11/03/2025
It's often said that negative reinforcement training ("pressure and release") drives a horse away from us.
But that's not actually true.
When we understand negative reinforcement (R-), we understand that the equine behaves in whatever way causes the aversive stimulus (“pressure”) to be removed or stopped. (I’m going to call it pressure instead of aversive stimulus from now on.)
Therefore that could mean the equine moves towards something in order to make the pressure stop.
They become quite vigilant as to how they are behaving and what makes the pressure stop and they remember so they can do it again, to make the pressure stop quicker. Pressure and release is trial and error learning, so they may not get it straight away and may have to behave in different ways and try different things to work out what makes the pressure stop. A lot would depend on the skill and timing of the trainer.
They are also vigilant as to how the human is behaving. They look for signs or predictors the human gives right before the pressure stops and in that way, it again helps them respond quicker to avoid as much of the pressure as possible, since pressure is an aversive stimulus, meaning it’s unpleasant.
Consider "join up" or “hooking on”, where pressure is applied to make the horse run, often in a round pen, but not always. A whip, flag, carrot stick, rope, etc., is used to make the horse move and the horse runs to try to escape. The moment the horse does something the human likes, they'll remove the pressure and by doing that, they mark the behaviour they’re wanting the horse to do more of. It could be the horse slowing down, lowering their head, glancing at the human, or anything the human decides. The horse has to figure out exactly what it is that makes the pressure stop.
The learning moment for the horse is the very moment the pressure is removed and the human usually indicates this in some way with their behaviour. The human could lower the whip or flag, step backwards, look down or turn their back on the horse.
If for example the initial goal is to have the horse stop and turn in towards the human. It might start with the human chasing the horse around and then removing the pressure by stopping the chasing immediately the moment the horse looks inwards.
After a couple of repetitions of chasing/ pressure and then stopping the exact moment the horse looks in, if the horse recognises that looking in is the behaviour that makes the chasing stop and the pressure removed, they will do more looking in. If they do more of that, we can say it’s been negatively reinforced; the behaviour is being strengthened and repeated.
A person who has good timing can shape behaviour with pressure and release (negative reinforcement) in this way.
Eventually the horse will turn and face the human and even walk towards them, even though the human is the one applying the aversive stimulus to the horse to make them run in the first place. The horse has learnt how to make the pressure stop by moving towards and not away.
What happens next is that it is woven into a positive story with suggestions that “trust” is being built and the horse is becoming “connected” with the trainer and they’re starting to build a “bond”. What’s really happening is that the trainer is applying uncomfortable emotional pressure and the horse works out how to make it stop.
This is also basically how “liberty training” using pressure and release (negative reinforcement) works as well.
A great example of this was an experiment conducted with a horse and a remote control car in a round pen. It caused a lot of controversy at the time, as it basically debunked a lot of the imagery and feel good storytelling surrounding “join up” and “natural horsemanship” techniques in general.
“"Our results indicate that because these methods rely on fear and safety, the horse is forced to choose between being repeatedly frightened or remaining with the trainer. We question whether it is humane to rely on fear and its termination to train horses," said Henshall.
"Although it is appealing to think that horses in the round pen choose to follow their trainers because they are responding to us as though we are a horse, we believe that the use of fear has no place in genuinely humane and ethical horse training."”
You can read a summary of the study here:
https://www.sydney.edu.au/news-opinion/news/2012/07/13/researchers-urge-rethink-of-monty-roberts-horse-training-method.html