Dr.Rana M.Usman Naseem-VETERINARIAN

Dr.Rana M.Usman Naseem-VETERINARIAN Contact information, map and directions, contact form, opening hours, services, ratings, photos, videos and announcements from Dr.Rana M.Usman Naseem-VETERINARIAN, Veterinarian, Hasilpur.

DVM (Doctor of Veterinary Medicine), M.Phil (Veterinary Clinical Medicine & Surgery), RVMP (Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner)
"Veterinary Physician, Surgeon & Dairy Consultant"
"Pet's & Livestock animals Practitioner & Consultant" SERVICES:
Farm Consultancy
Farm Consultancy
Farm Consultancy
Farming Consultancy
Consultancy
Phy

sician & Surgeon
.I & P.D Expert
Dx & Rx Facility

Test's Facility:
1) Blood Test
2) Faecal Test
3) Urine Test
4) Milk Test
5) HB Test
6) Semen Test

25/08/2025

🩺 اہم پیغام برائے ویٹرنری ڈاکٹر صاحبان 🐄🐂

Artificial Insemination کے دوران جو disposable gloves استعمال کیے جاتے ہیں، ان کا مقصد صرف ایک بار استعمال ہے۔
انہیں پانی سے دھو کر دوبارہ پہننے سے درج ذیل سنگین خطرات پیدا ہوتے ہیں:

⚠️ نقصانات:

1. ایک جانور سے دوسرے جانور میں Brucellosis, Trichomoniasis, Campylobacteriosis جیسی خطرناک بیماریاں منتقل ہو سکتی ہیں۔

2. جانوروں کی fertility کم ہو جاتی ہے، conception rate گر جاتا ہے۔

3. herd میں بیماریوں کے پھیلنے کا بڑا خطرہ ہوتا ہے۔

4. کسانوں کا معاشی نقصان ہوتا ہے کیونکہ بیمار جانور علاج پر زیادہ خرچ کرواتے ہیں۔

✅ احتیاطی تدابیر:

ہمیشہ نیا disposable glove استعمال کریں۔

استعمال کے بعد فوراً ضائع کر دیں۔

صفائی اور biosecurity اصولوں کو ہر صورت فالو کریں۔

👉 یاد رکھیں:
ایک چھوٹی سی لاپرواہی پوری herd کے لیے بڑے نقصان کا سبب بن سکتی ہے۔

23/08/2025

*Ketosis* in cattle is a metabolic disorder that occurs when a cow's energy demands for milk production exceed her energy intake from the diet, forcing her to mobilize large amounts of body fat to meet her energy needs. This leads to the excessive production and accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood, milk, and urine.

*Types of Ketosis*

There are two main types of ketosis in cattle:

- *Type I Ketosis (Undernutrition Ketosis)*: This type occurs when the cow is not consuming enough energy-rich feed to support high milk production. It's characterized by blood Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) levels greater than 1.2 mmol/L but often not exceeding 3.0 mmol/L. Symptoms include dull appearance, reduced appetite, and a drop in milk production.
- *Type II Ketosis (Fatty Liver Ketosis)*: This type is associated with a pre-existing condition, most commonly a fatty liver, and is often seen in cows that are over-conditioned. Blood BHBA concentrations are often significantly elevated, reaching 3.0 mmol/L or higher. Cows with Type II ketosis are often off-feed, show rapid and significant weight loss, and are at a higher risk for other health issues.

*Interpretation of BHBA Levels in Cattle*
BHBA levels are an essential indicator of energy metabolism in dairy cows.

- Below 12.5 mg/dL (1.2 mmol/L): Generally considered normal
- 12.5-14.6 mg/dL (1.2-1.4 mmol/L): May indicate a risk of subclinical ketosis
- Above 14.6 mg/dL (1.4 mmol/L): Indicates a higher risk of subclinical ketosis
- Above 26-31.2 mg/dL (2.5-3.0 mmol/L): Indicates clinical ketosis

*Causes and Pathogenesis*

Ketosis occurs due to a negative energy balance, where the cow's high demand for glucose cannot be met by her diet. The body mobilizes fat stores, releasing non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) into the bloodstream. If the liver is overwhelmed by the sheer volume of NEFAs, it begins to produce ketone bodies as an alternative energy source.

*Clinical Signs*

The signs of ketosis can range from subtle to severe and include :
- *Reduced Feed Intake*: Selective appetite, where the cow may refuse to eat concentrates but still consume some forage.
- *Decreased Milk Production*: A significant and sudden drop in milk yield.
- *Weight Loss*: As the cow mobilizes her body fat, she will lose weight and appear gaunt.
- *Lethargy and Depression*: The cow may appear dull, listless, and withdrawn from the herd.
- *Acetone Odor*: A distinctive sweet smell on the cow's breath, urine, or milk.
- *Nervous Form*: Nervous signs in ketosis in cattle are often due to hyperketonemia caused by a lack of glucose in the brain and the accumulation of isopropyl alcohol from the breakdown of acetoacetic acid.
- In rare cases, ketosis can present with neurological signs, including staggering gait, circling, head-pressing, excessive licking, and even aggression.

*Treatment*

The primary goal of treatment is to increase the cow's blood glucose levels and reduce ketone body production. Treatment options include :
- *Glucose Source*: Administering an intravenous injection of 50% dextrose.
- *Oral Propylene Glycol*: A gluconeogenic precursor that is metabolized into glucose by the liver.
- *Glucocorticoids*: A single intramuscular injection can stimulate gluconeogenesis.
- *Vitamin B12*: Important for energy metabolism and can be administered as a supportive treatment.
- *Dietary Adjustments*: Adjusting the diet to include higher-energy feeds and more palatable forages.

*Prevention*

Preventing ketosis requires a proactive approach, including :
- *Balanced Nutrition*: Ensuring cows receive a high-energy diet with sufficient fiber during the transition period.
- *Maintaining Optimal Body Condition*: Preventing excessive fat breakdown during lactation.
- *Maximizing Feed Intake*: Providing highly palatable, quality feed in early lactation.
- *Regular Monitoring*: Conducting routine tests for ketones in milk or urine to detect ketosis early.

22/08/2025

*Mallein Test*
The mallein test is a diagnostic tool used to detect glanders, a bacterial disease caused by Burkholderia mallei, in equines. It's an allergic hypersensitivity test that measures the immune response to mallein, a protein extract of Burkholderia mallei.

*Principle*
The mallein test is based on the principle of delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction. When mallein is injected into the skin of an infected animal, it triggers an immune response, leading to inflammation and swelling at the injection site.

*Procedure*
1. *Preparation*: The test is typically performed on the lower eyelid or the skin of the neck.
2. *Injection*: A measured amount of mallein is injected into the skin.
3. *Observation*: The injection site is observed for 48-72 hours for signs of a reaction, such as swelling, redness, and warmth.
4. *Interpretation*: A positive reaction indicates exposure to Burkholderia mallei.

*Interpretation of Results*
- *Positive reaction*: A significant swelling, redness, or warmth at the injection site, indicating exposure to Burkholderia mallei.
- *Negative reaction*: No significant reaction or swelling, indicating no exposure to Burkholderia mallei.

*Advantages and Limitations*
- *Advantages*: The mallein test is a useful diagnostic tool for detecting glanders in equines.
- *Limitations*: The test requires experienced personnel to perform and interpret the results. False positives can occur due to cross-reactivity with other bacteria.

The mallein test is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of glanders, but it should be used in conjunction with other diagnostic tests and clinical evaluation to confirm the diagnosis.

22/08/2025

*Tuberculin Test for TB in Cattle*
The tuberculin test is a diagnostic tool used to detect tuberculosis (TB) in cattle. It involves injecting a purified protein derivative (PPD) of Mycobacterium bovis, the bacteria that causes TB, into the skin of the animal.

*Types of Tuberculin Tests*
- *Single Intradermal Tuberculin Test (SITT)*: This test uses bovine PPD tuberculin and is widely used for detecting TB in cattle.
- *Comparative Intradermal Tuberculin Test (CITT)*: This test uses both bovine and avian PPD tuberculins to differentiate between TB and other mycobacterial infections.

*Procedure*
1. *Preparation*: The test is typically performed on the caudal fold of the tail or the neck area.
2. *Injection*: A measured amount of PPD tuberculin is injected into the skin.
3. *Measurement*: The skin thickness is measured before injection and 72 hours after injection.
4. *Interpretation*: The reaction is measured by the increase in skin thickness. A positive reaction indicates exposure to TB.

*Interpretation of Results*
- *Positive reaction*: An increase in skin thickness of 4mm or more, or the presence of clinical signs such as swelling, redness, or warmth at the injection site.
- *Negative reaction*: No significant increase in skin thickness or absence of clinical signs.

The tuberculin test is a valuable tool for detecting TB in cattle and is widely used in control and eradication programs. However, it requires careful interpretation and consideration of other diagnostic tests to confirm the diagnosis.

22/08/2025

*Rose Bengal Test vs Milk Ring Test*
Both tests are used for the diagnosis of Brucellosis, a zoonotic disease caused by Brucella bacteria.

*Rose Bengal Test (RBT)*
- *Principle*: The RBT is a rapid slide agglutination test that detects antibodies against Brucella in serum or milk.
- *Procedure*: A drop of serum or milk is mixed with a stained Brucella antigen on a slide, and agglutination is observed.
- *Applications*: Screening for Brucellosis in humans and animals.

*Milk Ring Test (MRT)*
- *Principle*: The MRT is a simple, rapid test that detects antibodies against Brucella in milk.
- *Procedure*: A sample of milk is mixed with a stained Brucella antigen, and the mixture is observed for agglutination.
- *Applications*: Screening for Brucellosis in dairy herds.

*Key Differences*
- *Sample type*: RBT can be used with serum or milk, while MRT is specifically designed for milk samples.
- *Procedure*: RBT is a slide agglutination test, while MRT is a simple mixing test.

Both tests are useful for screening and diagnosis of Brucellosis, but they have different applications and sample requirements.

22/08/2025

*HA and HI Tests in Microbiology*
The Hemagglutination (HA) test and Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) test are two important serological tests used in microbiology to detect and quantify antibodies or antigens in animal sera.

*Hemagglutination (HA) Test*
- *Principle*: The HA test detects the ability of certain viruses or bacteria to agglutinate red blood cells (RBCs).
- *Uses*: The HA test is used to:
- Detect the presence of viruses or bacteria in a sample.
- Quantify the amount of virus or bacteria in a sample.
- Determine the antigenic properties of a virus or bacteria.
- *Application in animals*: The HA test is used in veterinary medicine to diagnose and study various viral diseases, such as avian influenza and Newcastle disease in poultry.

*Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) Test*
- *Principle*: The HI test detects the presence of antibodies that inhibit the agglutination of RBCs by viruses or bacteria.
- *Uses*: The HI test is used to:
- Detect and quantify antibodies against specific viruses or bacteria in animal sera.
- Determine the immune status of an animal against a particular disease.
- Monitor the response to vaccination or infection.
- *Application in animals*: The HI test is used in veterinary medicine to:
- Diagnose and study various viral diseases, such as avian influenza and Newcastle disease in poultry.
- Monitor the immune response to vaccination or infection in animals.
- Determine the effectiveness of vaccines in animals.

*Importance*
- *Rapid diagnosis*: Both HA and HI tests provide rapid results, allowing for quick diagnosis and decision-making in veterinary medicine.
- *Disease surveillance*: These tests are essential for disease surveillance and monitoring in animal populations.
- *Vaccine development*: The HA and HI tests are used in vaccine development to determine the effectiveness of vaccines and monitor the immune response.

In conclusion, the HA and HI tests are valuable tools in microbiology that can help diagnose and study various viral diseases in animals. Their applications in veterinary medicine make them essential for disease surveillance, diagnosis, and vaccine development.

22/08/2025

*Coccidiosis in Poultry*

*Etiology*
Caused by various _Eimeria_ spp parasitizing specific portions of the intestinal tract of chickens.

*Occurrence and Economic Significance*
Occurs worldwide.
Major cause of mortality, suboptimal growth, and feed conversion inefficiency in immature flocks without prevention.
Cost of anticoccidial feed additives and treatment exceeds $400 million annually.

*Transmission*
Infective stage: sporulated oocyst.
Transmission via contaminated clothing, equipment, or wind-spread litter dust.
Factors contributing to outbreaks:
- Litter moisture >30%.
- Immunosuppression.
- Suboptimal anticoccidial inclusion.
- Environmental/management stress.

*Clinical Signs*
Acute onset: depression, ruffled plumage, diarrhea.
_E. tenella_: pallor of comb/wattles, blood-stained cecal droppings.

*Lesions*
Lesions by Eimeria Species:
- _E. acervulina/E. mivati_:
- Lesions in distal duodenum and proximal jejunum.
- 1-2 mm areas of hemorrhage interspersed with white foci.
- Visible through the serosa.

- _E. necatrix_:
- Severe distention and hemorrhages in mid-jejunum.
- Mucosal hemorrhages; red-stained fluid in lumen.

- _E. maxima_:
- Mid-jejunum distention with mucosal hemorrhages.

- _E. tenella_:
- Hemorrhagic typhlitis (cecal inflammation).
- Cecal contents often bloody or cheesy in later stages.

- _E. brunetti_:
- Hemorrhages in distal jejunum and colon mucosa.
- Fibrinonecrotic enteritis possible in chronic cases.

*Diagnosis*
Gross lesions of _E. tenella_, _E. necatrix_, _E. brunetti_ are diagnostic.
Microscopy: oocysts in intestinal/cecal scrapings.
Lab submission: intestine in potassium dichromate or formalin, feed samples, litter samples.

*Treatment*
Amprolium in drinking water (0.024%, 3-5 days).
Sulfonamides in drinking water.
Vitamin A/K supplements enhance recovery.

*Prevention*
Manage litter moisture via watering systems, ventilation, stocking density, feeding space.
Anticoccidials in diets.
Anticoccidial vaccines for breeders.

22/08/2025

*Catalase and Oxidase Tests: Rapid Bacterial Identification*
In microbiology, simple biochemical tests like the catalase and oxidase tests can instantly separate major groups of bacteria. These tests are essential in clinical and diagnostic labs for quick decision-making and play a crucial role in identifying bacteria.

*Catalase Test*
- *Principle*: The catalase test detects the enzyme catalase, which breaks down hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into water (H2O) and oxygen (O2).
- *Positive result*: Bubbling or effervescence due to oxygen release.
- *Example*: Staphylococcus spp. (positive) vs Streptococcus spp. (negative).

The catalase test is a rapid and simple test that can be performed using a few drops of hydrogen peroxide. The presence of catalase enzyme is indicated by the release of oxygen gas, which is visible as bubbles.

*Oxidase Test*
- *Principle*: The oxidase test detects the presence of cytochrome c oxidase enzyme in the bacterial electron transport chain.
- *Positive result*: A purple or blue color develops within seconds.
- *Example*: Pseudomonas, Neisseria (positive) vs Enterobacteriaceae (negative).

The oxidase test is also a rapid test that can be performed using a few drops of oxidase reagent. The presence of cytochrome c oxidase enzyme is indicated by the development of a purple or blue color.

*Importance*
- *Rapid results*: Both tests provide rapid results, often within seconds to minutes.
- *Preliminary differentiation*: These tests are useful for preliminary bacterial differentiation, allowing for quick decision-making in clinical and diagnostic labs.
- *Essential in clinical and diagnostic labs*: A single drop of reagent can guide the path toward correct identification and treatment.

*Applications*
- *Clinical microbiology*: These tests are essential in clinical microbiology labs for identifying bacteria and guiding treatment decisions.
- *Diagnostic microbiology*: The catalase and oxidase tests are used in diagnostic microbiology labs to identify bacteria and diagnose infections.
- *Research*: These tests can also be used in research settings to study bacterial physiology and metabolism.

In conclusion, the catalase and oxidase tests are simple, rapid, and essential tests in microbiology that can help identify bacteria and guide treatment decisions. Their applications in clinical and diagnostic microbiology labs make them a crucial tool in the fight against bacterial infections.

22/08/2025

*Characteristics of DNA and RNA Virus Families of Veterinary Importance*
*DNA Virus Families*
1. *Adenoviridae*
- *Virion Size*: 70-90 nm
- *Capsid Symmetry*: Icosahedral
- *Envelope*: Absent
- *Type of Genome*: Linear, double-stranded DNA
2. *Asfarviridae*
- *Virion Size*: 175-215 nm
- *Capsid Symmetry*: Icosahedral
- *Envelope*: Present
- *Type of Genome*: Linear, double-stranded DNA
3. *Circoviridae*
- *Virion Size*: 17-22 nm
- *Capsid Symmetry*: Icosahedral
- *Envelope*: Absent
- *Type of Genome*: Circular molecule of positive-sense or ambisense, single-stranded DNA
4. *Herpesviridae*
- *Virion Size*: 120-200 nm
- *Capsid Symmetry*: Icosahedral
- *Envelope*: Present
- *Type of Genome*: Single molecule of linear, double-stranded DNA
5. *Papillomaviridae*
- *Virion Size*: 55 nm
- *Capsid Symmetry*: Icosahedral
- *Envelope*: Absent
- *Type of Genome*: Single molecule of circular, double-stranded DNA
6. *Parvoviridae*
- *Virion Size*: 18-26 nm
- *Capsid Symmetry*: Icosahedral
- *Envelope*: Absent
- *Type of Genome*: Single molecule of linear, positive-sense or negative-sense, single-stranded DNA
7. *Poxviridae*
- *Virion Size*: 300 x 200 nm
- *Capsid Symmetry*: Complex
- *Envelope*: Present
- *Type of Genome*: Single molecule of linear, double-stranded DNA

*RNA Virus Families*
1. *Arteriviridae*
- *Virion Size*: 40-60 nm
- *Capsid Symmetry*: Icosahedral
- *Envelope*: Present
- *Type of Genome*: Linear, single molecule of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA
2. *Astroviridae*
- *Virion Size*: 28-30 nm
- *Capsid Symmetry*: Icosahedral
- *Envelope*: Absent
- *Type of Genome*: Linear, single molecule of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA
3. *Birnaviridae*
- *Virion Size*: 60 nm
- *Capsid Symmetry*: Icosahedral
- *Envelope*: Absent
- *Type of Genome*: Two segments of linear, double-stranded RNA
4. *Bornaviridae*
- *Virion Size*: 90 nm
- *Capsid Symmetry*: Icosahedral
- *Envelope*: Present
- *Type of Genome*: Linear, single molecule of negative-sense, single-stranded RNA
5. *Bunyaviridae*
- *Virion Size*: 80-120 nm
- *Capsid Symmetry*: Helical
- *Envelope*: Present
- *Type of Genome*: Three segments of linear, negative-sense or ambisense single-stranded RNA
6. *Caliciviridae*
- *Virion Size*: 27-40 nm
- *Capsid Symmetry*: Icosahedral
- *Envelope*: Absent
- *Type of Genome*: Linear, single molecule of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA
7. *Coronaviridae*
- *Virion Size*: 120-160 nm
- *Capsid Symmetry*: Helical
- *Envelope*: Present
- *Type of Genome*: Linear, single molecule of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA
8. *Flaviviridae*
- *Virion Size*: 40-60 nm
- *Capsid Symmetry*: Icosahedral
- *Envelope*: Present
- *Type of Genome*: Linear, single molecule of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA
9. *Orthomyxoviridae*
- *Virion Size*: 80-120 nm
- *Capsid Symmetry*: Helical
- *Envelope*: Present
- *Type of Genome*: Six to eight segments of linear, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA
10. *Paramyxoviridae*
- *Virion Size*: 150-300 nm
- *Capsid Symmetry*: Helical
- *Envelope*: Present
- *Type of Genome*: Linear, single molecule of negative-sense, single-stranded RNA
11. *Picornaviridae*
- *Virion Size*: 30 nm
- *Capsid Symmetry*: Icosahedral
- *Envelope*: Absent
- *Type of Genome*: Linear, single molecule of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA

12. *Reoviridae*
- *Virion Size*: 60-80 nm
- *Capsid Symmetry*: Icosahedral
- *Envelope*: Absent
- *Type of Genome*: Ten to twelve segments of linear, double-stranded RNA

13. *Retroviridae*
- *Virion Size*: 80-100 nm
- *Capsid Symmetry*: Icosahedral
- *Envelope*: Present
- *Type of Genome*: Diploid, linear, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA

14. *Rhabdoviridae*
- *Virion Size*: 180 x 75 nm
- *Capsid Symmetry*: Helical
- *Envelope*: Present
- *Type of Genome*: Linear, single molecule of negative-sense, single-stranded RNA

15. *Togaviridae*
- *Virion Size*: 70 nm
- *Capsid Symmetry*: Icosahedral
- *Envelope*: Present
- *Type of Genome*: Linear, single molecule of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA

22/08/2025

*Fat Content*
- *Goat Meat*: 2.6 grams per 100 grams, with 0.79 grams of saturated fat. Goat meat is considered a lean meat with favorable nutritional qualities.
- *Sheep/Lamb*: 8.1 grams per 100 grams, with 2.9 grams of saturated fat.
- *Cow/Beef*: 7.9 grams per 100 grams, with 3 grams of saturated fat.
- *Buffalo*: Varies by cut, but generally lower in fat than beef, with approximately 1-7% fat content.
- *Chicken*: 4.5-16.9 grams per 100 grams, depending on the cut, with chicken breast having less fat than chicken wings.

*Protein Content*
- *Goat Meat*: 23 grams per 100 grams, making it a good source of protein.
- *Sheep/Lamb*: 24 grams per 100 grams.
- *Cow/Beef*: 25 grams per 100 grams.
- *Buffalo*: 7-10 grams of protein per ounce, depending on the cut, with ground buffalo having around 7g protein per oz and buffalo top sirloin having 8g protein per oz.
- *Chicken*: 23-31 grams per 100 grams, depending on the cut, with chicken breast having higher protein content.

*Comparison of Meat Options*
- Goat meat has lower calories and fat compared to beef, pork, and lamb, but comparable protein content.
- Camel meat has protein levels similar to beef, but significantly less fat than lamb and chicken.
- Rabbit meat has higher protein content than goat meat, with 33.02g and 27.1g per 100g, respectively. Rabbit meat also has less saturated fat and more monounsaturated fat than goat meat .

22/08/2025

*Lifespan of Ova and S***m in Different Species*
- *Cattle (Ruminants)*
- *Ova Lifespan*: 8-12 hours after ovulation
- *S***m Lifespan*: 30-48 hours in the female reproductive tract

- *Sheep (Ruminants)*
- *Ova Lifespan*: Short-lived, typically fertilizable for 10-12 hours after ovulation
- *S***m Lifespan*: 24-48 hours in the female reproductive tract

- *Dogs*
- *Ova Lifespan*: 2-4 days after ovulation, with fertilization possible 4-7 days later
- *S***m Lifespan*: Several days in the female reproductive tract, with optimal fertility 2-4 days after mating

- *Cats*
- *Ova Lifespan*: Induced ovulation, with ova viable for fertilization 24-48 hours after mating
- *S***m Lifespan*: Limited information available, but s***m can survive for several days in the female reproductive tract

- *Horses*
- *Ova Lifespan*: 6-8 hours after ovulation, with fertilization typically occurring within 12 hours
- *S***m Lifespan*: 48-72 hours or more in the female reproductive tract, with optimal fertility within 24 hours before ovulation .

*Ritual Slaughter Methods**Islamic Method (Halal Slaughter)*- Performed by a Muslim slaughterer invoking Allah's name- A...
22/08/2025

*Ritual Slaughter Methods*
*Islamic Method (Halal Slaughter)*
- Performed by a Muslim slaughterer invoking Allah's name
- Animal must be healthy, face Qibla, and be treated humanely
- Swift cut to throat, windpipe, and blood vessels using a sharp knife
- Complete drainage of blood from the carcass
- Meat handled and stored according to halal standards

*Jewish Method (Kosher Slaughter)*
- Performed by a trained Jewish slaughterer (shochet) with extensive knowledge of Jewish law
- Animal must be healthy and slaughtered using a sharp knife
- Quick and precise cut to throat, severing trachea and esophagus
- Blood drained from carcass
- Meat inspected for defects and handled according to kosher standards
- Shochet must lead an impeccable life, and some authorities allow women to be shohatot (female slaughterers)

*Sikh and Hindu Method (Jhatka)*
- Involves instant decapitation with a single strike of a sword or axe
- Animal's head secured, and hind legs held away
- Emphasizes minimizing animal suffering through swift ex*****on
- Limited to sheep and goats, as cattle are considered sacred

*Key Differences*
- *Stunning*: Halal slaughter generally discourages stunning, while kosher slaughter doesn't allow it. Jhatka involves instantaneous killing.
- *Invocation*: Halal and kosher slaughter require invocations, while Jhatka doesn't have specific spiritual requirements.
- *Animal Welfare*: All methods emphasize humane treatment and minimizing suffering.

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+923014902419

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