Mann Vet Corner

10/09/2024

‎‧₊˚✧ 𝕭𝖑𝖔𝖔𝖉 𝖕𝖗𝖔𝖙𝖔𝖟𝖔𝖆 ✧˚₊‧
Blood protozoa, including Plasmodium, Babesia, Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Theileria, and Hepatozoon species, are parasitic organisms responsible for significant diseases affecting humans and animals. 𝑷𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒎𝒐𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒎, the protozoan responsible for malaria, and is transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes. In contrast, 𝑩𝒂𝒃𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒂, which causes babesiosis, is spread by Ixodes ticks, and can infect cattle, dogs, and humans. 𝑻𝒓𝒚𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒐𝒔𝒐𝒎𝒂 species cause African sleeping sickness and Chagas disease, vectors are tsetse flies and triatomine bugs, respectively, while hosts include humans and livestock. The parasites 𝑳𝒆𝒊𝒔𝒉𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒂 transmit the diseases known as Leishmaniasis, ranging from skin lesions to visceral damage of organs, with sandflies acting as vectors. 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂, a parasite threatening cattle, causes theileriosis, or East Coast fever, spread by ticks such as Rhipicephalus. Lastly, 𝑯𝒆𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒛𝒐𝒐𝒏 spp. It is responsible for hepatozoonosis in dogs and wild animals by a mode of transmission theorized as ingestion of infected ticks, not bites.

Besides the health hazards these protozoa cause to their hosts, outbreaks of protozoan diseases have a significant economic impact on animal husbandry. Controls in general involve vector management-suitable tick and mosquito control-dealing properly with the livestock, and further development of vaccines and therapies. Better diagnostics, monitoring of vector populations, and focused treatment are still crucial for reducing the global burden of these protozoan infections.
Mann Vet Corner

04/09/2024

Are Your Pets at Risk? Blood Protozoans: Serious Diseases You Never Knew About!

🚨 Beware, pet owners! There is a silent killer hiding in the life stream of your beloved critter that perhaps you never heard about. Blood protozoans are parasites that infect your pet’s bloo…

02/09/2024

𝑽𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓-𝑩𝒐𝒓𝒏𝒆 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒚 𝑺𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒐𝒏
Vector-borne diseases such as Rift Valley Fever, Bluetongue, African Horse Sickness, and Theileriosis are prevalent during the rainy season due to the rise in vector populations. These diseases are caused by various pathogens including Phlebovirus, Orbivirus, Theileria, and Anaplasma, with vectors such as mosquitoes (Aedes spp.), midges (Culicoides spp.), and ticks (Rhipicephalus, Amblyomma) facilitating transmission. Incubation periods range from 2 days to several weeks, affecting animals like cattle, sheep, goats, horses, and camels. The moist conditions support the breeding of vectors, making animals more susceptible to these diseases.
Mann Vet Corner

01/09/2024

𝑽𝒊𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒚 𝑺𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒐𝒏
Viral diseases like Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD), Rift Valley Fever, Bluetongue, and Lumpy Skin Disease tend to increase during the rainy season, exacerbated by vectors such as mosquitoes, midges, and biting flies. These diseases are caused by viruses including Aphthovirus, Phlebovirus, Orbivirus, and Capripoxvirus, with incubation periods ranging from 2 days to a few weeks. Host animals affected by these viral infections include cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, and birds. The environmental conditions of the rainy season favor the proliferation of both direct and vector-borne viral transmission, leading to outbreaks among domestic animals.
Mann Vet Corner

31/08/2024

𝑴𝒐𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒕𝒐-𝑩𝒐𝒓𝒏𝒆 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒚 𝑺𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒐𝒏
The rainy season leads to a surge in mosquito populations, which in turn spreads vector-borne diseases such as West Nile Virus, Rift Valley Fever, Japanese Encephalitis, and Canine Heartworm Disease. These diseases are caused by pathogens like Flavivirus, Phlebovirus, and Dirofilaria immitis, with mosquitoes (Aedes, Culex, Anopheles) serving as the primary vectors. The incubation periods range from 2 days to several months, and the host animals include horses, cattle, pigs, dogs, and birds. Mosquitoes thrive in stagnant water, increasing the risk of transmission during this season.

Mann Vet Corner

30/08/2024

𝑩𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒚 𝑺𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒐𝒏
During the rainy season, bacterial infections such as Leptospirosis, Hemorrhagic Septicemia, Anthrax, and Mastitis commonly affect domestic animals due to increased moisture and contamination of water and soil. These diseases are caused by pathogens such as Leptospira, Pasteurella multocida, and Staphylococcus, transmitted through contaminated water, soil, or direct contact. The incubation periods range from 1 to 21 days, and the affected animals include cattle, sheep, goats, dogs, and pigs. Wet conditions during this season can facilitate the spread of these bacteria, leading to outbreaks.
Mann Vet Corner

26/08/2024

"𝑻𝒐𝒑 𝑫𝒐𝒈 𝑩𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒅𝒔: 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝑺𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒊𝒄𝒆, 𝑷𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒆, 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒑𝒚, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑯𝒆𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈!"

In various fields, certain dog breeds stand out for their exceptional abilities. Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, and German Shepherds excel as 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝒅𝒐𝒈𝒔 due to their intelligence and trainability. German Shepherds and Belgian Malinois are favoured in 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒚 roles for their agility, strength, and loyalty. Breeds like Springer Spaniels and Beagles shine as 𝒅𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒅𝒐𝒈𝒔, thanks to their exceptional scent-tracking abilities. In 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒑𝒚 work, the gentle nature of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels and Poodles is invaluable. Bloodhounds and Border Collies are stars in 𝒔𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒉 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒄𝒖𝒆 𝒎𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 due to their unmatched scent skills and intelligence. Meanwhile, Border Collies, Australian Shepherds, and Corgis dominate 𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒔 fields, and they are known for their agility and strong work ethic. And let’s not forget Jack Russell Terriers, who excel in agility sports with their boundless energy and determination. Each breed brings specialized skills that make them indispensable in their respective roles.” 🐾🐶
Mann Vet Corner

20/08/2024

𝑴𝒐𝒏𝒌𝒆𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒙 is a viral disease caused by the monkeypox virus. It is primarily transmitted through direct contact with infected animals, humans, or contaminated objects. The disease manifests with symptoms such as fever, headache, muscle aches, swollen lymph nodes, and a characteristic rash that progresses through several stages. 𝑴𝒐𝒏𝒌𝒆𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒛𝒐𝒐𝒏𝒐𝒕𝒊𝒄, originating from African rodents in Central and West Africa. The first human case was reported in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Treatment mainly involves supportive care, although antivirals and smallpox vaccines may offer some protection.
Mann Vet Corner

16/08/2024

"𝑵𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆'𝒔 𝑩𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒂𝒓𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒓𝒔: 𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑩𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒈𝒆𝒔 𝑻𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒗𝒆"

𝑩𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒈𝒆𝒔 (𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒈𝒆𝒔) are viruses that specifically infect and replicate within bacteria. They are abundant and crucial in bacterial population control and genetic exchange.

In 𝒗𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒆, bacteriophage is a vital alternative to antibiotics due to rising antibiotic resistance. They treat bacterial infections, prevent diseases, and improve animal health by specifically targeting harmful bacteria. Key applications and phage names include:

𝑺𝒂𝒍𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒂 𝑰𝒏𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔: Phages like Bafasal® and SalmoFresh are used in poultry, cattle, and pigs to control Salmonella.
𝑬. 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒊 𝑰𝒏𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔: Phages such as EcoShield PX and T4 treat diarrhea in livestock, including pigs and cattle.
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝑫𝒂𝒊𝒓𝒚 𝑪𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒍𝒆: Phages like those from Myoviridae control Staphylococcus aureus, a common cause of mastitis.
𝑪𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔: Phages targeting Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens help reduce gastrointestinal diseases in livestock.
𝑪𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒚𝒍𝒐𝒃𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑰𝒏𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔: Phages from the Myoviridae and Podoviridae families are applied in poultry to prevent Campylobacter jejuni.
𝑷𝒔𝒆𝒖𝒅𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒔 𝒂𝒆𝒓𝒖𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒐𝒔𝒂 𝑰𝒏𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔: Phages from Myoviridae and Podoviridae treat skin and wound infections in dogs and horses.
𝑩𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒊𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒚 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒙 (𝑩𝑹𝑫𝑪): Mannheimia-specific phages are developed to target Mannheimia hemolytica in cattle.

𝑽𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑩𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒈𝒆𝒔
𝑷𝒉𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒑𝒚: Treatment of animal bacterial infections without contributing to antibiotic resistance.
𝑷𝒉𝒂𝒈𝒆-𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝑽𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔: Some bacteriophages are being engineered to serve as vaccines or adjuvants to stimulate the immune response.
𝑩𝒊𝒐𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍 𝒊𝒏 𝑨𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝑯𝒖𝒔𝒃𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒓𝒚: Reducing bacterial load in farming environments, especially in poultry and cattle farming.
𝑭𝒐𝒐𝒅 𝑺𝒂𝒇𝒆𝒕𝒚: Controlling bacterial pathogens in food-producing animals, ensures safer meat and dairy products for human consumption.
Bacteriophages present a promising future in veterinary medicine, addressing some of the most persistent challenges in animal health management.

Mann Vet Corner

15/08/2024

"𝗛𝗼𝘄 𝗪𝗵𝗶𝘁𝗲 𝗕𝗹𝗼𝗼𝗱 𝗖𝗲𝗹𝗹𝘀 𝗞𝗲𝗲𝗽 𝗬𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝗜𝗺𝗺𝘂𝗻𝗲 𝗦𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗺 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗴"
WBCs were classified based on the differences between granulocytes and agranulocytes.
𝗚𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗹𝗼𝗰𝘆𝘁𝗲𝘀: white blood cells that contain granules are sacs within the cytoplasm of the cell that contain digestive enzymes or other chemicals. Three types are Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils.
𝗔𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗹𝗼𝗰𝘆𝘁𝗲𝘀: WBCs that do not have granules in their cytoplasm. The two major types under this category are the Lymphocytes and Monocytes.

The immune system contains 𝗳𝗶𝘃𝗲 different types of WBCs, among which these form part and play different functions:
𝗡𝗲𝘂𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗵𝗶𝗹𝘀, which kill and digest bacteria;
𝗟𝘆𝗺𝗽𝗵𝗼𝗰𝘆𝘁𝗲𝘀, specifically B cells, T cells, and Natural Killer (NK) cells, play a crucial role in the adaptive immune response. They destroy either viruses or cancerous cells, leading to the generation of new antigens.
𝗠𝗼𝗻𝗼𝗰𝘆𝘁𝗲𝘀 transform into macrophages and are part of the mononuclear system. They engulf pathogens and process antigenic material.
𝗘𝗼𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗼𝗽𝗵𝗶𝗹𝘀 have their own fighting defence against parasites and modulate allergic-type inflammation,
𝗕𝗮𝘀𝗼𝗽𝗵𝗶𝗹𝘀 release mediators like histamine into the blood to get an allergic response and inflammation. Each has a central role in immune defence.
Mann Vet Corner Mann Vet Corner

12/08/2024

🌍 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗹𝗱 𝗘𝗹𝗲𝗽𝗵𝗮𝗻𝘁 𝗗𝗮𝘆: 𝗦𝘁𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗧𝗼𝗴𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝘁𝗼 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝘁𝗲𝗰𝘁 𝗚𝗶𝗮𝗻𝘁𝘀 🐘
On this day, we celebrate elephants: the giants living among us, representing beauty and biodiversity of the animal world. These graceful giants ooze senses of power and intelligence, as well as working toward environmental balance.

Despite their major significance, every single day is a never-ending threat to this creature due to habitat lost, poaching for ivory, human–elephant conflicts. So today, on World Elephant Day, let's raise our voice for them. Anything you do—supporting conservation, bringing awareness, or asking for the imposition of laws that safeguard wildlife—is going to matter.

Together, we will guarantee that these giants survive for the next generation to watch elephants living in the wild. ????????".

12/08/2024

𖣠 "𝑯𝒐𝒘 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒔 𝑰𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒇𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑮𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑫𝒂𝒚-𝑶𝒍𝒅 𝑪𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒔" 𖣠

11/08/2024

A 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐭𝐞 𝐁𝐥𝐨𝐨𝐝 𝐂𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐭 (𝐂𝐁𝐂) is a fundamental diagnostic tool in veterinary medicine, providing valuable information about an animal's overall health.
𝟏. 𝐑𝐞𝐝 𝐁𝐥𝐨𝐨𝐝 𝐂𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐬 (𝐑𝐁𝐂𝐬)
RBC Count: Indicates the total number of red blood cells. The key for assessing oxygen-carrying capacity.
𝐇𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐠𝐥𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐧 (𝐇𝐛): Reflects the oxygen-carrying protein. Low levels suggest anemia.
𝐇𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐭 (𝐇𝐂𝐓): Percentage of blood composed of RBCs. It helps diagnose anemia or polycythemia.
𝐌𝐂𝐕, 𝐌𝐂𝐇, 𝐌𝐂𝐇𝐂:
𝐌𝐂𝐕 (Mean Corpuscular Volume): Identifies the average size of RBCs. Helps distinguish between types of anemia (microcytic, macrocytic, normocytic).
𝐌𝐂𝐇 & 𝐌𝐂𝐇𝐂: Provide insight into the hemoglobin content and concentration in RBCs.
𝐑𝐃𝐖 (Red Cell Distribution Width): Measures variation in RBC size. Increased RDW may indicate mixed cell populations, suggesting an active or regenerative anemia.

𝟐. 𝐖𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐁𝐥𝐨𝐨𝐝 𝐂𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐬 (𝐖𝐁𝐂𝐬)
Total white blood cell count. Elevated levels often indicate infection, inflammation, or stress; low levels suggest potential immunosuppression or bone marrow issues.
𝐃𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐖𝐁𝐂 𝐂𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐭:
𝐍𝐞𝐮𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐬: Increased levels often signal bacterial infections or acute inflammation.
𝐋𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐜𝐲𝐭𝐞𝐬:Elevated levels may indicate viral infections or chronic inflammation, while decreased levels could suggest stress or corticosteroid influence.
𝐌𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐜𝐲𝐭𝐞𝐬: Elevated levels are seen in chronic inflammation or infection.
𝐄𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐨𝐩𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐬: High levels suggest parasitic infections or allergic reactions.
𝐁𝐚𝐬𝐨𝐩𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐬: Rare, but their presence can indicate allergic reactions or parasitic infections.

𝟑. 𝐏𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐭𝐬
Platelet Count: Essential for assessing blood clotting ability. Low counts may suggest a bleeding disorder or bone marrow issue; high counts may be seen in inflammation or other conditions.
𝐌𝐞𝐚𝐧 𝐏𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐭 𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 (𝐌𝐏𝐕): Reflects the average size of platelets. Larger platelets might indicate an active bone marrow response, possibly due to platelet consumption or destruction.

𝟒. 𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐈𝐧𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐫 𝐈𝐧𝐟𝐥𝐚𝐦𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝐋𝐞𝐮𝐤𝐨𝐜𝐲𝐭𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐬 (High WBC Count): Often associated with bacterial infections, inflammation, or stress response.
𝐍𝐞𝐮𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐚 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐋𝐞𝐟𝐭 𝐒𝐡𝐢𝐟𝐭: Presence of immature neutrophils (bands) in peripheral blood, indicating an acute inflammatory response.
𝐋𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐚: Common in stress response or viral infections.

𝟓. 𝐊𝐞𝐲 𝐃𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐃𝐢𝐚𝐠𝐧𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐁𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐨𝐧 𝐂𝐁𝐂 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬
𝐇𝐢𝐠𝐡 𝐖𝐁𝐂 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐍𝐞𝐮𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐚: Likely bacterial infection or acute inflammation.
𝐋𝐨𝐰 𝐑𝐁𝐂, 𝐋𝐨𝐰 𝐇𝐂𝐓, 𝐋𝐨𝐰 𝐇𝐛 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐇𝐢𝐠𝐡 𝐑𝐃𝐖: Anemia, possibly regenerative.
𝐋𝐨𝐰 𝐏𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐭𝐬 (𝐓𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐦𝐛𝐨𝐜𝐲𝐭𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐚): Risk of bleeding, consider immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, bone marrow disease, or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

𝟔. 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐱𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Correlate with Clinical Signs: Always interpret CBC results in the context of the animal's clinical presentation and history.
𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐞𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞, an elevated WBC count with fever and lethargy may point towards an ongoing infection.

11/08/2024

𝑾𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒉𝒊𝒙𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒔?

10/08/2024

𝑾𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒐𝒛𝒐𝒐𝒏𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒔?

09/08/2024

𝑾𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒛𝒐𝒐𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒔?

08/08/2024

🎀 𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑷𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂 𝒊𝒏 𝑴𝒂𝒎𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒔 🎀

𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚 is vital for nutrient and gas exchange between the mother and fetus. It facilitates the transfer of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products, and produces hormones essential for pregnancy maintenance.
𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚 has several layers, including the 𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐚𝐦𝐧𝐢𝐨𝐧, and 𝐝𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐝𝐮𝐚.
The 𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐧 is the outermost layer that interacts with the maternal tissues,
while the 𝐚𝐦𝐧𝐢𝐨𝐧 surrounds the fetus and forms the amniotic sac.
The 𝐝𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐝𝐮𝐚 supports the implantation and growth of the placenta, provides nutrients and immune protection for the fetus, and helps regulate uterine contractions. Additionally, it produces hormones (progesterone) essential for maintaining pregnancy.

𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐲𝐩𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐦𝐚𝐦𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐬:

𝐃𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐏𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚: Uniform attachment of the chorion to the uterine wall. Allows extensive exchange of nutrients and gases across the entire placental surface.
𝐅𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐢𝐧 animals like pigs and horses.

𝐂𝐨𝐭𝐲𝐥𝐞𝐝𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝐏𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚: Multiple localized sites of attachment (cotyledons) interlock with caruncles on the uterine wall, to forms placentomes for efficient nutrient and gas exchange.
𝐅𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐢𝐧 ruminants (cattle, sheep, and goats).

𝐙𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝐏𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚: Band-like attachment encircling the middle of the placenta. Specialized zone of exchange between maternal and fetal blood.
𝐅𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐢𝐧 carnivores (dogs and cats).

𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐢𝐝 𝐏𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚:
Circular or disc-shaped attachment area. Highly efficient transfer of nutrients and gases.
𝐅𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐢𝐧 humans, rodents, and some primates.

After birth, the placenta is expelled from the uterus, typically within 30 minutes to an hour after the delivery of the offspring.

07/08/2024

🎀 𝒮𝓅𝒾𝓇𝒶𝓁 𝒷𝒶𝒸𝓉𝑒𝓇𝒾𝒶 🎀
𝐒𝐩𝐢𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐛𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐚 play significant roles in veterinary medicine due to their impact on animal health and productivity. most important one are under;
𝙇𝙚𝙥𝙩𝙤𝙨𝙥𝙞𝙧𝙖 𝙨𝙥𝙥.:This bacterium causes leptospirosis, a disease affecting cattle, pigs, and sheep. It leads to symptoms like fever, jaundice, and reproductive issues, including abortion and infertility. Leptospirosis also poses a risk to human health.
𝘽𝙤𝙧𝙧𝙚𝙡𝙞𝙖 𝙗𝙪𝙧𝙜𝙙𝙤𝙧𝙛𝙚𝙧𝙞: Known for causing Lyme disease in humans, it can also impact livestock, especially horses. Tick bites can transmit diseases that may result in symptoms like fever, lameness, and arthritis.
𝘾𝙖𝙢𝙥𝙮𝙡𝙤𝙗𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙚𝙧 𝙟𝙚𝙟𝙪𝙣𝙞: Responsible for gastrointestinal illness in various livestock species (including cattle and sheep), it causes symptoms like diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and fever, leading to economic losses.
𝘾𝙖𝙢𝙥𝙮𝙡𝙤𝙗𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙚𝙧 𝙛𝙚𝙩𝙪𝙨: Affects reproductive health in cattle and sheep, causing abortion and infertility. Economic losses can result from these reproductive disorders.
𝙃𝙚𝙡𝙞𝙘𝙤𝙗𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙚𝙧 𝙥𝙮𝙡𝙤𝙧𝙞: Although primarily associated with human gastric diseases, related species like Helicobacter heilmannii can affect livestock, causing gastrointestinal issues. Further research on helicobacters in veterinary contexts is essential.

06/08/2024

𝐁𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐨𝐜𝐜𝐢 are spherical-shaped bacteria with significant roles in livestock health. In both cases, they can act as pathogens or normal flora.
𝐏𝐚𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐜 𝐜𝐨𝐜𝐜𝐢, such as 𝙎𝙩𝙖𝙥𝙝𝙮𝙡𝙤𝙘𝙤𝙘𝙘𝙪𝙨 𝙖𝙪𝙧𝙚𝙪𝙨 and 𝙎𝙩𝙧𝙚𝙥𝙩𝙤𝙘𝙤𝙘𝙘𝙪𝙨 𝙖𝙜𝙖𝙡𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙖𝙚, are known for causing mastitis in dairy cattle, leading to decreased milk yield and increased veterinary costs.
𝙀𝙣𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙤𝙘𝙤𝙘𝙘𝙪𝙨 𝙨𝙥𝙚𝙘𝙞𝙚𝙨, typically part of the normal intestinal flora, can cause infections in immunocompromised animals.
Commensal cocci like 𝙎𝙩𝙖𝙥𝙝𝙮𝙡𝙤𝙘𝙤𝙘𝙘𝙪𝙨 𝙚𝙥𝙞𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙢𝙞𝙙𝙞𝙨 usually inhabit the skin and mucous membranes without causing issues but can become pathogenic if there is skin damage or stress.
𝙎𝙩𝙧𝙚𝙥𝙩𝙤𝙘𝙤𝙘𝙘𝙪𝙨 𝙚𝙦𝙪𝙞 is a type of bacteria that mainly infects horses, leading to a disease called strangles in horses.
Overall, infections from pathogenic cocci can severely impact livestock health and productivity, affecting growth rates, milk production, and reproductive performance.

05/08/2024

Important 𝐁𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐮𝐬 𝐛𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐚 affecting domestic animals include 𝐁𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐮𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐬, 𝐁𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐮𝐬 𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐮𝐬, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐁𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐮𝐬 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐭𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐬.

>𝐁𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐮𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐬 is the causative agent of anthrax, a serious and often fatal disease affecting various species, including 𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐥𝐞, 𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐞𝐩, 𝐠𝐨𝐚𝐭𝐬, 𝐝𝐨𝐠𝐬, 𝐩𝐢𝐠𝐬, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐬𝐞𝐬. It can lead to sudden death in animals and poses a 𝐳𝐨𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐤 to humans.
>𝐁𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐮𝐬 𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐮𝐬 is known for causing foodborne illnesses but can also lead to infections in animals, particularly under stress or immunosuppressed conditions.
>𝐁𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐮𝐬 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐭𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐬, although generally considered non-pathogenic, can sometimes act as an opportunistic pathogen.

These Bacillus species are noteworthy due to their environmental resilience, ability to form spores, and the significant health impacts they can have on domestic animals and, in the case of 𝐁. 𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐬, public health.

04/08/2024

“In essence, neither profession is inherently ‘better’ than the other; they are distinct fields with unique challenges, rewards, and contributions to society. The best medical doctor or veterinarian doctor is someone who excels in their chosen field, is passionate about their work, and positively impacts their patients or animals.”

03/08/2024

𝘼𝙗𝙤𝙧𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙞𝙣 𝘾𝙖𝙩𝙩𝙡𝙚 𝙘𝙖𝙪𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙗𝙮 𝙫𝙖𝙧𝙞𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙥𝙖𝙩𝙝𝙤𝙜𝙚𝙣𝙨

𝟏. 𝐀𝐛𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐂𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐕𝐢𝐫𝐮𝐬
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) induces abortions primarily between the 2nd and 6th months of gestation, spreading through oral and transplacental routes and is not zoonotic. Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus (IBR) leads to abortions from the 4th to 6th month, transmitted via respiratory and venereal routes, and is not zoonotic. Bluetongue virus causes abortions between the 2nd and 6th months, spread by biting midges, and is not zoonotic. Rift Valley Fever virus, which is zoonotic, can cause abortions at any time during gestation (1-9 months) and is transmitted through mosquitoes and direct contact.

𝟐. 𝐀𝐛𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐂𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐁𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐚
Brucellosis (Brucella abortus) typically results in abortions between the 7th and 9th months, spreading via oral and direct contact, and is zoonotic. Leptospirosis (Leptospira spp.) can cause abortions at any time from 1 to 9 months, transmitted through urine-contaminated water and direct contact, and is also zoonotic. Listeriosis (Listeria monocytogenes) leads to abortions from the 7th to 9th month, spread through oral routes, and is zoonotic. Campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter fetus) causes abortions from the 5th to 9th month, transmitted venereally, and is not zoonotic. Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii) typically induces abortions between the 7th and 9th months, spread via aerosol and direct contact, and is zoonotic.

𝟑. 𝐀𝐛𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐂𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐭𝐨𝐳𝐨𝐚
Protozoa-related abortions in cattle are caused by Neosporosis (Neospora caninum) and Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii). Neosporosis can lead to abortions at any stage from 1 to 9 months of gestation, transmitted orally and transplacentally, and is not zoonotic. Toxoplasmosis can also cause abortions at any time during gestation, spread through oral and transplacental routes, and is zoonotic.

𝟒. 𝐀𝐛𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐂𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐅𝐮𝐠𝐮𝐬
Fungus-related abortions in cattle are caused by Aspergillosis (Aspergillus fumigatus) and Mortierellosis (Mortierella wolfii). Aspergillosis can induce abortions at any time from 1 to 9 months of gestation, transmitted via inhalation and oral routes, and is not zoonotic. Mortierellosis also causes abortions at any stage (1-9 months), spread through inhalation, and is not zoonotic.

02/08/2024

02/08/2024

𝗕𝗹𝗼𝗼𝗱 𝗖𝗼𝗹𝗹𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗗𝗼𝗺𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗔𝗻𝗶𝗺𝗮𝗹𝘀
𝐁𝐥𝐨𝐨𝐝 𝐂𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 is a critical procedure for diagnosing and monitoring health in domestic animals. It involves drawing blood from a specific vein using a needle and syringe or a vacutainer system. The choice of site and equipment depends on the species, the volume needed, and the purpose of the blood draw.

𝐌𝐨𝐮𝐬𝐞
𝐒𝐢𝐭𝐞: Tail Vein: Most common, Retro-Orbital Sinus, Saphenous Vein
𝐍𝐞𝐞𝐝𝐥𝐞 𝐆𝐚𝐮𝐠𝐞:
Tail Vein: 25-27 gauge
Retro-Orbital Sinus: 25-27 gauge
Saphenous Vein: 25-27 gauge
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞: Typically 0.1-0.5 mL.

𝐑𝐚𝐛𝐛𝐢𝐭
𝐒𝐢𝐭𝐞: Ear Vein: Common, Jugular Vein, Marginal Ear Vein
𝐍𝐞𝐞𝐝𝐥𝐞 𝐆𝐚𝐮𝐠𝐞:
Ear Vein: 22-25 gauge
Jugular Vein: 18-22 gauge
Marginal Ear Vein: 22-25 gauge
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞: Typically 1-5 mL; up to 10 mL if needed.

𝐂𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐧
𝐒𝐢𝐭𝐞: Wing Vein: Commonly, & Jugular Vein
𝐍𝐞𝐞𝐝𝐥𝐞 𝐆𝐚𝐮𝐠𝐞:
Wing Vein: 22-25 gauge
Jugular Vein: 22-25 gauge
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞: Typically 1-3 mL; up to 5 mL if necessary.

𝐅𝐢𝐬𝐡
𝐒𝐢𝐭𝐞: Caudal Vein: Commonly used.
𝐍𝐞𝐞𝐝𝐥𝐞 𝐆𝐚𝐮𝐠𝐞:
Caudal Vein: 25-27 gauge
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞: Typically 0.1-1 mL, depending on the species and size.

𝐃𝐨𝐠𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐬
𝐒𝐢𝐭𝐞: Cephalic vein (forelimb), Jugular vein (neck), Saphenous vein (hindlimb)
𝐍𝐞𝐞𝐝𝐥𝐞 𝐆𝐚𝐮𝐠𝐞:
Cephalic: 22-25 gauge
Jugular: 18-22 gauge
Saphenous: 22-25 gauge
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞: Typically 1-5 mL; up to 10 mL if needed.

𝐇𝐨𝐫𝐬𝐞𝐬
𝐒𝐢𝐭𝐞: Jugular vein (neck)
𝐍𝐞𝐞𝐝𝐥𝐞 𝐆𝐚𝐮𝐠𝐞: 16-18 gauge
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞: Typically 10-20 mL; larger volumes if needed.

𝐂𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐥𝐞
𝐒𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐬: Jugular vein (neck), Coccygeal vein (tail)
𝐍𝐞𝐞𝐝𝐥𝐞 𝐆𝐚𝐮𝐠𝐞:
Jugular: 16-18 gauge
Coccygeal: 18-20 gauge
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞: Typically 10-20 mL; larger volumes if needed.

𝐒𝐡𝐞𝐞𝐩 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐆𝐨𝐚𝐭𝐬
𝐒𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐬: Jugular vein (neck), Cephalic vein (forelimb)
𝐍𝐞𝐞𝐝𝐥𝐞 𝐆𝐚𝐮𝐠𝐞:
Jugular: 18-22 gauge
Cephalic: 20-22 gauge
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞: Typically 5-10 mL; larger volumes if necessary.

𝐂𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐥
𝐒𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐬: Jugular Vein: Commonly used for most blood draws.
𝐍𝐞𝐞𝐝𝐥𝐞 𝐆𝐚𝐮𝐠𝐞:
Jugular Vein: 16-18 gauge
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞: Typically 20-30 mL; larger volumes if necessary.

𝐍𝐎𝐓𝐄:
For most healthy adult animals, total circulating blood volume is typically 50-80 mL per kg of body weight.
Non-terminal blood collection is limited to 1% of body weight (up to 10 mL/kg) over any 14-day period.

30/07/2024

𝐅𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐞 𝐑𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐃𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐀𝐧𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐬
𝐎𝐯𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬:
𝐅𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: The ovaries are responsible for producing eggs (ova) and releasing them during the ovulation phase of the estrous cycle. They also produce essential hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.
𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞: Each o***y contains numerous follicles at different stages of development. Mature follicles release eggs, while the corpus luteum forms from the remnants of the follicle post-ovulation to secrete progesterone.
𝐎𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐬 (𝐅𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐩𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐓𝐮𝐛𝐞𝐬):
𝐅𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: The oviducts, also known as fallopian tubes, transport the eggs from the ovaries to the uterus. Fertilization typically occurs within the oviduct.
𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞: The oviducts are tubular structures with regions such as the 𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 (which captures the ovulated egg), 𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐥𝐚 (site of fertilization), and 𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐡𝐦𝐮𝐬 (transports the fertilized egg to the uterus).
𝐔𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐮𝐬:
𝐅𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: The uterus is the site for implantation of the fertilized egg and subsequent fetal development. It provides nutritional and structural support to the developing embryo/fetus.
𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞: The uterus consists of the endometrium (inner lining), myometrium (muscular middle layer), and perimetrium (outer layer).
𝐂𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐢𝐱:
𝐅𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: The cervix serves as a gateway between the uterus and the va**na. It protects the uterus from infections, facilitates the passage of s***m into the uterus during estrus, and allows passage of the fetus during birth.
𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞: The cervix is a muscular, tubular structure with a narrow opening (cervical canal) that can dilate during estrus and labor.
𝐕𝐚𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐚:
𝐅𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: The va**na is the birth canal through which the fetus passes during birth and serves as the site for semen deposition during natural mating.
𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞:The va**na is a muscular tube extending from the cervix to the external genitalia. It is lined with mucous membranes and capable of significant expansion and contraction.

𝐔𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞:
𝐂𝐨𝐰𝐬, 𝐒𝐡𝐞𝐞𝐩, 𝐆𝐨𝐚𝐭𝐬, 𝐇𝐨𝐫𝐬𝐞𝐬: Bicornuate uterus (two uterine horns).
𝐏𝐢𝐠𝐬: Highly developed bicornuate uterus with long uterine horns to accommodate large litters.
𝐃𝐨𝐠𝐬: Bicornuate uterus, similar to pigs but not as extensively developed.
𝐇𝐮𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐬: Single uterus, relatively simple structure.
𝐒𝐨𝐰: Highly convoluted uterine horns, long cervix.
𝐁𝐢𝐭𝐜𝐡: Long uterine horns, relatively straight.
𝐒𝐡𝐞𝐞𝐩: Slightly coiled uterine horns.
𝐂𝐨𝐰: Coiled uterine horns, long cervix.
𝐌𝐚𝐫𝐞: Large uterine horns, short cervix.
𝐂𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐧: Only one functional o***y and a complex oviduct system.