Dr Muhammad Saeed Vet

18/12/2023

Polioencephalomalacia/ Goat polio/ thiamine deficiency/Cerebrocortical Necrosis.

Polioencephalomalacia is a common neurologic disease of ruminants.
The main clinical signs reflect dysfunction of the cerebrum and include wandering, circling, cortical blindness, incoordination, head pressing, recumbency, nystagmus, and seizure activity.
Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) is an important neurologic disease of ruminants that is seen worldwide.
Cattle, sheep, goats, deer, and camelids are affected.

Etiology:
PEM has been associated with altered thiamine status, and high sulfur intake. Other toxic or metabolic diseases (eg, acute lead poisoning, sodium toxicosis/water deprivation) can result in PEM as well.

Risk factors:
1; Polioencephalomalacia is seen sporadically.
2; Younger animals are more frequently affected than adults.
3; Animals on high-concentrate diets are at higher risk.
4; high levels of sulfur, whether in water, feed (rations with byproducts of corn or beets processing), or a combination.
5; altered thiamine status.

Notes:
Preruminant animals depend on dietary thiamine. In adult ruminants, thiamine is produced by rumen microbes. Thiamine inadequacy can be caused by decreased or altered production by rumen microbes (such as high-concentrate feed or factors that interfere with the action of thiamine, eg, plant thiaminases or thiamine analogues. Thiaminases can be produced by gut bacteria or ingested as preformed plant products. They can either destroy thiamine or form antimetabolites that interfere with thiamine function.

Clinical Findings:
Polioencephalomalacia may be occur in acute or subacute form.
1; Acute form often manifest blindness followed by recumbency, tonic-clonic seizures, and coma. Those with a longer duration of acute signs have poorer responses to therapy and higher mortality.

2; subacute form initially separate from the group, stop eating, and display twitches of the ears and face.
The head is held in an elevated position.
There is cortical blindness with absent menace response but normal bilateral pupillary light reflex.
Dorsomedial strabismus may develop.
Animals may show ataxia and sometimes a hypermetric gait.
Head pressing, opisthotonos, and grinding of the teeth may also be seen.
Recumbency and seizures.

Diagnosis:
1; Clinical signs.
2; Response to thiamine.

Differential diagnoses for cattle include.

1; acute lead poisoning
2; water deprivation/sodium toxicosis
3; Histophilus meningoencephalitis
4; rabies
5; coccidiosis with nervous involvement
6; vitamin A deficiency

Differential diagnoses for sheep include:

1; pregnancy toxemia
2; type D clostridial enterotoxemia (focal symmetric encephalomalacia)
3; listeriosis.

Treatment;
1; thiamine at a dosage of 10 mg/kg, three to four times daily, for cattle or small ruminants. The first dose is administered slowly IV; otherwise, the animal may collapse. Subsequent doses are administered IM for 3–5 days.
2; Dexamethasone may help reduce cerebral edema. dexamethasone at a dosage of 1–2 mg/kg, IM or SC.
3; Symptomatic therapy for convulsions may be necessary.

Prevention:
Dietary supplementation of thiamine at 3–10 mg/kg feed has been recommended for prevention.

Key Points
Polioencephalomalacia is a neurologic disease that affects young ruminants and pseudoruminants. It occurs in outbreaks or in individual animals.
Clinical signs include head pressing, blindness, convulsions, nystagmus, dorsomedial strabismus, and recumbency.
Diagnosis is suspected based on signs and response to thiamine administration.
Supplementation with thiamine has been recommended for prevention, but is not fully supported by evidence.

Keep following
Dr Muhammad Saeed Vet

18/12/2023

Disease caused by Dog bites ?

17/12/2023

Pathogenesis of Rabies

17/12/2023

Vaccination schedule
Keep Follow
Dr Muhammad Saeed Vet

16/12/2023

فوگ فیور Fog Feverکیسے ہوتا ہے، وجوہات اور بچاؤ کی تدابیر
موجودہ دنوں میں جب جانور کم پروٹین والے چارہ جات جیسے مکئی، جوار ،باجرہ، یا سبز چارے کی کمی کی وجہ سے زیادہ مقدار میں خشک چارہ جیسے توڑی، پرالی وغیرہ کھا رہے ہوں تو معدہ کے خوردبینی جاندار اپنے آپ کو ان چارہ جات کے مطابق ڈھال لیتے ہے لیکن جیسے ہی ایک دم سے سبز اور زیادہ پروٹین والا چارہ مثلاً لوسن، سرسوں اور خاص طور پر برسیم کھلایا جاتا ہے تو جانور ایک خطرناک، لاعلاج اور مہلک مرض میں مبتلا ہو سکتا ہے
یہ مسئلہ کم پروٹین اور خشک چارہ کھانے والے جانوروں میں یکدم سبز اور پروٹین سے بھرپور چارہ کھانے کے 4 دن سے 10 دن تک ہوسکتا ہے۔ سبز اور زیادہ پروٹین والے چارہ جات میں پروٹین کا ایک جزو (امینو ایسڈ) ٹرپٹوفان (Tryptophan) ہوتا ہے، جس کو خشک چارہ کھانے والے جانوروں کے معدے میں موجود بیکٹریا ایک زہریلے کیمکل
3-methylindole (3-MI)
میں تبدیل کر سکتے ہیں
تھوڑی مقدار میں تو جسم اس کو برداشت کر لیتا ہے لیکن اگر معدہ میں اس کیمکل کی مقدار زیادہ پیدا ہو تو یہ پھپھڑوں میں پہنچ کر ان کو شدید نقصان پہنچاتا ہے۔ ایسے بیکٹیریا خشک اور کم پروٹین والا چارہ کھانے جانوروں کے معدے میں زیادہ تعداد میں ہوتے ہیں اور جیسے ہی ان کو یکدم زیادہ پروٹین ملتی ہے تو یہ زیادہ مقدار میں زہریلا کیمکل بنا سکتے ہیں
کیونکہ اس کیمکل سے پھیپھڑے متاثر ہوتے ہیں اسی لیے بیماری کی علامت نمونیا جیسی ہوتی ہیں!!
سانس لینے میں دشواری/ کھینچ کر سانس لینا
جانور کھڑا رہتا ہے، بیٹھنے کی کی کوشش کرتا ہے لیکن پھپھڑوں کی سوزش اور درد کی وجہ سے بیٹھ نہیں پاتا
کھانسی، زکام، ناک سے ریشہ اور پانی
منہ سے زیادہ جھاگ کا گرنا
جانور کا الگ تھلگ، سست ہوجانا اور کھانا پینا کم کردینا
اکثر جانور کا ٹمپریچر نارمل ہی رہتا ہے بخار نہیں ہوتا، اور اگر ہو تو گائے بھینس میں بخار 103 تک ہی ہوتا ہے لیکن اوپر بیان کی گئی علامات ہوتیں ہیں۔
کچھ جانور ایک دو دن میں خود ٹھیک ہوجاتے ہیں اور اس مسئلہ کا زیادہ شکار نہیں ہوتے، لیکن کچھ جانوروں میں یہ مسئلہ شدت اختیار کر جاتا ہے اور جان لیوا ثابت ہوسکتا ہے۔ حالانکہ سب جانوروں کو ایک ہی طرح کی خوراک دی جا رہی ہوتی ہے۔ اگر 100 جانوروں کا فارم ہو اور خشک چارہ کھا رہے ہوں اور اسی طرح اچھی پروٹین والے سبز چارے ایک دم سے شروع کروا دئیے جائیں تو 50 جانور بیمار ہوسکتے ہیں اور 30 جانور اس بیماری سے مر بھی سکتے ہیں۔
کیونکہ یہ کیمکل پھپھڑوں پر اثر کرتا ہے اس لیے نمونیا اور سانس کی بیماری والی علامات دیکھنے کو ملتی ہیں۔ اس بیماری کا کوئی علاج دریافت نہیں ہوا جو اس زہریلے کیمیکل کو ختم کرسکے۔ اللہ نہ کرے اگر یہ مسئلہ جانوروں میں ہو جائے تو کوئی دوائی، کوئی ٹیکہ، ڈرپ بوتل کچھ بھی علاج نہیں ہے۔ اور اگر جانور کو یہ بیماری ہو جائے تو 6-8 گھنٹے میں جانور مر بھی سکتا ہے۔ اس لیے احتیاط ہی علاج ہے!
جانور لوسن, برسیم, سرسوں وغیرہ کو بہت پسند کرتے ہیں اس لئے وہ زیادہ کھاتے ہیں اور بیمار ہوسکتے ہیں
جانور بھوکا ہو اور بہت زیادہ مقدار میں اچھی پروٹین والا سبز چارہ کھا لے تو بھی یہ بیماری ہوسکتی ہے
"جانور کم پروٹین والی خوراک، چارہ کھا رہا ہو اور ایک دم سے اچھی پروٹین والا چارہ دیا جائے تو اس بیماری میں مبتلا ہو سکتا ہے"
کوشش کریں کہ نئے چارے کو مکمل تبدیل کرنے میں 10-12 دن لگائیں، تھوڑی مقدار سے شروع کریں اور آہستہ آہستہ خوراک تبدیل کریں تاکہ معدہ کے خوردبینی جاندار اپنے آپ کو اس تبدیلی کے مطابق ڈھال سکیں
اس بیماری کو فوگ فیور Fog Fever کہتے ہیں، پاکستان میں اس کو سردیوں کا بخار بھی کہا جاتا ہے۔
فوگ fog دھند کو کہتے ہیں دھند کا اس بیماری سے کوئی تعلق نہیں- فوگ (forage, fog) چارے کو بھی کہتے ہیں۔ اسی وجہ سے اس بیماری کا نام فوگ فیور ہے
یہ بیماری '"فوگ فیور'" لاعلاج ہے لیکن اگر چھوٹی سی احتیاط کی جائے تو اس بیماری سے مکمل طور پر بچا جا سکتا ہے
چارہ ایک دم تبدیل نہ کریں، جو چارہ استعمال کر رہے ہیں اس کو نئے چارے سے آہستہ آہستہ تبدیل کریں
برسیم کو ہمیشہ خشک چارہ کے ساتھ ملا کر دیں
برسیم سرسوں وغیرہ کو کاٹ کر چند گھنٹے ایسے ہی پڑا رہنے دیں تاکہ اس میں نمی کی مقدار کچھ کم ہوسکے
زیادہ نمی پانی والے چارے سے جانور کو اپھارہ بھی ہوسکتا ہے
جانور کو رات کا ٹھنڈا پانی نہ پلائیں، تازہ پانی پلائیں، رات کو پانی کے برتن، کھرلیاں خالی کر تاکہ کہیں جانور خود ہی ٹھنڈا پانی نہ پی لیں
دودھ نکالنے کے بعد جانور کو تازہ پانی ضرور پلائیں
جانوروں اور خاص طور پر چھوٹے بچوں کو ٹھنڈی ہوا سے بچائیں.
بیماری بہت خطرناک ہے لیکن احتیاط بہت چھوٹی سی ہے کہ سردیوں کا چارہ ایک دم سے تبدیل نہ کریں۔
اگر یہ احتیاط کریں تو اس بیماری کا بلکل بھی کوئی خطرہ نہیں۔
اس چھوٹی سی کام کی بات کو شئیر کردیں تاکہ پیغام زیادہ لوگوں تک پہنچ جائے۔
اللہ تعالیٰ آپ کے جان و مال میں برکت عطا فرمائے آمین
Keep Following
Dr Muhammad Saeed Vet
DVM, RVMP

14/12/2023

Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis:

Othernames
- Pink eye
- Infectious Ophthalmia
- Infectious Ovine or Caprine Keratoconjunctivitis

1. Syndromes:
Eye Disease

2. Description:

Pinkeye in sheep and goats is an infection of the eye caused by bacteria (Mycoplasma conjunctivae, Chlamydia organisms, and other Mycoplasma sp.), targeting the conjunctiva and cornea.

In cattle, pinkeye is mainly caused by Moraxella bovis, but may be associated with other bacteria including Mycoplasma and Neisseria. Note that the bacteria primarily responsible for pinkeye in cattle (Moraxella bovis), has no role in pinkeye in sheep and goats.

Pinkeye generally requires a combination of causative bacteria in the eye and some form of irritation or trauma to the corneal epithelium from things such as dust, dryness or ultraviolet light.

The condition is contagious and can spread rapidly in susceptible groups of animals. Alternatively, it may present in individual animals in groups where most animals are immune.

The condition is painful and weight gains can be negatively affected. Animals left with corneal scars or blindness may have reduced sale value and suitability for purpose. Most cases, whether treated or not, recover within 4 to 6 weeks (cattle) or 2 weeks (sheep and goats).

Recovered animals may have small white areas of residual scarring on the cornea. Occasionally the scarring is extensive, seriously reducing vision. Rarely the cornea ruptures and the eye collapses, causing permanent blindness.

British and European cattle breeds are affected more severely than tropically adapted cattle breeds. Goats are mildly affected compared to sheep.

3. Predisposing factors include:

• Crowding allowing close contact and transmission of infection.

• Hot, dry, dusty conditions and presence of flies.

• Access to feedstuffs containing material that readily enters the eye such as grass seeds, chaff, fibrous stems or stalks, and fodder fines from disintegrating pellets at sea.

• Stressors such as excessive handling, undernutrition, crowding, and climatic changes that reduce resistance.

In any export consignment, multiple animals are usually affected and pink eye may be cause for rejection of badly affected individuals. Most infections occur early in the export process.

They are often acquired at the assembly point and are expressed in greatest numbers in the first week or two at sea. If infections are not severe, most will have healed by the end of a three week voyage. Animals still affected at destination, may have reduced vision and be difficult to move.

4. Clinical signs and diagnosis:

One or both eyes can be affected. Signs include bloodshot eyes (hyperaemia), eye discharge staining the face, and closed eyelids.
The cornea may be red initially and then go through cloudy hues of red, blue, grey, and white during sequential stages of healing. Animals with unilateral lesions may be missed at pen inspection since they are likely to stand so their good eye is facing the observer.

5. Differential diagnoses:

It include foreign body in the eye, salt water in the eye from high pressure hosing, and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) in cattle. IBR can cause a severe conjunctivitis and oedema of the cornea at the corneoscleral junction, but corneal ulceration is absent.

Trauma to the eye from ear tags of pen mates during trough feeding has been suspected to cause occasional eye problems at sea. Some cases of malignant catarrhal fever and ocular squamous cell carcinoma may be mistaken for pinkeye in cattle.

It is important to examine multiple affected animals to check for the presence of grass seeds or other foreign material in the eye.

Outbreaks of grass seeds or chaff in the eye can behave like pinkeye, even though pinkeye bacteria may not be present. Exposing foreign material requires everting the eyelids, including the third eye lid.

6. Treatment:

Most cases of pinkeye will heal without treatment and this will typically occur over the same time period as if treatment was administered. This must be considered when there are large numbers of animals affected, where catching and restraining animals is difficult, and where handling may stress animals and may predispose to other problems or increase the spread of pinkeye infection. There is a small risk of severely affected animals suffering long term effects or even permanent loss of eyesight.

However, correct treatment applied early in the disease when there is just epiphora and tear staining below the eye, may shorten the duration of disease and prevent the development of complications including permanent blindness and corneal scarring.

If there are concerns that grass seeds, chaff or other foreign bodies may be involved, then each affected animal should be restrained and undergo close examination of the eye, especially of the conjunctival sacs. Grass seeds and other foreign bodies are easier to remove if topical anaesthetic and forceps are used.

The treatment of choice for pinkeye is a parenterally administered course of antibiotics (oxytetracycline or trimethoprim sulpha) which should be repeated as necessary if signs persist.

Injectable antibiotics are probably more effective than topical treatments because they are better able to achieve sustained therapeutic levels of antibiotic in the eye. Note that Mycoplasma are often involved in pinkeye in sheep and goats.

Mycoplasma do not have a cell wall and therefore antibiotics that target bacterial cell wall synthesis (beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin and cloxacillin), are less likely to be effective.

A single topical application of long-acting, antibiotic eye ointment is commonly used in cattle. Both eyes should be treated even if only one eye is showing signs of disease. Animals

Animals may be re-treated at 48 hour intervals. These products often contain synthetic penicillins so may not be effective against Mycoplasma infections in pinkeye in sheep and goats.

Subconjunctival injection of antibiotic and anti-inflammatory drugs may be useful for individual animals with more severe disease and where good restraint is available to ensure safe administration of the treatment.

Severe cases must be handled carefully to prevent bumping the eye and the risk of corneal rupture. They may also benefit from applying an eye patch or suturing the eyelids closed for a period to provide protection while healing occurs.

7. Prevention:

Management changes can help to reduce the rate of spread and also to prevent cases. Reducing exposure to grass seeds and airborne feed particles, controlling flies in the local environment, and reducing dust, are all measures that can aid in preventing and controlling pinkeye.

Source batches of feed pellets that do not disintegrate easily and produce dust. Minimise stressors such as excessive handling, crowding, and undernutrition.

At sea, avoid feeding chaff and hay in windy conditions, minimise splash into eyes during high pressure hosing of decks, and spread sawdust in pens carefully to prevent it getting into eyes.

A vaccine is available for cattle, but does not cover all strains of Moraxella bovis that are involved in causing pinkeye.

It should be administered 3-6 weeks before the onset of a high risk period to provide protection. There is no vaccine available for sheep and goats.

Keep following Dr Muhammad Saeed Vet

13/12/2023

فیس بُک سے فحش مواد ہٹانے کا طریقہ
صدقہ جاریہ

13/12/2023

*اہم اعلان یتیم بچے بچیاں*

علامہ اقبال اوپن یونیورسٹی نے یتیم بچے بچیوں کے لیے میٹرک سے بیچلر لیول تک فری تعلیم فراہم کرنے کا اعلان کیا ہے۔ اگر آپ کے اردگرد کوئی یتیم بچہ بچی ہے جو تعلیم حاصل کرنا چاہے تو انکو لازمی اطلاع دیں کہ وہ اپنے علاقے کے ریجنل آفس رابطہ کریں تا کہ وہ اس سہولت سے فائدہ اٹھا سکیں۔ داخلے کی آخری تاریخ 16 دسمبر ہے۔

منجانب:
علامہ اقبال اوپن یونیورسٹی اسلام آباد.

11/12/2023

Semen Analysis

10/12/2023

09/12/2023

General veterinary Pathology
Dr Muhammad Saeed Vet

08/12/2023

Different forms of f***s in poultry (The said items are not 100% accurate) 🐣🐔🐓

🟤Healthy f***s:
It is usually brown and looks like a soft and semi-solid mixture. There is a white cap on it, which is urate deposits.

🟢Green diarrhea:
It could be because of the green color of the feed that it consumed, or it could be a sign of Mark's disease, fowl cholera, Newcastle disease, or liver diseases.

🟡Yellow diarrhea:
It could be because of the yellow color of the feed that it consumed, or it could be a sign of a disease in the chicken's liver or gall bladder.

⚫Black diarrhea:
Excessive consumption of black or purple feed items can cause chicken f***s to turn black, or it can be a sign of internal bleeding in the early parts of the digestive system due to disease or poor-quality feed.

🟠Orange Diarrhea:
Orange f***s may be caused by shedding of the lining of the intestinal wall or a sudden change in diet.

🔴Red diarrhea:
It is a sign of an intestinal disease, especially coccidiosis.

⚪White diarrhea:
Watery white diarrhea can be a sign of Gamberu's disease or Salmonella (pullorum).

⚪Clear diarrhea:
Clear watery stools may be caused by excessive water intake, or kidney disorders.

🟤Chocolate Diarrhea:
Chocolate-colored diarrhea can be a sign of intestinal disease or due to poor quality food items. Of course, this stool should not be confused with cecal stool, which is normal



Dr Muhammad Saeed Vet

08/12/2023

Ruminantes Stomach compartment
Dr Muhammad Saeed Vet

08/12/2023

Bone Fracture Types Dr Muhammad Saeed Vet

08/12/2023

Dr Muhammad Saeed Vet

08/12/2023

Caprin Anotomy Dr Muhammad Saeed Vet

08/12/2023

‘Dog Stuck’:
*************

For public awareness

why do dogs get stuck?
As a zoologist, we all are familiar with this scene. Many of us don't have much fun with animal s*x. When someone find street dogs in this situation, they kick them.
Some again hit them with bamboo or sticks, overly enthusiastic.

Let's understand a little bit. We mean that animals and "s*x" are just as basic as humans. First of all, the joke about the system in which you were born is not very appropriate.

So why are they stuck?

Dog s*x is mainly done in two or three steps, the second of which is the 'stuck' step. When a male dog emits semen, the 'bulbas glandis' of his ge****ls become quite stiff and at the same time the muscles of the va**na of a female dog become constricted.

As a result, the male dog cannot remove its ge****ls from the female dog's ge****ls until both muscles are relaxed. During this time, some fluid is secreted from the male dog's ge****ls, which causes his s***m to flow more quickly.

The duration can be 5 to 45 minutes.

So what happens when you force them to run or hit their ge****ls with something?

Yes, sometimes the muscles relax quickly, but in most cases the muscles break and in some cases the female dog loses its s*xual ability. Sometimes there are more problems, including loss of kidney function in male dogs.

You have no right to harm them just as they are not harming you. It is a good thing that you are collecting love reactions with pictures of puppies on social media day and night, if you can at the same time do them some good.

And even if you don't do that, there is no problem, please don't do any harm to them.
Keep following Dr Muhammad Saeed Vet

07/12/2023

بی بی عائشہ دہ رسول اللہ صلی علیہ وآلہ وسلم دہ مرگ نہ روستو۔۔۔۔۔۔۔

07/12/2023

علمائے دیو بند بیان

07/12/2023

موسیٰ علیہ السلام یو ورز اللہ تہ اویل چی یا اللہ ۔۔۔۔

04/12/2023

Male Dolphin

04/12/2023

Canine Lymph nodes location

04/12/2023

Chicken Parts

04/12/2023

Representative system of the bull

04/12/2023

🥀🍃💕🤍💕🌿✨️. . . .

03/12/2023

🔘Enterotoxaemia (Pulpy kidney) overeating disease🔘

This disease is a fatal toxaemia in lambs, sheep, goats, calves and seldom in adult cattle.

Thedisease is manifested by diarrhoea, involuntary contraction of muscles, paralysis and sudden death. It occurs after a sudden change to a better, more nutritious diet.

The disease is often noted in sheep and goats that have been fed heavy grain, and in animals which graze on lush growing pastures.

Clostridium perfringens multiplies in abomasum and intestine and produces toxin
which paralyses the vital centres in brain and damages endothelium of blood vessels.

🔴Which animals are most at risk?

Pulpy kidney most commonly occurs in rapidly growing unweaned or weaned lambs, on lush pasture or grain.

In older sheep, pulpy kidney is most likely to occur just after they are moved to good feed from poorer feed.

However, the disease can occur at any time. Stinkwort (Dittrichia graveolens)

a pungent-smelling annual w**d, may predispose sheep to the disease, due to its barbed hairs damaging the intestines and enabling increased toxin absorption.

🔴Signs of pulpy kidney;

1. Short course of the illness (2 – 12 hours) in lambs and longer course (24 hours) in sheep

2. Animal found dead without previous sign of the disease

3. Dullness and depression

4. Rapid shallow respiration

5. Loss of appetite and frothing

6. Muscular contractions

7. Green pasty diarrhoea

8. Grinding of the teeth and muscular tremor

9. Logging behind the flock

10. Staggering and recumbency

🔴postmortem findings :

1. No lesions in peracute cases

2. Large amount of clear, straw coloured pericardial fluid

3. Petechial haemorrhages of the heart muscle

4. Congestion of the abomasal and intestinal mucosa and liver

5. Soft pulpy kidneys a few hours after death is characteristic of this disease

6. Overload of the rumen and abomasum with concentrate

7. Haemorrhage and edema in sheep brain

8. Rapid decomposition of the carcass

🔴Differential diagnosis :

Those diseases which cause Sudden death are.

🖌pasteurellosis,

🖌hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia (reduced blood calcium and magnesium),

🖌polioencephalomalatia (less acute
form),

🖌acute rumen impaction (no convulsions are present and the course is longer) and other
septicemias.

🔴Diseases that look like pulpy kidney or FSE:

➡️Pulpy kidney:

anthrax (a reportable disease)

poisonous plant e.g. gastrolobium ingestion.

➡️FSE:

polioencephalomalacia (vitamin B1 deficiency)

lead ingestion (report suspicions of lead poisoning or ingestion to a vet)

circling disease (listeriosis)

grain engorgement

🕠Adult sheep:

🖌rabies,
🖌 acute lead poisoning,
🖌pregnancy toxaemia and louping-ill

🔴Treatment

Treatment of enterotoxemia may not be successful in severe cases.

1; Antibiotic therapy.
2; NSAIDS
3; Oral electrolyte solutions.
4; Intravenous fluids.

analgesics, probiotics (gels or pastes with “good bacteria), oral electrolyte solutions, and antisera, which is a solution of concentrated antibodies that neutralize the toxins that these bacteria produce.


Prevention

Pulpy kidney can be prevented by maintaining a sheep vaccination program.

The vaccine is available in various combinations:

with tetanus and cheesy gland (CLA) vaccine (3-in-1 vaccine)

with other clostridial vaccines, such as that for tetanus, blackleg, black disease and malignant oedema (6-in-1 vaccine)

with selenium and vitamin B12 (or both)

with moxidectin (in an injectable form) to treat worms.

03/12/2023

What is Interdigital cysts in Dogs?

Interdigital cysts, also known as interdigital furuncles or interdigital pyodermas, are painful, inflamed lesions that form between a dog's toes. These cysts can cause discomfort and lameness in affected dogs. Understanding their causes, development, signs, and treatment options is crucial for proper management.

1..Causes:

Interdigital cysts in dogs can be caused by various factors, including:

A)Foreign Bodies: Splinters, thorns, or other foreign objects can pe*****te the skin, leading to cyst formation.
B)Bacterial Infections: Bacteria, particularly Staphylococcus intermedius, can infect the interdigital area, causing cysts.
C)Allergies: Allergies to pollen, grass, or certain foods can trigger inflammation, leading to cyst development.
D)Obesity: Overweight dogs are more prone to interdigital cysts due to increased pressure between their toes.
E)Poor Hygiene: Dogs with improper foot hygiene are at a higher risk of developing interdigital cysts.

2..Development:

Interdigital cysts develop when the hair follicles in the interdigital skin become blocked, leading to the accumulation of pus and inflammation. This can result from any of the aforementioned causes.

3..Signs and Symptoms:

A)Lameness: Dogs may limp or favor the affected paw.
B)Swelling: Swollen, red, and painful interdigital area.
C)Discharge: Pus or blood may drain from the cyst.
D)Chewing and Licking: Dogs may excessively lick or chew at the affected paw.
E)Foul Odor: Interdigital cysts can emit a foul-smelling odor.

4..Diagnosis:

A veterinarian can diagnose interdigital cysts through physical examination and may perform tests such as skin scrapings or bacterial cultures to identify the underlying cause, especially if a bacterial infection is suspected.

4..Treatment:

Treatment typically involves:

A)Warm Soaks: Soaking the affected paw in warm, soapy water can help reduce inflammation and promote drainage.
B)Antibiotics: If bacterial infection is present, antibiotics are prescribed.
C)Pain Management: Pain relievers may be prescribed to alleviate discomfort.
D)Topical Treatments: Topical ointments or sprays may be recommended to promote healing.
E)Steroid Injections: In severe cases, corticosteroid injections can reduce inflammation.
F)Surgery: Surgical drainage or removal of the cyst may be necessary in persistent cases.

5..Prevention:

A)Regular Paw Checks: Inspect your dog's paws regularly for signs of irritation, foreign objects, or cyst formation.
B)Proper Grooming: Keep the interdigital areas clean and trimmed to prevent debris accumulation.
C)Maintain Healthy Weight: Obesity can exacerbate interdigital cysts, so maintaining a healthy weight is crucial.
D)Allergy Management: If your dog has allergies, work with your veterinarian to manage them effectively.

THANKS.

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آگے شیئر کرو کیا پتہ آپکی ایک شئیر کی وجہ سے کسی ایک ماں کے بیٹے کو حلال روزی کمانے کا سبب بنے