Dr. Hamza Bhatti

27/10/2023

Disease???

22/10/2023

20/10/2023

Fetus

26/08/2023

04/08/2023

Nasal discharge and salivation.... cause?

15/05/2023

Stitching

29/04/2023

25/04/2023

19/04/2023

🔵🔵Osteoarthritis (OA):

♦️Is a chronic degenerative disease resulting in changes to the tissues that comprise a joint, such as cartilage, joint capsule, and surrounding bone. OA can develop due to a primary problem with the joint (excess force or abnormal shape) or may develop through wear-and-tear activities of daily life. The primary cause of OA often cannot be identified in cats and the disease is less well understood compared to dogs.

The joints most commonly affected in cats are the hip, stifle (knee), tarsus (ankle), and elbow.

🔵🔵Clinical signs of osteoarthritis in cats:
include
♦️weight loss, loss of appetite, depression, change in general attitude, poor grooming habits, urination or defecation outside the litter pan, and inability to jump on and off objects.

🟠🟠How is osteoarthritis diagnosed in cats?

♦️Your veterinarian can diagnose osteoarthritis in cats by assessing the historical symptoms, such as decreased activity or stiffness.

🟠🟠What is the best treatment for arthritis in cats?

♦️There are treatment options available for cats with arthritis, which can help reduce inflammation and pain. The safest and most effective treatment options are joint supplements and omega fatty acids. Talk to your veterinarian about which treatment.

10/04/2023

🟠Lumpy jaw /Actinomycosis in Goats:

🔵Clinical signs:

♦️The first symptom noted is usually swelling, as the bone becomes enlarged and honeycombed, and full of pus.

♦️In most cases, but not always, the swelling will break out through the skin, and the discharge will be very thick and sticky. Lumpy jaw is usually progressive.

🟠Treatment. Sodium iodide IV is the treatment of choice and is repeated several times at 7- to 10-day intervals.

♦️Concurrent antibiotic treatment may also be used, most often penicillin or oxytetracycline

02/04/2023

Found on pig's liver... What it is??

29/03/2023

13/03/2023

Red eyes trypanosomiasis.

09/03/2023

⚠𝘄𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗵𝗮𝗽𝗽𝗲𝗻𝘀 𝗶𝗳 𝗰𝗼𝘄 𝗲𝗮𝘁𝘀 𝗯𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗯𝗮𝗴𝘀 ?

Ingestion of plastic materials by animals and it's signs:☟︎︎︎☟︎

▪️Ingestion of plastic materials may not result in immediate death, but there are several difficult symptoms seen in the victim animals.

These plastics are indigestible and therefore pile up in their stomachs (rumen for cattle) with time and get entangled with different materials, forming a hard cement-like ball.

After some time, the animal shows signs of being weak and tired then goes off feed and at times experiences bloat due to stomach blockage. The animal may also start drinking a lot of water.

What follows high amount of water intake may be diarrhoea because of blockage except in liquids. This animal’s condition gets poorer every day to an extent of showing extreme discomfort, and if no action is taken, the animal dies.

𝗧𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 📑

▪️There is no vaccination that will help keep your animal safe from ingesting plastic bags. Your animal will also not pass large plastic material through the waste.

Some are lucky though, to pass them out when consumed in smaller pieces. There are no drugs for destroying plastic bags while in the animals’ stomach.

Luckily, some people have successfully used laxatives like high quantities of mineral oils, given to the animal to help breakdown solid materials and smoothen plastic to increase chances of slippery passage. This on the other hand, could complicate diarrhea.

As such, a sure way to try and save the animal from death is surgery to remove the plastics plus other waste items from the stomach by the help of a veterinary surgeon.

Surgery, again, will cost you much money, just imagine doctors’ fees and the loss of the animal whether most valued in the farm or not. It can be this painful, just because of the plastics we ignore around the anims 𝗣𝗿𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗻𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 is better than cure, keep the animal surrounding free of plastics, be selective on where to gather your animals to forage and ensure mineral supplements are availed to the animals.

03/03/2023

⚠Poisoning in animals:

◻Poisons are substances that cause disturbances in animal body by chemical reaction or other activities , when vital organ of animal bod y absorbs a sufficient quantity of poison .

⭕Three Main Principles of treatment in cases of poisoning :
1- Removal of the residual poison from the alimentary tract or skin.
2- Provision of chemical and physiological antidotes to the poison that has been absorbed
3- Effective supportive care, nursing, and convalescent care.

▶In farm animals

🔵Gastric lavage and emetics are of little or no practical value and the removal of residual poison from the alimentary tract depends largely upon the use of adsorbents and purgatives.
🔻The only effective adsorbent is activated charcoal. The dose rate is 1-3 g/kg BW
🔻A purgative is necessary to remove the combined adsorbent and poison;it can be administered simultaneously with the adsorbent.
🔻The non-absorbable oil purgatives(e.g. mineral oil) are preferable in case of irritant
poison
🔻Saline purgatives (sodium sulfate) are of value in the treatment of non-irritant poisons such as cyanogenetic glucosides.

🧪Antidote are substances which oppose the effects of poisons without causing damage to body

🔴Types of Antidotes

1_Mechanical or physical antidote:

🔹These substances prevents the absorption of poison by their presence eg:demulcents(fats, oils, milk, egg albumin) are used for corrosive and irritant poisoning
🔘Activated charcoal is used for strychnine and mineral poisoning.

2_Chemical antidotes:

🔹These substances neutralize the chemical action or oxidize the poison into nontoxic or insoluble form eg: Dilute acetic acid ,dilute alkali(milk of magnesia),tannin(strong tea),potassium permanganate

3_Physiological or pharmacological antidotes

🔹These produce action or effects opposite to that by poison eg:atropine and oximes for organophosphorous poison,naloxone for morphine, N-acetylcysteine for acetaminophen

4_Chelating antidote :

🔹These are substances which produce form chelates(non ionized complexes) with cations these are mostly used in heavy metal poisoning eg:

🔶EDTA is used in Arsenic,mercury,lead
🔸BAL(dimercaptopropanol) is used in heavy metal poisons
🔸Versenate is used in Arsenic,mercury and lead

5_Universal Antidote:
🔹It is Given when unknown poison is ingested

💊Composition:

(1)_Powdered charcoal 2 parts
(2)_Magnesium oxide 1 part
(3)_Tannic acid 1 part

28/02/2023

🐣CHICKEN INFECTIOUS ANEMIA 🐓
(CIA; Chicken Anemia Virus; Chicken Anemia Agent; Blue Wing Disease)

🔴DEFINITION
Chicken infectious anemia (CIA)is a disease of young chickens characterized by aplastic anemia, generalized lymphoid atrophy,subcutaneous and intramuscular hemorrhage, and immunodepression.

🌍OCCURRENCE
CIA is ubiquitous in all major chicken-producing countries
in the world.

⭕️ETIOLOGY
1_CIAV is classified into genus Gyrovirus of the family Circoviridae.
2_Viral particles are non enveloped and are environmentally very resistant.
3_They have a diameter of approximately 25 nm and contain a single-stranded circular DNA genome[SSDNA].
4_Although viral isolates may differ at a molecular level antigenic or pathogenicity differences have not been reported.

🌏EPIDEMIOLOGY
1_All ages are susceptible to infection but clinical disease is typically seen only during the first 2 to 4 weeks. However, age resistance may be delayed by simultaneous infection with infectious bursal disease virus.
2_The virus is spread both vertically and horizontally.

🔻The most important method of transmission is vertical
from infected hens.
🔻Antibody-negative chicks are most susceptible to clinical disease.
🔻CIA virus also easily spreads via f***s among birds in a population.

🟡CLINICAL SIGNS
1_The only specific sign of CIAV infection is anemia characterized by hematocrit values ranging from 6 to 27 (normal hematocrit values are generally 29-35%).

2_Nonspecific clinical signs include
A_Depression
B_Pale tissues
C_Depressed weight gain
D_Secondary bacterial, mycotic, and viral infections.

3_Morbidity and mortality rates depend on various viral, host and environmental factors and concurrent infection with other agents. Uncomplicated CIA may only cause low mortality and poor performance. When complicated with other factors mortality can be 30% or even higher.
4_Early infections with CIAV can interfere with vaccination against Marek’s disease or infectious bursal disease.

🟣LESIONS
1_Marked thymic atrophy is the most consistent lesion.
2_Fatty yellowish bone marrow, particularly in the femur, is characteristic
3_Bursal atrophy can also be seen in a small number of
birds.
4_Hemorrhages in the mucosa of the proventriculus,subcutis, and muscles may also be observed
5_Secondary bacterial infections may occur and include gangrenous dermatitis or blue wing disease if the wings are affected
6_Histologically, there is marked thymic lymphoid depletion and marked atrophy of all cell lines in the bone marrow

🔻The bursal lymphoid follicles
are mildly to severely depleted and spleen and other tissues with lymphoid aggregates are variably depleted.
🔻There may be histological evidence of secondary bacterial infections including gangrenous dermatitis.

🔬DIAGNOSIS
1_A presumptive diagnosis is based upon clinical signs and gross lesions.
2_Isolation in cell cultures (MDCC-CU147 or MSB1) and identification of the virus from most tissues, buffy coat cells,and cloacal contents.
3_Serologic assays to detect antibodies such as the ELISA, virus neutralization test, and indirect immunofluorescence.
4_PCR is the test of choice for identification of CIA virus in cell cultures and chicken tissues.

🔰CONTROL
✅Best prevention is by immunization of breeder flocks prior to the onset of egg production (between 13-15 weeks of age but no closer to egg production than 4 weeks).

💊TREATMENT
▪️No treatment is available.

🔄ZOONOTIC POTENTIAL
🔸None reported.

13/02/2023

:

🛑Hypothyroidism is thyroid hormone deficiency. It is diagnosed by clinical features such as lethargy, weight gain, obesity, haircoat changes, and low serum thyroid hormone concentrations

♦️What is a common symptom of hypothyroidism in animals?

Hypothyroidism, an underactive thyroid condition, is a relatively common endocrine disorder in dogs. It is less common in other species. Hypothyroidism causes the bodily functions to slow down. Clinical signs of the disorder include lethargy, weight gain, and haircoat and skin changes.

♦️What organs are affected by hypothyroidism?

Hypothyroidism can affect the heart and circulatory system in several ways. Lower production of thyroid hormone slows your heart rate. Hypothyroidism also makes the arteries less elastic, and blood pressure rises in order to circulate blood around the body.

♦️Types of Hypothyroidism

🛑Transient hypothyroidism: Abnormal thyroid hormone levels at birth caused by exposure to thyroid medication from the mother or by mother's antibodies. It usually goes away and does not need long-term treatment.

🛑Congenital hypothyroidism: Present at birth and found through newborn screening.

♦️What is the most common known cause of hypothyroidism.

Hashimoto's disease, an autoimmune disorder, is the most common cause of hypothyroidism. With this disease, your immune system attacks the thyroid. The thyroid becomes inflamed and can't make enough thyroid hormones.

♦️Symptoms of an underactive thyroid

🛑tiredness.
🛑being sensitive to cold.
🛑weight gain.
🛑constipation.
🛑depression.
🛑slow movements and thoughts.
🛑muscle aches and weakness.
🛑muscle cramps.

♦️How do you diagnose hypothyroidism?

🛑A blood test measuring your hormone levels is the only accurate way to find out whether there's a problem.

🛑The first blood test typically done to diagnose hypothyroidism measures the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the blood.

♦️What antibiotics treat thyroid?

First-line antibiotic choices to treat acute thyroiditis include parenteral penicillin or ampicillin. These drugs cover most of the gram-positive cocci and anaerobes that cause the disease.

♦️What is the drug of choice for hypothyroidism?

An underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) is usually treated by taking daily hormone replacement tablets called levothyroxine. Levothyroxine replaces the thyroxine hormone, which your thyroid does not make enough of. You'll initially have regular blood tests until the correct dose of levothyroxine is reached.

♦️How long is treatment for hypothyroidism?

For most cases of mild to moderate hypothyroidism, a starting levothyroxine dosage of 50-75 µg/day will suffice. Clinical benefits begin in 3-5 days and level off after 4-6 weeks. Achieving a TSH level within the reference range may take several months because of delayed readaptation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.

11/02/2023

♦️Leukemia and lymphosarcoma (also called lymphoma) is a form of cancer of one of the cells of the immune system called the lymphocyte. In cattle, a diagnosis of leukemia or lymphosarcoma can be rare but is most commonly caused by bovine leukemia virus (also called bovine leukosis virus.

♦️What are the symptoms of lymphoma in cows?

Weight loss, fever, tachycardia, dyspnea, bloat, and posterior paresis have all been described with this form of lymphosarcoma. Profound lymphocytosis (> 50,000/mcL) often accompanies this fatal form of bovine lymphosarcoma. Thymic lymphosarcoma may involve the cervical or intrathoracic thymus, or both.

♦️What is lymphoma virus in cow?

Bovine leukosis is a disease of cattle caused by the bovine leukosis virus (BLV). This is a blood-borne disease; the virus survives in white blood cells, called lymphocytes. Only about 5% of the cows infected with BLV ever develop a clinical diseas.

♦️What is usually the first symptom of lymphoma?

Common symptoms of having lymphoma include swelling of lymph nodes in your neck, in your armpits or your groin

♦️What are the 3 main types of lymphoma?

follicular lymphoma. primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma. mantle cell lymphoma.

♦️Can lymphoma be cured?
Treatment Planning

More than 80 percent of all patients diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma can be cured by current treatment approaches. The cure rate is higher, approaching 90 percent, in younger patients and those with early-stage favorable disease

♦️What is the most common treatment for lymphoma?
Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is a widely used treatment for non-Hodgkin lymphoma that involves using medicine to kill cancer cells. It may be used on its own, combined with biological therapy, or combined with radiotherapy. The medicine can be given in a number of different ways, depending on the stage of your cancer.

♦️Tests and procedures used to diagnose lymphoma include:
Physical exam. Your doctor checks for swollen lymph nodes, including in your neck, underarm and groin, as well as a swollen spleen or liver.
Removing a lymph node for testing. ...
Blood tests. ...
Removing a sample of bone marrow for testing. ...
Imaging tests.

♦️What antibiotics treat lymphoma?
Doxycycline 100 mg bid for at least 3 weeks (max 6 months) is the most widely used oral antibiotic, which is associated with varied results. Complete lymphoma remission has been more frequently reported among patients treated with intravenous cephalosporin (mostly ceftriaxone 2 g daily) for at least 2 weeks.

09/02/2023

What is Bovine Viral Diarrhea?

Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) is a disease of cattle caused by the Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV). The virus is widespread and most herds are at risk for infection. In the susceptible herd, BVD can be a serious, costly disease

What are the symptoms of BVD in cattle?
BVD: The Disease

In adult cattle, the clinical signs vary from no obvious illness to fever, nasal discharge, oral lesions, diarrhea, decreased milk production, pneumonia, infertility or abortion in pregnant females.

What causes bovine viral diarrhea?

Bovine viral diarrhea is caused by BVDV, a pestivirus. Cattle are the natural host, but other animals such as alpacas, deer, sheep, and goats are also affected. BVDV preferentially infects cells of the immune system, including macrophages, DCs, and lymphocytes.

How is BVD spread in cattle?

The disease is mainly spread by persistently infected, or PI, cattle. These are born with the disease, having come into contact with the virus in the womb during the first 120 days of gestation. They will have BVD all their lives and they shed virus extensively, infecting naive cattle directly and indirectly.

How do you treat bovine viral diarrhea?

How to Treat Bovine Viral Diarrhea. While this virus has no cure, practicing supportive therapies such as increasing feed and water intake will temporarily help to improve the well being of your cattle. Infected calves should be culled to prevent the spread of BVD.

Can BVD cause death?

BVD is a serious disease of cattle in terms of economic cost, health and welfare, causing abortion, infertility, immunosuppression, failure to thrive and even death.

How do you diagnose BVD?

A comprehensive eye exam by a qualified eye doctor is the only reliable way to diagnose BVD.

08/02/2023

🔺️ ️Parasitic disease

➪ Cestodes
🔹️Niclosamides.
➪ Oxyuris
🔹️Albendazole.
➪ External parasites
🔹️Deltamethrin
➪ Mange in rabbits
🔹️Ivermectin +Sulfer oint
➪ Babesiosis
🔹️(Imizol/Avinazine)
➪ Thileriosis
🔹️(Butalex)
➪Toxoplasmosis in cats
🔹️Clindamycin
➪Coccidiosis in poultry
🔹️ Toltrazuril 2.5 % 3 ml/L / (Diclazuril + Amprolium+ Vit. K)

🔺️ Non Infectious Disease

➪ Best antinflamm.in cats .
🔹️Meloxicam.
➪ Best ttt of smooth inactive o***y.
🔹️GnRH (Receptal)
➪Ketosis
🔹️Ketonil
➪ Anemia
🔹️preparations containing blood tonics (e.g. Antoplex)
➪ Impaction
🔹️clanobutin Na +antihistaminic+Vit.B complex inj.
➪ Organophosphorus toxicity
🔹️Atropine sulphate.

🔺️ ️Bacterial disease

➪Eye infections
🔹️Enrofloxacin drops.

➪Wounds or abscess
🔹️penicillins +/- Streptomycin.

➪ Bacterial arthritis
🔹️ penicillin +Streptomycin + antinflammatory
➪Strangles .
🔹️ Penicillin+Genta+Dexamethazone.

➪Mastitis.
🔹️(Amoxicillin+Gentamicin+Fenadine)/(Amoxicillin+ clavulanic acid) /(Gentamicin)

➪Respiratory infections in poultry:▪️ 🔹️(Doxycycline 50% + Tylosin at doses 0.5 from each / L for 3 days) / (Norofloxacin+ Tylosin+ bronchodilator) / Marbofloxacin.

➪Respiratory infections in pets:
🔹️Cefotaxime (40 mg/Kg/every 8 hrs).

➪ Respiratory infections in large animals: 🔹️(Penicillin+Streptomycin) / (Tylosine+ Gentamicin)/ (Draxin + Finadyne).

➪ Bacterial enteritis in poultry:
🔹️(Colistin + Metronidazole).

➪ Bacterial enteritis in calves: 🔹️Sulpha-trimethoprim / (Amoxicillin+pipperazine citrate+ Finadyne).

04/02/2023

APPEARANCE OF FAECES IN CHICKEN

1. YELLOW AND FOAMING DROPPING: Early stage of Coccidiosis

2. DROPPING WITH BLOOD: Coccidiosis

3. GEENISH DROPPING: Late stage of worms, New Castle Disease, fowl cholera/typhoid, eaten not well dried feed or eaten a lot of green vegetables if free ranged.

4. WHITE MILKY RUNNING DROPPING: Worms, Gumboro disease (Infectious Bursal Disease-IBD)

5. BROWN RUNNING DROPPING: E.coli Infection

6. BLACK DROPPING: Possibility of internal bleeding or too much of proteins

7. CLEAR OR WATERING RUNNING DROPPINGS: Infectious Bronchitis

31/01/2023

💢SKELETON OF POULTRY

Bones are light in weight but very strong. Many of them contain large medullary cavities.
Some of the bones are pneumatic. Axial skeleton consists of skull and vertebral column.
Vertebral column
Total No. of vertebrae varies from 40 to 60.
Cervical = 14
Thoracic = 7
Lumbar + sacral = 14
Coccygeal = 6 The last coccygeal is plowshare in shape and called *pygostyle*
P***s: p***c bones are directed posteriorly (directed anteriorly in mammals) and spread far apart.
Symphysis p***s is absent.
Some vertebrae are hollow and connected to the respiratory system with air continually
moving in and out of these specialized bones.
*Appendicular skeleton*
o Shoulder girdle consists of scapula, coracoids and clavicle bones.
o Pelvic girdle consists of ilium, ischium and p***s.
o Forelimbs (wings) consist of humerus, radius, ulna, radial carpal, ulnar carpal, metacarpus
and three digits.
o Hindlimbs consist of femur, patella, tibia, fibula, metatarsus and digits (usually four).
o Soft, spongy bone called medullary bone is present in varying amounts in the femur, tibia and certain other bones of females in egg production. It serves as a part of the source of
calcium for egg shell production; most of the calcium required for egg shell formation
comes directly from the feed. Shanks of chickens reach maximum length at 16-20 weeks,
but maximum body size is attained at 40-50 weeks of age.

30/01/2023

Eye vision in small animals.

24/01/2023

Why do dogs stuck during mating?

Male and female dogs do not separate from each other during mating, this is due to the process of "copulatory tie
In fact, the dog belongs to the Canidae family, which includes, in addition to the dog, wolf, fox, jackal, etc. A feature of this family is that they have a special embossed part on the p***s called the Bulbus glandis. Like the rest of the p***s, this part is made up of eractile tissues, that is, tissues that swell due to blood pressure and that cause erectile dysfunction.
With the emergence of s***m during sexual in*******se of the male and female, blood pressure rises in this Bulbus glandis, causing the male not to be able to remove his p***s from the female body. The goal is for the male not to be able to quickly remove the p***s and not lose s***m or s***m to come out of the female's body. From which males and females connect with each other /get stuck, this situation is called copulatory tie
This situation would have disappeared on its own after some time when the male's blood pressure is normal. It usually takes 15 to 20 minutes to end the situation, but it can take less or more time
This process (copulatory tie) plays an important role in enhancing the breed of the animal, according to research, copulatory tie can be without pregnancy, but without this process, Pregnancy Chances are very rare
Copulatory tie is also a sign that males have excreted abundant s***m into the female's body
In fact, the male does his sexual in*******se in three stages
1 - in which the female maunia of the male is like water with very small amounts of s***m, which are intended to make the female's reproductive system more intense for movement;
2-the male in it emits a larger amount of female maunia than before however, it has fewer chance of pregnancy. At the end of this stage is the process of copulatory tie.
3-the third phase occurs a few minutes after the occurrence of copulatory tie, the number of s***m that are released in this phase is such that it makes up more than 90% of the chances of pregnancy. It is as if only after copulatory tie there are more chances of prognosis.
The sexual act every animal does, it is a natural process, but still some people kill animals trapped during the process, which causes fear of the animal's blood pressure to rise even more, and its copulatory tie and taller .

21/01/2023

TRYPANOSOMIASIS:

An important disease of cattle and buffalo caused by protozoa. It is transmitted mechanically by biting flies. Death may occur in 2 weeks to 2 months.

What disease does Trypanosoma cause in Cattles?
The disease is caused principally by three species of trypanosome (Trypanosoma congolense, T. vivax and T. brucei) which are transmitted by several species of tsetse flies (Glossina). Trypanosomiasis in cattle results in poor productivity and mortality

💢Symptoms of trypanosomiasis :-

_ infect the blood of the vertebrate host, causing

🔷 fever
🔷 weakness
🔷 lethargy
🔷 weight loss
🔷 anemia
🔷 severe headaches
🔷 irritability
🔷 extreme fatigue
🔷 swollen lymph nodes
🔷 aching muscles sickness
🔷 some People develop a skin rash
🔷 Progressive confusion

What 3 types of diseases does Trypanosoma
cause?

brucei, which causes sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in cattle. T. cruzi, which causes Chagas disease in humans. Trypanosoma culicavium, which infects birds and mosquitoes.

How do you prevent trypanosomiasis in cattle?

Trypanosomiasis can be controlled by treating livestock with trypanocides or insecticide – killing parasites or vectors, respectively. Mathematical modeling of trypanosomiasis was used to compare the impact of drug- and insecticide-based interventions on R 0 with varying densities of cattle

How is trypanosomiasis treatment?
The acute phase of trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) is treated with nifurtimox or benznidazole. Cases of congenital Chagas disease have been successfully treated with either drug. A single case of successful treatment of an adult with posaconazole (after failure of therapy with

17/01/2023

Arthritis in cattle;

Septic arthritis often occurs in young calves
when the passive transfer of maternal immunoglobulins has failed, which results in hypogammaglobulinaemia in the calf. Another important cause is suboptimal herd health management which often leads to general health impairment and, subsequently, to septic arthritis.

What infection causes arthritis?
Bacterial infection with Staphylococcus aureus (staph) is the most common cause. Staph commonly lives on even healthy skin. Septic arthritis can develop when an infection, such as a skin infection or urinary tract infection, spreads through your bloodstream to a joint.

How do you treat arthritis in cattle?

Treatment strategy must include long-term antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and joint lavage. Knowledge of communication and boundaries for commonly affected joints is essential to perform joint lavage and arthrotomy.

What are the 3 types of arthritis?
Arthritis Types
Osteoarthritis.
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Childhood Arthritis.

How do you treat arthritis in cattle?
Treatment strategy must include long-term antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and joint lavage. Knowledge of communication and boundaries for commonly affected joints is essential to perform joint lavage and arthrotomy.

What are the six main treatment for arthritis?
The most common treatments for arthritis include traditional oral medications like analgesics and NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). Other common treatments include corticosteroid injections, sacroiliac joint injections , ultrasound guided major joint injection , and joint

Can antibiotics help arthritis?
Antibiotics will not treat reactive arthritis itself but are sometimes prescribed if you have an ongoing infection – particularly if you have an STI.

13/01/2023

White Muscle Disease

White muscle disease is also known as nutritional myopathy of calves. It is normally is seen in young calves and is associated with deficiencies of selenium or vitamin E, or both.

Cause

There are two forms of white muscle disease; a congenital form that affects the cardiac muscle, and a delayed form that is associated with either cardiac or skeletal muscle.

Symptoms

Calves affected by the congenital form of white muscle disease usually die within 2-3 days of birth due to cardiac muscle degeneration.

On examination post death, the heart will show white, chalky subendochondral plaques that are most noticeable in the left ventricle. The result is damage to cardiac muscle cells and Purkinje fibers.

Cattle affected by the delayed form or white muscle disease may exhibit signs ranging from general unthrift and stiffness, to walking with an arched back and spending more time recumbent, depending on the level of selenium in the diet.

Often, the delayed form is brought on by vigorous exercise but if chronically affected, cattle can display splayed toes and a relaxation to the shoulder girdle. If a calf is affected severely it may die of starvation due to an inability to nurse properly due to weakness. The skeletal muscle lesions associated with the delayed from of white muscle disease are usually bilaterally symmetrical and can affect one or more muscle groups. The muscle will have white striations and feel dry and chalky due to abnormal calcium deposits.

Treatment

Cattle affected by white muscle disease have been treated with sodium selenite and vitamin E in sterile emulsion. This can be administered SC or IM, at 1 mg selenium and 50 mg (68 IU) of vitamin E per 18 kg (40 lb) body wt.

If necessary, the treatment may be repeated two weeks later, but no more than four doses total should be given. In calves affected with simple vitamin E deficiency, treatment with dietary supplementation using ?-tocopherol or substances rich in vitamin E can be used. Calves have been cured using 600-mg of alpha-tocopherol initially; followed by daily doses of 200-mg. Any polyunsaturated fats should be removed from the diet as these may be causing the vitamin E deficiency.

Prevention

To prevent white muscle disease within four weeks after birth, cows are given 15 mg of selenium, usually as sodium selenite four weeks before calving.

To prevent the delayed type, calves are given 5 mg of selenium at two to four weeks of age and twice more at monthly intervals. A selenium and vitamin E mixture is advocated in some areas. Other procedures for selenium supplementation include administration of intraruminal selenium pellets, use of selenium-fortified salt or mineral mixtures, SC implantation of selenium pellets, or soil application of selenium at 4 g/acre (10 g/hectare) in fertiliser.

Adding selenium to feed for breeding animals or their young is useful in areas of known deficiency. The recommended supplemental level is 0.3 ppm selenium, calculated on the basis of total dry-matter intake. It is added as sodium selenite, which contains 45.65 per cent selenium. Because of the minute quantities involved and the toxicity of excess intake, premixing and thorough subsequent mixing is necessary. In some countries, including the USA, addition of selenium to feeds is controlled by law, and appropriate authorities should be consulted; in all areas, caution in the use of selenium is indicated.