 to 1876. She co-authored the first three volumes of the monumental History of Woman Suffrage. Anthony stayed at Gage's Fayetteville home so often the family called the guest bedroom "the Susan B. Anthony room."They were partners. Friends. Co-revolutionaries.But Gage was different. More dangerous.Anthony wanted women to vote.Gage wanted to burn down every institution that kept women subordinate—political, legal, economic, and especially religious.She wrote about coverture laws that erased married women's legal existence. Under these laws, a wife couldn't own property, sign contracts, or keep her own earnings. She couldn't be the legal guardian of her own children.If a married woman signed a deed, a magistrate had to take her aside and ask whether she acted "of her own free will and accord, and not by fear.""How degrading! How humiliating!" Gage thundered.She wrote about "enforced motherhood" in 1868, arguing that women had been denied "the right to herself... nowhere has the marital union of the sexes been one in which woman has had control over her own body."She was writing about bodily autonomy decades before it became mainstream feminist discourse.But her most dangerous work came in 1893."Woman, Church and State."Twenty years of research. Hundreds of pages of evidence. A complete indictment of organized religion's role in women's oppression.Gage wrote about witch trials—not as medieval superstition, but as systematic warfare against women who threatened male power."The witch was in reality the profoundest thinker, the most advanced scientist of those ages," she declared. "The persecution which for ages waged against witches was in reality an attack upon science at the hands of the church."She was saying the women burned as witches were healers. Scientists. Educated women who threatened the status quo.The book traced how organized religion had shaped laws restricting women's bodies, property, education, and autonomy for centuries. It documented wife-battering, sexual abuse, unequal treatment, and the systematic theft of women's intellectual labor.It was brilliant. Comprehensive. Uncompromising.And the suffrage movement wanted nothing to do with it.By the late 1880s, Anthony had changed strategy. She wanted to align the movement with Christian organizations to gain broader support. Conservative suffragists believed women's votes would bring temperance and "Christian values" to politics.They wanted respectability. Allies. Power.Gage refused to soften her voice.When the National Woman Suffrage Association merged with its more conservative rival in 1890, Gage and Stanton opposed it. They saw it as surrender—trading radical change for political acceptability.Gage walked away. She founded the Women's National Liberal Union, dedicated to church-state separation and opposing "the doctrine of woman's inferiority."The unified suffrage movement wanted nothing to do with her.But someone else did.For years, Gage had studied the Haudenosaunee—the Iroquois nations of upstate New York.She was fascinated by their matrilineal culture: children belonged to their mother's clan. Women controlled property. Clan mothers held political power and could remove chiefs from office.She wrote about what she witnessed: "Never was justice more perfect; never was civilization higher. Under their women, the science of government reached the highest form known to the world."Once, trying to explain the concept of an "illegitimate child" to a Haudenosaunee friend, Gage was met with confusion."How can any child not be legitimate?" the woman asked.Gage saw in Indigenous governance a living model of what women's freedom could actually look like.In 1893, the Wolf Clan of the Mohawk Nation offered her something remarkable:Honorary adoption. A seat on the Council of Matrons. A name.Karonienhawi. She who holds the sky.It was one of the highest honors they could bestow on an outsider.March 18, 1898. Chicago.Matilda Joslyn Gage died at her daughter Maud's home. She was 71 years old.Her son-in-law was L. Frank Baum. Years later, he would write "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz."Scholars believe Gage's ideas about female power shaped his world ruled by women—Glinda, the Wicked Witches, Dorothy herself. His concept of "good witches" was revolutionary at the time, echoing Gage's research on how the church had demonized women healers and thinkers.But Gage herself began disappearing from history almost immediately.Anthony and Stanton outlived her by years—Anthony until 1906. They used that time to shape the historical record. Both burned personal papers before death, ensuring "The History of Woman Suffrage" would stand as the primary insider account.The conservative suffragists who had pushed Gage out continued writing her out.The "Triumvirate" became a duo. Then just Anthony.For decades, the suffrage movement was remembered as Anthony's movement. Sometimes Stanton's. Almost never Gage's.The woman who had co-authored its history vanished from it.But slowly, scholars began finding her again.In 1993, science historian Margaret Rossiter coined a term for women being denied credit for their intellectual work.She called it the "Matilda effect."Named for a woman who had spent her life documenting exactly that pattern—and then experienced it herself.In 1995, Gage was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame. Her Fayetteville home is now a museum and center for social justice dialogue.Her gravestone carries the words she lived by: "There is a word sweeter than Mother, Home or Heaven; that word is Liberty."What Matilda Joslyn Gage understood—and what got her erased—was this:Voting was necessary. But it would never be enough.Any movement willing to compromise with the forces of oppression would only win partial freedom.She argued that true liberation meant examining every structure that held women down—not just political disenfranchisement, but the theology that taught women's inferiority as sacred truth.She honored Indigenous women as models of political equality when white society called them savages.She defended women accused of witchcraft across centuries, insisting they were not evil but educated, not dangerous but daring.She refused to make religion comfortable. She refused to make oppression palatable. She refused to settle for incremental change.And for that, her own movement erased her.She wasn't forgotten because she was unimportant.She was forgotten because she was right too early—and too completely.The suffrage movement won the vote in 1920. But Gage had warned it wouldn't be enough. That any victory built on compromise with oppressive systems would be incomplete.She who holds the sky saw further than the ballot box.She saw that women's freedom required dismantling every institution that taught them they were less than human.She saw that Indigenous nations had already created models of gender equality white society refused to acknowledge.She saw that the women burned as witches were the educated, the healers, the threats to male power.She saw all of it. Wrote all of it. Fought for all of it.And history tried to erase her for it.But here's what history forgot:You can write someone out of the books.You can burn their papers, ignore their contributions, minimize their impact.But you can't erase the truth forever.Eventually, someone remembers. Someone searches. Someone finds the woman who was too radical to remember—and realizes she was exactly radical enough.Matilda Joslyn Gage: Abolitionist's daughter. Suffragist leader. Indigenous sister. Karonienhawi.The woman Susan B. Anthony called friend—and the movement called too dangerous.The woman who demanded complete freedom when everyone else was willing to settle for a vote.The woman erased from history for being right too soon.She who holds the sky.And history is finally looking up.