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Veterinarian To Be, Bhaktapur (2025)

06/07/2025

Disease surveillance, environmental protection, and promoting stronger health systems.

06/07/2025

, while less common than in older cattle, can occur and are often associated with genetic factors or viral infections. Common types include congenital multicentric lymphoma, juvenile multicentric lymphoma, and cutaneous lymphoma. Lymphomas are the most frequently diagnosed type of tumor in calves.
Here's a more detailed breakdown:
of Tumors in Calves:
Lymphomas: These are the most common type of tumor found in calves, and can be either sporadic (unrelated to viral infection) or associated with Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) infection.
(CML): This is a type of lymphoma that occurs in very young calves, often with multiple lymph nodes affected.
Juvenile Multicentric Lymphoma: This form of lymphoma occurs in slightly older calves.
: This type of lymphoma affects the skin.
Other Tumors: While less common, other types of tumors like sarcomas, melanomas, and mesotheliomas have also been reported in calves.
:
Congenital:
Some tumors, particularly lymphomas, can be congenital, meaning they are present at birth or develop shortly after.
Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV):
BLV infection can lead to lymphomas in cattle, though many infected animals remain asymptomatic.
:
Certain tumors may have a genetic component, particularly those that are congenital.
:
While less prominent than in older cattle, environmental factors may play a role in some cases.
:
Weight Loss: Calves with tumors may experience weight loss or poor growth.
Swelling: Tumors, especially lymphomas, can cause swelling in lymph nodes, often in the neck, shoulder, or flanks.
: Depending on the location of the tumor, calves may exhibit other signs like bloating, fluid accumulation under the skin, or neurological symptoms.
:
Diagnosis typically involves physical examination, blood tests, and potentially biopsies or ima

05/07/2025

🐠🐠𝙁𝙄𝙎𝙃 𝘿𝙄𝙎𝙀𝘼𝙎𝙀 🐠🐠
🐟𝙀𝙋𝙄𝙕𝙊𝙊𝙏𝙄𝘾 𝙐𝙇𝘾𝙀𝙍𝘼𝙏𝙄𝙑𝙀 𝙎𝙔𝙉𝘿𝙍𝙊𝙈𝙀 (𝙀𝙐𝙎)

➠Serious disease of fish
➠Affecting both wild and farmed freshwater
➠Including catfish; characterized by ulcerative lesions on the body
➟Ranging from red spots to deep ulcers

🐟𝙀𝙏𝙄𝙊𝙇𝙊𝙂𝙔
➠The primary cause is the fungus
➠

🐟𝙏𝙍𝘼𝙉𝙎𝙈𝙄𝙎𝙎𝙄𝙊𝙉
➠Transmitted horizontally
➠Primarily through the water via motile spores (zoospores) of the fungus.

𝙀𝙋𝙄𝘿𝙀𝙈𝙄𝙊𝙇𝙊𝙂𝙔
➤𝙎𝙥𝙚𝙘𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝘼𝙛𝙛𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙚𝙙
➠Known to affect a wide range of fish species
➠𝙄ncluding various types of catfish.
➤𝙂𝙡𝙤𝙗𝙖𝙡 𝘿𝙞𝙨𝙩𝙧𝙞𝙗𝙪𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣
➠Significant disease, affecting multiple continents.

𝙎𝙔𝙈𝙋𝙏𝙊𝙈𝙎
➨Distinct dermal lesions including ulcers
➠With mass mortality
Initial lesion may appear as red spot often with brown
➠Necrotic, fungus covered centre which become deeper as the infection
➠Ulcers are on the side, though they can occur on any part of the head & body
➠Loss appetite
➠Swim abnormally

𝘿𝙄𝘼𝙂𝙉𝙊𝙎𝙄𝙎
➠Clinical signs
➠Histopathology (examining tissue samples for fungal structures)
➠Isolation of A. invadans from infected fish.

𝙏𝙍𝙀𝘼𝙏𝙈𝙀𝙉𝙏
➠Aquakleen Liquid: 1-2 lit/Acre
➠Cotrim Vet bolus: 3-4 bolus/100kg fish or Erisen ➠Vet Powder: 5gm/kg feed
➠Cevit- Aqua Powder: 3-5gm/kg feed Or, as directed by the Registered Fisheries Consultant

𝘾𝙊𝙉𝙏𝙍𝙊𝙇/𝙋𝙍𝙀𝙑𝙀𝙉𝙏𝙄𝙊𝙉
➠Regular disinfection of ponds with hydrated lime
➠Adding salt to the water
➠Using disease-resistant fish species.
➠Water Quality Management
➠Early Detection via regular monitoring of fish populations

05/07/2025

Drooling or saliva dripping from a chicken's mouth is not normal and usually indicates an underlying health issue. Common causes include:

1. Crop Issues

Impacted crop (blocked with food or foreign material)

Sour crop (yeast infection causing foul smell and fluid buildup)

Both can cause fluid to back up and leak from the mouth.

2. Respiratory Infections

Illnesses like infectious bronchitis or Mycoplasma can cause fluid buildup in the throat and mouth.

Chickens may drool if they have difficulty swallowing or breathing.

3. Toxins or Poisoning

Eating spoiled feed, toxic plants, or chemicals can irritate the digestive system and cause drooling.

4. Overheating/Heat Stress

Extreme heat can cause excessive panting and fluid loss, which might look like drooling.

5. Neurological Issues

Damage to the nerves or brain (e.g., from Marek’s disease) can impair swallowing.

What to do:

Isolate the bird.

Gently feel the crop — if it's squishy and sour-smelling, suspect sour crop.

Check for respiratory sounds (wheezing, sneezing).

Provide clean water and electrolytes.

Consult a vet or experienced poultry expert if symptoms persist.

Treatment is the use of Amoxy - col or Tylo dox

05/07/2025

🔴SERIES...FAQs on RABIES
🔴Q 3: How does one treat an animal bite?
If a person is bitten by an animal:
● Wounds should be washed and flushed immediately with soap and water for 10–15 minutes. If soap is not available, flush with water alone. This is the most effective first-aid treatment against
rabies.
● Wounds should be cleaned thoroughly with 70% alcohol/ethanol or povidone-iodine, if available.
● As soon as possible, take the person to a health-care facility for further treatment.
🔴Q 4: What should not be done with an animal bite wound?
Avoid:
● Applying irritants to the wound such as chilli powder, plant juices, acids or alkalis.
● Covering the wound with dressings or bandages.

🔴Q 5: How does rabies develop in humans?
After entering the human body, the rabies virus progresses from the innermost layer of tissue below the human skin (called subcutaneous tissue), or from
muscle, into peripheral nerves (i.e. the nerves in the body which are outside the brain or spinal cord). The virus migrates along nerves to the spinal cord and brain at an estimated speed of 12–24 mm a day. The infected person exhibits behavioural changes and clinical signs when the virus reaches the brain. The incubation period ranges from a few days to several
months, and can be as long as 1 year.

🔴Q 6: What are the factors that influence
development of rabies?
Factors that may influence development of rabies infection include:
● type of exposure
● severity of the bite
● the amount of rabies virus introduced
● the animal responsible for the bite
● the immune status of the victim
● site of the bite – head and neck wounds, as well as wounds in highly innervated areas such as fingers, generally have shorter incubation periods due to the proximity of the viral inoculation to
nerve tissue.

🔴Q 7: How long does it take for dogs and cats to develop rabies, and how long does a rabid animal survive?
The incubation period ranges from a few days to several months, whereas the duration of illness – until death – varies from 1 to 7 days.

04/07/2025

Habronema and Draschia spp are vector-borne parasites using muscid flies as intermediate hosts. The adult parasites establish in the stomach upon ingestion of larvae deposited by flies around the mouth or by ingestion of dead flies carrying the larvae. Within the stomach, parasites become adults in about 8 weeks. Adult Habronema are found in close contact with the gastric mucosa, but cause no clinical problems. Draschia sp has become very rare in domestic horses in recent decades.

Clinical signs
The gastric stage of Habronema spp infection has been described to cause a catarrhal gastritis, but clinical manifestations have not been reported. Similarly, a pulmonary form of habronemiasis has been described, but the clinical implications are unclear.

Draschia sp has been described to cause large fibrous masses near the margo plicatus, but the clinical significance is unclear, and these lesions are rarely encountered.

Cutaneous habronemosis (summer sores) has clear manifestations.

Diagnosis
F***l flotations or f***l egg counts are not reliable ways to diagnose gastric infections of Habronema spp, because eggs are difficult to see under the microscope. The adult worms are 6–25 mm long, so they could, in theory, be identified via gastroscopy or by gastric lavage, although this has not been described.

Treatment
Although no recent anthelmintic efficacy studies exist, the gastric stages of Habronema spp are expected to be susceptible to macrocyclic lactone treatment (ivermectin or moxidectin).

Prevention

Fly control could, in theory, reduce infection pressure with this parasite, but this has not been tested experimentally.

There is no zoonotic risks.

03/07/2025

A 2-year-old dog. During examination, a large mass was found localized on the lateral thoracic wall. Cytological analysis of the aspirate indicated inflammatory changes. Surgical intervention was performed—radical excision of the mass, with an intraoperative assumption of soft tissue sarcoma. Final histological diagnosis confirmed a transmissible venereal tumor (TVT). To close the resulting postoperative tissue defect, a local skin flap technique ("butterfly" flap) was used, which ensured tension-free closure.

03/07/2025

Sarcoma in cats refers to a type of malignant (cancerous) tumor that arises from connective tissues such as muscle, fat, nerves, blood vessels, or bone. The most common type in cats is soft tissue sarcoma, including fibrosarcoma.

🔍 Common Causes of Sarcoma in Cats:

1. Injection-site reactions (Feline Injection Site Sarcoma - FISS)
One of the most well-documented causes.
Can develop weeks, months, or even years after vaccines (especially rabies or FeLV), steroid injections, or antibiotics.
Cronic inflammation at the injection site may trigger abnormal cell growth.

2. Chronic inflammation or trauma
Persistent irritation or inflammation (e.g., foreign body reactions, injuries) may lead to sarcoma formation in some cases.

3. Genetic predisposition
Some cats may have a hereditary tendency toward tumor development, although this is not fully understood.

4. Viral infections
Certain viruses, like Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV), are associated with increased cancer risk, including lymphosarcoma.
Retroviruses can alter cell DNA and promote tumor development.

5. Environmental carcinogens (rare)
Exposure to chemicals or radiation (e.g., from cancer treatment or environmental toxins) may increase cancer risk, but this is less common in cats.

📌 Common Types of Sarcoma in Cats:

Fibrosarcoma – most common
Osteosarcoma – affects bones
Hemangiosarcoma – originates from blood vessels
Liposarcoma – arises from fat tissue
Myxosarcoma – from mucous connective tissue

🔬 Diagnosis:

Fine needle aspiration (FNA)
Biopsy
Imaging (X-ray, ultrasound, MRI)

🩺 Treatment:

Surgical removal (wide margins)
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy (less effective for some types)
Immunotherapy (for certain cases like FISS)

Sarcoma in cats refers to a type of malignant (cancerous) tumor that arises from connective tissues such as muscle, fat, nerves, blood vessels, or bone. The most common type in cats is soft tissue sarcoma, including fibrosarcoma.

03/07/2025

Ascites, also known as abdominal effusion, is the medical term referring to the buildup of fluid in the abdomen of a dog. This may cause symptoms such as vomiting, abdominal discomfort, and loss of appetite. Symptoms:-
Lethargy,Anorexia,Vomiting,Weight gain,Weakness.At times
Signs of discomfort when the abdomen is felt
Groaning noises when lying down
Difficulty breathing (or dyspnea) may also occur due to abdominal swelling putting pressure on the chest, or due to a related buildup of fluid in the space between the chest wall and lungs (referred to as pleural effusion). Male animals sometimes show a buildup of fluid in the sc***um or p***s.
Causes:-
There are many causes for the occurrence of fluid buildup (or edema) in the abdomen. Some of these include abdominal bleeding, abdominal cancer, an inflammation of the lining of the abdomen, a ruptured bladder, liver damage, low levels of protein in the blood (or hypoproteinemia), and right-sided congestive heart failure, in which the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs.Treatment

02/07/2025

🧬 Fetal Mummification in Jersey Cows: A Clinical and Practical Perspective 🐄

Fetal mummification is a rare but significant reproductive disorder seen in dairy breeds—including Jersey cows, which are prized for their high butterfat milk. Although Jerseys are generally fertile and reproductively efficient, cases of fetal mummification warrant attention due to their impact on productivity and herd management.

🔍 What is Fetal Mummification?
Fetal mummification occurs when a fetus dies after ossification (usually after 3 months of gestation) but is not expelled, and instead becomes dehydrated and preserved within the uterus. The dam’s corpus luteum persists, preventing parturition and maintaining a closed cervix.

📌 Why Does It Occur?
While the exact cause is often unclear, it’s linked to:

Infectious agents (e.g., BVDV, Neospora, Leptospira)

Genetic defects or twin pregnancies

Failure of uterine immune response

Hormonal imbalance (insufficient PGF2α activity)

📊 Incidence in Jersey Cattle
Though overall incidence is

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