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Weight-suppressant drugs have helped millions to lose weight. But once they're stopped, people tend to regain most of wh...
22/05/2024

Weight-suppressant drugs have helped millions to lose weight. But once they're stopped, people tend to regain most of what they shed. What does this mean for their long-term health?

As director of the Washington Centre for Weight Management and Research, Domenica Rubino has become frustrated with growing perceptions over the last three years that weight loss drugs such as Novo Nordisk's Ozempic and Wegovy, and Eli Lilly's Mounjaro, are permanent cures for obesity.

"Obesity is not like an infection where you take antibiotics and you're done," says Rubino, sighing. "It's not any different than hypertension or diabetes or the many other chronic illnesses that we deal with, where you have to use chronic medication."

For over the past three years, the arrival of a new class of drugs known as GLP-1 agonists, so-called for their ability to mimic the action of the natural GLP-1 gut hormone that promotes satiety, has transformed the weight-loss field.

Initially, the US Food and Drug Administration approved Wegovy, the brand name for a GLP-1-based medicine called semaglutide, for chronic weight management in June 2021. The insatiable demand saw Mounjaro or tirzepatide arrive at the end of 2023 and now a newer, reportedly more effective drug called retatrutide is in the pipeline.

There is no question that GLP-1 drugs are effective at helping people lose weight. A landmark clinical trial of semaglutide, published in 2021, found that participants experienced an average of 15% weight loss over the course of 68 weeks while those on placebo lost 2%. Some of those taking the drug, however, shed as much as 20% of their starting weight. The purported health benefits now appear to be even more far-reaching, with the latest data from a trial called Select, published in 2023, showing that semaglutide can slash the risk of heart attacks and strokes by a fifth in patients with an existing history of cardiovascular disease.

But given their high prices – a month's supply of Wegovy costs $1,350 (£1,062) – and onerous side effects which can include nausea, stomach pain and heartburn, the question has always been, what happens when people stop taking them?

Various studies have attempted to examine this particular question, and all seem to point to the same answer – the pounds swiftly pile back on. In one trial, around 800 people received weekly semaglutide injections accompanied by dietary adjustments, a prescribed exercise regime and psychological counselling, all of which helped them to lose nearly 11% of their starting weight over four months. But when a third of the participants were subsequently switched to a placebo injection for another year, they regained 7% of the lost weight.

The same trend was seen after the 2021 trial, known as Step 1. After 68 weeks of semaglutide injections, the average patient lost more than 15% of their body weight, but within 12 months of treatment ending, patients regained two thirds of their prior weight loss on average. This was associated with a similar level of reversion to the patients' original baselines in some markers of their cardiometabolic health – a category which includes conditions such as diabetes and heart attacks.

Both Rubino and other experts around the world have seen similar patterns when administering GLP-1 drugs in their clinics. "There will be a small proportion of people, 10% maximum, that are able to maintain [all] the weight they've lost," says Alex Miras, a clinical professor of medicine at Ulster University.

The trajectory of weight regain is typically faster than the time it takes people to lose the weight in the first place, according to Miras. "People put most of it back on in the first three to six months," he says.

Miras and others are keen to emphasise that this could have been expected. For all chronic illnesses, from rheumatoid arthritis to asthma to high blood pressure, patients usually relapse as soon as their treatment stops. But understanding why this happens with semaglutide, tirzepatide and other GLP-1 drugs could be crucial to understanding their longer-term health consequences and how best to prescribe them in future.

At the end of the play-offs, one team will walk away being the first to have won the inaugural Walter Cup championship t...
13/05/2024

At the end of the play-offs, one team will walk away being the first to have won the inaugural Walter Cup championship trophy - but for the Professional Women's Hockey League, their inaugural season was already a victory.

By the time the buzzer rang at Montreal's Bell Centre, sports history had been made: a record 21,105 people had attended a professional women's ice hockey game.

The April game - between Montreal and Toronto - marked the crowning achievement of the six-team Professional Women's Hockey League's (PWHL) inaugural season.

The initial success of the league, which spans both the US and Canada, comes as interest in women's sports soars - and after previous attempts to establish a professional women's league sputtered and ultimately failed, due to low attendance and financial woes.

In total, nearly 393,000 fans attended the league's regular season games at venues in Boston, New York, Minnesota, Toronto, Montreal and Ottawa.

"This season has been a series of firsts, with a number of records broken," Jayna Hefford, the league's senior VP of hockey operations, told the BBC. "We continue to be excited and surprised."

Ms Hefford, a Hall of Fame former professional player and five-time Olympian, credited the league's initial success, in part, to a dedicated and diverse fanbase that in many cases were often not previously exposed to women's hockey.

"It's a welcoming environment," she said. "We're also finding an older generation of women that never had this opportunity to do something like this and are now becoming big fans of the league."

Among those who say they have discovered a new-found love of hockey through the PWHL is Treena Grevatt, a native of Gloucestershire in England who emigrated to Canada in 2000.

Speaking to the BBC from her home in Ottawa, Ms Grevatt said that hockey and the men's National Hockey League, or NHL, "never really resonated with her".

"I'd go to be social, if I got a free ticket," she said.

That all changed, she recalls, when a friend told her that a PWHL team was headed to Canada's capital.

"I want to support pro women's sports... this is really the first opportunity I had to put my money where my mouth is," she said.

Choking back tears, Ms Grevatt said that her first game was "ridiculously emotional" and that she felt moved by her peers in the audience, who ranged from former athletes to young children, boys and girls alike.

https://www.facebook.com/tgrevatt Treena Grevatt and friend at PWHL gamehttps://www.facebook.com/tgrevatt
Treena Grevatt (right) was never a hockey fan until she began attending PWHL games.
"There were a lot of former women athletes who never had this chance, and there were little kids holding signs like 'thank you for giving me something to dream for'," she added. "The atmosphere was phenomenal. It's hard to keep your composure, I'd put it that way."

Unlike previous attempts at establishing a professional women's league, the PWHL enjoys considerable financial backing, with the league and all six teams owned by the Mark Walter Group, headed by the billionaire owner of the Los Angeles Dodgers and part owner of Chelsea Football Club.

Bird flu is decimating wildlife around the world and is now spreading in cows. In the handful of human cases seen so far...
26/04/2024

Bird flu is decimating wildlife around the world and is now spreading in cows. In the handful of human cases seen so far it has been extremely deadly.

The tips of Lineke Begeman's fingers are still numb from a gruelling mission. In March, the veterinary pathologist was part of an international expedition to Antarctica's Northern Weddell Sea, studying the spread of High Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI), the virus that has now encircled the globe, causing the disease known as bird flu.

Cutting into the frozen bodies of wild birds that the team collected, Begeman was able to help establish whether they had died from the disease. The conditions were harsh and the location remote, far from her usual base at the Erasmus Medical Centre in the Netherlands. But systematic monitoring like this could provide a vital warning for the rest of the world.

"If we don't study the extent of its spread now, then we can't let people know what the consequences are of having let it slip through our fingers when it began," Begeman tells BBC Future Planet. "I imagine the virus as an explorer going through the world, to new places and bird species, and we're following it along."

Relatively few people have caught the virus so far, but it has had a high mortality rate in those that do: more than 50% of people known to become infected have died.

Antonio Alcamí An expedition to the Antarctic's Northern Weddell Sea has systematically studied bird flu's spread in this remote, wildlife-rich region (Credit: Antonio Alcamí)Antonio Alcamí
An expedition to the Antarctic's Northern Weddell Sea has systematically studied bird flu's spread in this remote, wildlife-rich region (Credit: Antonio Alcamí)
Moreover, the impact on animals has already been devastating. Since it was first identified, the H5 strain of avian influenza and its variants have led to the slaughter of over half a billion farmed birds. Wild-bird deaths are estimated in the millions, with around 600,000 in South America since 2023 alone – and both numbers potentially far higher due to the difficulties of monitoring. At least 26 species of mammals have also been infected.

In Antarctica's Northern Weddell Sea, Begeman and her team sampled around 120 carcasses from different species, including several Antarctic fur seals. The virus was detected at four of the 10 sites they visited.

It was not the first time bird flu had been detected on this remote continent. That first case was a month prior, in February 2024. But theirs was the first confirmation from this particular region, and the first time, Begeman believes, that a multidisciplinary team had set out to systematically determine its Antarctic spread.

In 1982, a truck driver made headlines when he tied 42 helium balloons to a garden chair and flew over part of Los Angel...
18/04/2024

In 1982, a truck driver made headlines when he tied 42 helium balloons to a garden chair and flew over part of Los Angeles. A new stage musical reclaims him as a hero, although questions remain over his story's tragic ending.

In the aftermath of his unconventional voyage, Larry Walters assured the American public he wasn't actually a crackpot who had risked life and limb with a hare-brained scheme that was dreamed up on a whim.

No - taking flight had been a lifelong ambition, he told interviewers afterwards.

But he had been rejected by the US Air Force because of bad eyesight, so carried out years of careful research to make his dream come true in his own peculiarly homespun way.

When he came back down to Earth - somehow unscathed after floating in the chair across the approach to LAX airport and landing in power lines - Walters' escapade caused a minor sensation.

In an interview on David Letterman's TV show, he tried to explain how serious his plan had been - but his references to his "craft" and "ground crew" failed to quell the laughter from the audience.

The craft was an ordinary piece of garden furniture, and the ground crew were a few friends and his fiancée in her small back yard.

Josh Bird Charlie McCullagh and Evelyn Hoskins in 42 BalloonsJosh Bird
Charlie McCullagh and Evelyn Hoskins play Larry and fiancée Carol in 42 Balloons
"When people were laughing at him, he said, 'I knew what I was doing'," says Jack Godfrey, who has written the musical about the man nicknamed Lawnchair Larry.

"He says multiple times in the interview, which is something that really sticks with me and is in the show, 'I knew what I was doing'.

"Even though he does acknowledge the absurdity of some of the things, I think he's saying, it might have seemed ridiculous, but if you really look at every step of the plan, everything was organised and carefully arranged and it wasn't just a careless thing.

"He was a pilot, not just a guy sitting in a chair. He was actually a pilot - in his head."

Indeed, Walters did have everything planned out. He had calculated how many balloons he needed, attached 13 plastic jugs of water to his chair as ballast, and took an air pistol to burst the balloons to control his descent.

However, not everything went according to plan.

Aircraft sightings
Larry ended up soaring much higher than expected, losing a pair of glasses overboard as he shot up to 16,000ft (4,880m). Two commercial aircraft reported sightings to air traffic control.

After shooting out seven balloons, he accidentally dropped the gun before the remaining balloons started to deflate and he landed unharmed after about 45 minutes.

Larry's initial fame may not have lasted much longer than his flight, but his exploits have continued to hold an unlikely fascination for four decades.

He has inspired numerous cluster ballooning copycats and a 2003 film starring Rhys Ifans, while the balloon idea was taken to new heights in Pixar's 2009 movie Up.

He has now made it across the Atlantic thanks to the musical 42 Balloons, which opens at the Lowry theatre in Salford, Greater Manchester, on Thursday.

"There's something about the story that I really connected with," its writer and composer says.

Seeing someone achieve an apparently far-fetched life goal is inspiring, Godfrey explains. The 31-year-old wrote the show while working part-time as a teacher and harbouring his own more sedate ambition.

Getty Images Disney/Pixar's "UP' Premiere on May 16, 2009 at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood, California.Getty Images
The story may sound familiar to those who have seen Pixar's movie Up (premiere picture from 2009)
"I had just moved to London and I had this big dream of becoming a writer and I had people in my life who were doubting me - in a way that is quite natural. My family and friends are all supportive, but I don't come from a theatre background.

"So when I discovered the story about this guy who had a dream and people doubted him or he had obstacles in his way... I thought, that's such an inspirational story of someone who is going to overcome the odds and make his dream come true by whatever means necessary.

"[It's] a real underdog story that I really connected with at the time because I thought, this guy's just like me. There's something about it that really inspired me.

"And I thought, maybe this is something that other people will connect with. It feels like a universal story, the idea of having a dream."

By writing about Larry's dream, Godfrey has gone some way to achieving his own, and is now a rising star of musical theatre.

42 Balloons, his first professional show, has had notable backing. Producers Andy and Wendy Barnes also discovered hit show Six, while the Lowry gave early support to Operation Mincemeat - which has just won the Olivier Award for best new musical.

Godfrey is also preparing for his second professional show, called Babies, which will open at London's Other Palace theatre at the end of May.

One day, Argentina's peso could be a thing of the past.Javier Milei, the victor in last year's presidential race, won th...
10/04/2024

One day, Argentina's peso could be a thing of the past.

Javier Milei, the victor in last year's presidential race, won the election on a mandate to abolish the country's own currency and replace it with the US dollar - although he has talked less about the idea of late.

In some ways, it's surprising the idea hasn't caught on before. Argentines are reckoned to hold more greenbacks than anywhere outside the US and hoarding them is a way of life for many people.

The move is part of the right-wing libertarian's shock therapy plan aimed at transforming Argentina's economic prospects.

Polls show that 60% of Argentines oppose the idea because it would give too much power to the US central bank, the Federal Reserve.

But like it or not, the dollar already plays such a big part in their economy that to some, the idea feels like a foregone conclusion.

Argentines have traditionally set little store by their own currency, preferring to convert their spare pesos into dollars as soon as they can.

They don't trust financial institutions much either, so they resort to what is locally known as the "colchón bank" - that is, stuffing their dollars under the mattress.

Anecdotal stories abound of people keeping money buried in the garden, hidden in the walls or even secreted in heating systems - occasionally with disastrous consequences if there is an unexpected cold snap and the cash isn't retrieved before it goes up in smoke.

It's a symptom of the country's deep-seated structural economic problems. And like all chronic illnesses, it didn't develop overnight.

To get to the root of the Argentine people's obsession with the US dollar, you have to go back to the dark days of the 1970s and 1980s, when periods of hyperinflation blighted the country's economy.

It's estimated that during the 1980s alone, middle-class Argentines saw their purchasing power shrink by 30%.

Record inflation: Five ways Argentines try to cope
Argentina inflation soars past 100% mark
During that time, uncontrolled price rises eroded the value of wages and made a mockery of savings, to the point where people lost faith in their own currency.

The pesos in their pockets shed their worth so quickly that no-one held on to them for long.

There were basically two ways of keeping up: buying goods in bulk or buying US dollars, because either of those would hold their value better than your original pay packet.

Now Argentina has a cost-of-living problem again, with annual inflation at 115%. This has led to an astonishing rise in the number of people living in poverty, from about a quarter of the population in 2017 to more than 40% now.

You might think that no self-respecting government would want this state of affairs to go on for ever. And you'd be right.

There have been various attempts to restore Argentina's confidence in its currency - either by shoring up its value or merely choking off the supply of dollars. But they have all, ultimately, failed.

The most ambitious effort was the so-called Convertibility Plan launched in 1991. This pegged the peso's value at one-to-one with the dollar.

Previous governments had fuelled inflation by printing money. But this time, it was decreed that every peso issued would be backed by one dollar in the central bank's vaults.

The idea was that by telling people they could swap their pesos for dollars at any time, they would eventually decide that they had no need to.

And for a time, it did the job. But it had other side effects which eventually led to a catastrophic economic meltdown in 2001-02.

Argentina had basically outsourced its economic policy to Washington, by locking itself into a currency regime that gave it no flexibility.

Without going into too much detail, Argentina had also let its public debt get out of control. At the same time, the link to the dollar meant that it suffered from the ups and downs of the US economy.

South Korea is seeking to arrest two men for allegedly helping a YouTuber to install dozens of spy cameras at voting sta...
02/04/2024

South Korea is seeking to arrest two men for allegedly helping a YouTuber to install dozens of spy cameras at voting stations.

The authorities believe the pair are the accomplices of the social media influencer, who was seeking to confirm his unfounded election fraud claims.

The influencer, who is in his 40s, was arrested late last week.

Early voting in South Korea's parliamentary elections is due to take place on Friday and Saturday.

According to police in the western city of Incheon, illegal cameras were found at approximately 40 locations nationwide - including polling stations and vote counting centres.

Many of these were disguised as telecommunications equipment, Singapore's Straits Times newspaper reported.

On Monday, the head of the National Office of Investigation said that a search was underway for two men, one in his 50s and one in his 70s.

Charges against them include unlawful entry of properties and violating security laws, according to South Korea's Yonhap news agency.

The influencer is said to hold far-right political views and had previously spoken of concerns over potential election manipulation in this and earlier elections on his YouTube channel.

When questioned by the media following his arrest, the man said he had "wanted to check the number of early voters", the Straits Times reported.

He also spoke of "feeling suspicious about the significant disparities between (the outcomes) of early voting and the main voting".

The publication said he was found to have installed cameras at early voting stations in South Korea's capital, Seoul, during a by-election last year.

The authorities are continuing to search for further hidden cameras and said they will carry out additional inspections ahead of voting.

The Korea Times reported that more than 3,500 polling stations will be opened for early voting and that four times this number will be in operation on 10 April - the day of the election.

In 1972, pioneering feminist, journalist and activist Gloria Steinem – who turns 90 today – co-founded Ms Magazine, putt...
25/03/2024

In 1972, pioneering feminist, journalist and activist Gloria Steinem – who turns 90 today – co-founded Ms Magazine, putting conversations about gender equality, reproductive rights and social justice in the spotlight.

"The foundation of this magazine, and what makes it different from others, is that it simply considers that women are human beings – that doesn't sound very revolutionary but it is," Gloria Steinem – who turns 90 today – told the BBC in 1973, as she explained why she had felt compelled to launch the groundbreaking feminist magazine Ms – the first magazine owned, run and written by women.

Sitting at a desk, surrounded by papers and in front of posters advocating women's rights, Steinem was at the time already one of the best-known feminists in the US.

Articulate, energetic and committed, she had carved out a name for herself in the 1960s and 70s through her journalism, which included going undercover at the New York Pl***oy Club to expose exploitative working conditions. She was also a passionate activist, having founded, along with Brenda Feigen and Dorothy Pitman-Hughes, the Women's Action Alliance in 1971 – a group to empower women to combat s*xism in society.

It was just clear that there was no other way we could be honest about women's experience – Gloria Steinem

As a journalist, she felt that even publications women wrote for did not reflect her own experiences or those of women she knew. Nor did they offer advice about how to deal with the s*xism, barriers and harassment they contended with on a daily basis.

"It started in desperation, I think, because there was just a great many women writers and editors who didn't feel that they were working on magazines that they read and that they had the opportunity to really be honest about their own experiences in a magazine," she said.

At the time, while there were glossy publications on the newsstands nominally for women, the vast majority of them were concerned with tips on homemaking, parenting advice or features on fashion and beauty. None of those magazines seemed to Steinem to be articulating or addressing the struggles faced by women in a male-dominated society.

"It would have been much easier to not start one, but it was just clear that there was no other way we could be honest about women's experience," she told the BBC in 1973.

1:48
WATCH: 'The foundation of Ms Magazine is that it considers that women are human beings'

At first, she planned to produce a newsletter to raise money for the Women's Action Alliance, as she told BBC Witness History in 2022, mostly "as a way of getting out the sort of writing we cared about. And Florynce Kennedy, a wonderful lawyer, outrageous woman, said: 'Nobody reads newsletters. How about a magazine?'"

They considered several potential names, including Bimbo – rejected because they didn't think they had the luxury of irony – and Sojourner, in tribute to Sojourner Truth, the African-American abolitionist and women's rights activist, which they dismissed for fear it sounded too much like a travel magazine. Eventually Steinem and the other founders settled on the name Ms – a title for a woman, married or not.

The next problem was how to fund it. "We then started to try and raise money, which turned out to be impossible, everybody said: 'You're crazy and magazines don't make money'."

Steinem had helped found New York Magazine in 1968, and convinced its editor Clay Felker to fund the launch of Ms as a 40-page insert in the December 1971 issue.

"Really the only thing that enabled us to have a test issue to illustrate and thereby to demonstrate that women did really want this kind of magazine was that New York Magazine, which I had been a founder of before, gave us enough money to put out a test issue," she said.

Getty Images Ms Magazine addressed issues that were largely ignored by other publications (Credit: Getty Images)Getty Images
Ms Magazine addressed issues that were largely ignored by other publications (Credit: Getty Images)
The cover featured a picture of the Hindu goddess Kali, pregnant and using all eight of her arms to juggle a surfeit of chores – cooking, cleaning, typing, driving – and one arm holding a hand mirror to signify the pressure to look good while doing it all. The accompanying article "Click: The Housewife's Moment of Truth" by co-founder Jane O'Reilly detailed the moment of clarity that comes to women when they recognise biases within society.

It also featured a groundbreaking "We Have Had Abortions" petition which listed more than 50 prominent women, including Nora Ephron, Billie Jean King, Susan Sontag and Gloria Steinem herself, who signed their name to a public manifesto demanding the legalisation of abortion.

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That issue, with a print run of 300,000 copies, was dated "Spring 1972" so it would be able to stay on newsstands for months without looking out of date. It sold out in just eight days, generating 26,000 subscription orders.

"And that was put out nationwide, and it was enormously successful – and that in turn enabled us to raise money for the total magazine," said Steinem.

In 1972, Ms started regular circulation as a stand-alone magazine, the first in the US to be owned, run and written by women. Steinem would remain an editor and writer on it for the next 15 years.

In these exclusive BBC Archive interviews, Francis Ford Coppola describes how with his masterpiece The Godfather he visu...
13/03/2024

In these exclusive BBC Archive interviews, Francis Ford Coppola describes how with his masterpiece The Godfather he visualised the intricate web of influence, manipulation and violence that underpinned the world of organised crime – and showed how it reflected the US.

On 14 March 1972, the iconic crime epic The Godfather premiered in New York. With its haunting score, its subtle, evocative cinematography, its endlessly quotable dialogue and its powerhouse performances – which served to revive Marlon Brando's career and make a star of a young Al Pacino – it is now widely regarded as one of the greatest films of all time.

Accused of glamourising crime and the Mafia before it was even released, it went on to be seen by many as the definitive gangster film. But not by its director. "I've always felt The Godfather was really less about gangsters, than about power and powerful families, and the succession of power, and the Machiavellian way that real power works in the world," Francis Ford Coppola told the BBC's Barry Norman in 1991.

Coppola was just 29 years old when he was first offered the chance to direct an adaptation of Mario Puzo's bestselling 1969 novel. The story centred on a fictional New York Mafia family in the post-World War Two years, led by patriarch Don Vito Corleone (the eponymous Godfather of the title), as they try to ensure their survival in the brutal and treacherous world of organised crime. When the Don is betrayed, his youngest son Michael, who had hoped for a life away from the Mob, gets pulled into the family business, as a war between the different crime families breaks out and they fight for control.

1:49
WATCH: 'The Godfather was really less about gangsters than about power'
Coppola initially did not warm to the book. He wasn't much interested in the Mafia, and when he first read it, he was put off by some of its more lurid aspects.

The film has become an abiding cultural touchstone that can be seen through many different lenses
"To me originally, and anyone who remembers the original Godfather book, it had a lot of sleazy aspects to it, which of course were cut out for the movie, and I didn't like it very much for those reasons," he told Sir Christopher Frayling in a 1985 BBC interview.

But being from an Italian-American background like its author Puzo, he did understand the culture, tradition and family rituals the story was steeped in. And, as he reread the book, he saw there was much more to it than just a potboiler about crime, s*x and revenge. The story had themes that were classical in their nature, a powerful father and family bonds, a son yearning to escape his fate, old-world values clashing with a changing society, honour and betrayal, and how power corrupts the souls of those who wield it.

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"Obviously I was more interested in those themes but those themes could apply to a Shakespeare play, or any piece that deals, you know, Greek drama even really, that deals with those bigger themes, and that's more where I had my attention on," Coppola told Barry Norman.

He and Puzo drew out these themes as they worked together on the screenplay. Coppola told the BBC that at the heart of the film lies an examination of power dynamics, the corrupting influence of powerful families and a commentary on the way the US operates on the world stage.

Parallels with the US
The first film's timeline, which spans from the 1940s to the 1950s, coincides with an era where the US is emerging from the ashes of World War Two, and becoming a dominant force on the global stage. The Corleones, a family bonded not just by blood but by their immigrant background, represent an America that is both insular looking and ruthless in its application of force and influence in its own self-interest.

In the film, Don Corleone (played by Marlon Brando) will, depending on the situation, negotiate, bribe, intimidate or resort to savage violence to ensure that his family's interests and power are maintained. Likewise, the US, faced with what it saw as the threat of the Soviet Union, was being accused of using clandestine operations or bribery to destabilise rival countries, forming alliances with other nations, promising them its protection and fighting proxy wars in other countries, to ensure US interests prevailed.

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