Ali Ashraf Veterinary Services

04/09/2021

Inflammation of the mammary gland or udder is called mastitis.
This inflammation is characterized by abnormal secretion of milk that contain pus, blood and will have different color than normal milk, it will also contain clots, flakes and the consistency will also be changed.

1.Causative agent:

The top Most common causative organism is bacteria. Bacteria like streptococcus, E-coli, mycoplasma, clostridium. The mastitis caused by E-coli is called summer mastitis.

The second most common causative organism is virus like cow pox virus and FMD virus.

The last and least common causative organism is fungi.
There chances or incidence of occurrence of the mastitis is very high in cattle and buffalo as compared to equine and camels.

2.Mastitis is an economically importance disease:

Value of milk loss about 70% (production loss)
Value of cow lost about 14%. the value of cow mean that when udder quarter of cow damage. when one quarter of udder damage about 25% of the cow price is lost for two is 50% and so on …. In case of selling cow for money.

Value of milk discarded 70%, in developed countries the milk is tested for leukocytes, if present they will discard that.
Veterinary services and treatment cost about 8%.

3.Type of mastitis:

There are two main type of mastitis:
A.Sub-clinical mastitis
B.Clinical mastitis

A.Sub-clinical mastitis:

Sub-clinical mastitis is more danger then clinical mastitis because there will be no change in milk color, consistency of udder but the disease will be present, the cow having sub-clinical mastitis will be a source of mastitis to other cow through hand milking and machine milking.

Cow with sub-clinical mastitis will produce less milk and during milking it stream of milk will be very thin, sub-clinical mastitis can only be diagnosed when milk sample is tested in lab for mastitis, a farmer must have to test his cow milk once or twice in a month for mastitis. The sub-clinical mmastitis change to clinical mastits when sufficient damage occur to the udder.

B.Clinical mastitis:

There will be Inflammation of udder, Hardness, Redness Pain in the udder, Flakes and clots in milk Change of milk color.

Note: when you had fresh milk and you heat or make tea of it, if it become clotty this show the advance stage of sub-clinical mastitis.

4.Classification of mastitis:

On the basis of its severity clinical mastitis has been classified into the following categories.

✍️Per acute
✍️Acute
✍️Sub-acute
✍️Chronic

Per acute:

In this case there will be severe inflammation of udder with systemic reaction like increase of the body temp 102 or 103 f, anorexia (stop eating), hardness, redness, hotness and animal will feel pain when the udder is touch.

Acute:

Severe inflammation of udder without systemic reaction and no body temp.

Sub-acute:

Mild inflammation with out any systemic reaction but there will be persistent abnormality in milk like flakes and clots but having white color.

Chronic:

The recurrent attack of the pathogens on same quarter with little change in milk for longer time, more than a month.

5.Field treatment:

This should not be for few days but it need a longer course of dosage, if the mastitis is not treated correctly the glandular cell will be destroyed and changed to fibrotic mass .

6.Pre disposing factors of mastitis:

The most common pre disposing factors are below.

▪Un-hygienic environment for animal:
very dirty shed having no ventilation system and wet floor increases the chances of occurrence of mastitis.

▪Trauma of udder:

A very minute injury to udder may lead to mastitis, there are three stages of development of mastitis.
Invasion of bacteria
Growth or reproduction of bacteria
Inflammation of toxin production

▪Chopping of the teats:

Either in hand milking or machine milking or during chewing of the cud by calf may causes injury theat lead the mastitis.

▪Presence of biting flies:

The biting flies may also causes injury.

▪Incomplete milking:

▪Irregular milking:

Animal should be milked after 12hrs.

▪Rough techniques of milking:

If you have long nail it must be removed otherwise it will produce injury to udder during milking.

▪Hot weather:

The thermal stress decreased the immunity that why the bacteria take advantages of low immunity.

▪Large udder or pendulus udder:

Due to hanging of udder it will be injured and increases the chances of mastitis.

Note :
The milk sample bacteria and animal should be tested of antibiotics resistivity, otherwise the bacteria may developed resistance and will be difficult to treat.

And if animal also show resistivity positive it may produce anaphylactic shock.

Clinical and sub-clinical positive cow must be milked in last to stop the spread of mastitis.
Swat veterinary clinic

13/07/2021

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For sale

24/04/2021

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15/04/2021

Retained foetal membranes (RFM) is defined as non-separation of the foetal membranes by 12 hours after calving (some authors extend this period to 24 hours).

Primary retention of placenta: The RPM which results from a lack of detachment of cotyledons from the maternal caruncles is called primary retention of placenta.

Secondary retention of placenta : The RPM which results from mechanical difficulty in expelling already detached foetal membranes (eg. uterine atony), is called secondary retention of placenta.

Manual removal is a superficially attractive method because it immediately removes the stinking (emitting an offensive smell) mass of decomposing tissue, thereby improving milking hygiene. However, there is increasingly controversial report that manual removal is detrimental to the cow.

Arguments in favour of manual removal:
1. It removes a major source of infection and putrefying protein.
2. It removes the unpleasant smell, which can taint the milk.
3. The cow may be less likely to develop systemic illness.
4. The cow may be less likely to have disturbed fertility later.
5. The cow may be less likely to suffer from reduced milk yield.

These points are not necessarily sufficient justification for manual removal of RFM, point 2 is a benefit to the farmer rather than the cow and points 3, 4 and 5 have been contradicted in many published trials. Point 1 is true, although there is little evidence that toxaemia occurs because the placenta has not been removed. Toxaemia can also occur after removal of the placenta.

Arguments against manual removal:

1. Just after calving, the cow is capable to eliminate a large amount of infected material and decomposing necrotic caruncles.
2. Intrauterine manual intervention should be avoided because it interferes with the natural defence mechanism by reducing phagocytosis for several days.
3. Manual removal of the membranes is never complete and numerous villi and remnants of placenta remain left attached.
4. Manual removal causes trauma and adds to the likelihood of local infection.
5. If the cow is ill, systemic treatment is sufficient to deal with the problem and manual removal may worsen the cow's condition.
6. Manual removal of the foetal membranes has a detrimental effect on fertility of the cow. 7. Manual removal has been found to prolong the interval from calving to the first functional corpus luteum by 20 days.
8. Attempts of removal during the first 48 hours after calving are unsuccessful because the placenta is too firmly attached and the apical part of the gravid horn is beyond the reach of the veterinarian.

07/04/2021

مکھیاں، مچھر، چیچڑ، جوئیں، پسو کا تدارک
موجودہ موسم میں مکھیوں، مچھروں اور چیچڑوں کی افزائش نسل زیادہ ہوتی ہے
یہ نہ صرف جانوروں کے تکلیف دہ ہوتے ہیں اور دودھ گوشت کی پیداوار میں کمی کا باعث بنتے ہیں بلکہ جانوروں میں کئی خطرناک بیماریاں بھی پھیلاتے ہیں
بیماریوں کو پھیلانے میں سب سے زیادہ مکھیوں اور چیچڑوں کا کردار ہے۔ نوٹ کریں کہ گرمیوں میں ساڑو انگیاری یا میسٹائٹس بڑھ جاتا ہے، اس کی ایک بڑی اور اہم وجہ مکھیاں ہیں کیونکہ مکھیاں گندگی سے جراثیم کو جانور کے تھنوں تک لے جاتی۔ مکھیوں، مچھروں کی وجہ سے جانور ہر وقت اپنی دم کان اور جلد ہلاتا رہتا ہے جس سے دودھ کی پیداوار بھی کم ہوجاتی ہے کیونکہ کہ جانور پریشان رہتا ہے، سٹریس میں ہوتا ہے اور چارہ خوراک بھی سکون سے نہیں کھاتا، حتیٰ کہ آرام سے بیٹھ اور جگالی بھی نہیں کر سکتا
کچھ مکھیاں، چیچڑوں اور مچھروں کی طرح ڈنگ مارنے والی یا کاٹنے والی بھی ہوتی ہیں جو جانوروں کے لئے شدید تکلیف کا باعث بنتا ہے
مکھیوں، مچھروں اور چیچڑوں کو مارنے کا ایک طریقہ کار ہے!!
عمل ہوگا تو یہ کنٹرول ہونگے، نہیں تو کبھی دوائی کا قصور نکالیں گے اور کبھی مکھیوں کی ہٹ دھرمی کا
مکھی اپنی 25 سے 30 دن کی عمر میں میں تقریباً 500 انڈے دیتی ہے اور گرمیوں کے موسم میں انڈے سے مکھی بننے میں 8 سے 14 دن لگتے ہیں۔ مکھی اپنے انڈے کسی نہ کسی گندگی یا گوبر کے ڈھیر پر دیتی ہے اگر یہ چیزیں آپ کے فارم پر موجود ہیں تو مکھی کی افزائش نسل ہوتی رہے گی۔ اگر آپ مکھیوں کو کنٹرول کرنا چاہتے ہیں تو انکی انڈے دینے والی جگہوں کو کم یا ختم کریں۔ بالغ مکھی نے اپنی طبعی عمر یعنی 30-25 دن کے بعد مر ہی جانا ہے اگر آپ نے نے مکھی کے انڈوں یا لاروں والی جگہ کو کنٹرول نہیں کیا تو مکھیاں بھی آپ سے سے کنٹرول نہیں ہونگی
مکھیوں، مچھروں اور چیچڑوں کا کیمیکل سے کنٹرول:
ٹرائی کلوروفان پاؤڈر Trichlorfon کے 2 گرام 1 لیٹر پانی میں مکس کرکے فارم کے اندر سپرے کریں جانوروں کے اوپر بھی سپرے کر سکتے ہیں
ٹرائی کلوروفان Trichlorfon بہت محفوظ دوا ہے، اس کو جانوروں کے اندرونی کیڑوں کے لیے ایک خاص مقدار میں پلایا بھی جاتا ہے اور زخم میں کیڑے پڑنے سے زخم کے اندر 20 گرام فی لیٹر پانی میں حل کر کے یا بغیر حل کئے بھی زخم کے اند بھرا بھی جاتا ہے

24/03/2020

My name is Dr. Ali Ashraf and I am a Veterinarian . I am volunteer for consultation if anyone has any emergency related to their animals especially large and small ruminants. I will also answer their calls and tell the medication which can be done at their home . Please ask when you need.
home and stay safe.
0300-7381111
(Copied..)

17/03/2020

Dry cow feeding

Dry cow management is critical to a cow's performance and health in the next lactation. Metabolic disorders, feed intake after calving, fertility, and milk production and composition are strongly influenced by feeding in the dry period.
Important aspects of the dry period
The main aim of the dry period is to prepare the mammary gland for the next lactation. The ideal length of the dry period is 60 days. The recommended drying off method is to:
Stop milking abruptly.
Reduce feed intake by 50-70% for 2-3 days to reduce nutrient supply and reduce milk synthesis.
Feed to maintain body condition through the dry period after milk synthesis has reduced.
Dry cows off in good condition with a body condition score (BCS) of 5 to 5.5 out of 8, and maintain this condition score until calving.
Dry cows should not gain or lose more than 0.50 of a condition score during this period. Fattening cows in the dry period can lead to health problems, including displaced abomasums, udder oedema and ketosis at calving. However, if cows are already overfat at drying off, they should not lose weight during the dry period or they may be subject to fatty liver and ketosis. Feed far-of dry cows (60 to 21 days prior to calving) and close-up springers (21 to 0 days prior to calving) separately, as they require a different ration formulation.
Nutrient recommendations for the dry cow diet
A cows daily intake should be 1.8-2% of the cow's body weight. For example, a 600 kg cow will require 11-12 kg dry matter (DM) per day. A balanced diet helps avoid complications. For example, cows fed a low energy diet tend to have a higher incidence of retained placentas. To maintain a balanced diet for a cow, aim for:
neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content of about 40% (80% of the NDF should come from forage)
starch content of 2-3%
sugar content of 3-4%
crude protein content of about 10-13% (heifers will benefit from a higher crude protein diet of 15%).

Low phosphorus intake can increase the risk of milk fever, downer cow syndrome, retained placentas and anoestrus after calving.
** Alternatively, limit salt intake to 30 g/cow/day to minimise oedema (build-up of fluid) in the naval and udder area.
Other important daily minerals:
selenium - 0.30 ppm in the total diet to reduce the incidence of retained placenta
vitamin E - 1200 IU/day; deficiency can lead to educed disease resistance, increased calving disorder, and potential vitamin deficiency for the newborn calf in the colostrum
niacin (vitamin B3) - feeding 3-12 grams daily.
Recommended feeds in the dry ration
Base the dry cow ration on forages, including good quality, long-stemmed hay. This will maintain rumen function, rumen muscle tone and aid in healing the rumen wall lining.
Ensure the diet is balanced. Keep an eye on excess protein (high nitrogen forages), calcium (lucerne) and potassium (molasses) in the dry cow diet.
Minimise concentrate level in the total ration, but use sufficient amounts for adequate energy and protein levels.
Do not feed rumen buffers such as sodium bicarbonate as this will increase the sodium content of the diet and increase the risk of milk fever and retained placenta.

14/03/2020

( )

عام طور پر دوم کے ہاؤسنگ شیڈ بنائے جاتے ہیں۔

1) :-

اس میں جانوروں کو باندھ کر رکھا جاتا ہے۔ یہ مکمل بلڈنگ کی صورت میں ہوتے ہیں ۔ یہ شیڈھ باڑے خوراک اور دودھ دوہنے کے لیے استعمال ہوتے ہیں۔

یہ دو طرح کے ہو سکتے ہیں:

(1) ( )
(2) ( )

اس طرح کے شیڈز میں لیبر کم سے کم استعمال ہوتی ہے۔ تھنوں کے علاج و چیکنگ وغیرہ کے لیے اور گرم ماده جانوروں کو چیک کرنے کے لیے بھی یہ سٹم بہتر ہے۔ جانور کے کھڑے ہونے کے لیے لمبائی 5 سے 6فٹ اور چوڑائی 3 سے ساڑھے تین فٹ، درمیانی راستہ 5 سے 6 فٹ چوڑا ہونا چاہیے۔ نالی دونوں طرف ایک فٹ چوڑی ہونی چاہیے۔ فرش کنکریٹ کا مگر پھسلنے والا نہ ہو۔ اس طرح کے باڑوں میں صفائی اور دودھ دوہنا آسان ہو جاتا ہے۔ جبکہ آمنے سامنے والے شیڈ میں لیبر کا استعمال بڑھ جاتا ہے لیکن خوراک ڈالنے میں آسانی ہوتی ہے۔

(2) :-
اس میں جانوروں کو گروپس میں رکھا جاتا ہے اور صرف دودھ دوھنے کے وقت ملکنگ شیڈ میں لایا جاتا ہے۔ باڑہ کے ایک طرف چھت مہیا کی جاتی ہے تا کہ موسمی حالات کے مطابق اس کا استعمال ہو سکے ۔ کھر لیاں اور پانی کی جگہ مشترکہ ہوتی ہے۔ ایک باڑہ 20 سے 25 بڑے جانوروں کے لیے کافی ہوتا ہے۔ یہ باڑہ جات آرام دہ ہونے چاہئیں ۔ ہمارے روایتی طریقہ میں کئی جگہ لکڑی کی کھرلیاں جن کے نیچے پہیے لگے ہوتے ہیں رکھ دی جاتی ہیں اور جانوروں کو سنگل سے باندھ کر رکھا جاتا ہے۔ صرف پانی کے لیے اور سایہ میں لے جانے کے لیے جگہ بدل جاتی ہے۔ بھینسوں کے لیے نہلانے کا انتظام ایک مشتر کہ تالاب میں کیا جاتا ہے۔

14/03/2020

Best site for Intramuscular(I/M) Injection 💉

گوشت {انٹرماسکلولر (I / M)} انجیکشن کے لئے بہترین جگہ سائٹ 💉

12/03/2020

Reasons why many new dairy farms end up failing:

1. Big bang formula

Most people rush into dairy farming by constructing huge sheds and buying large herds of cows in what is best described as the 'big bang formula.'

Some even purchase high end processing plants when their farm did not even produce a single drop of milk.

Doing so makes it difficult to manage problems on the long-term.

The procurement of animals should be done steadily in order to maintain consistent monthly milk yield.

2. Money rush

Dairy farming is more of a passion than a business. It requires extensive knowledge and tons of patience.

A good number of people who run dairy farming comprise the highly-educated lot who used excel sheets and project management principles when starting out.

It is worth noting that one is dealing with live animals and not some machines.

3. Lack of knowledge on the reproductive cycle

Many new farmers only focus on milking after buying the cows forgetting that the animal should conceive by 4th or 5th month after calving.

The farmers are unable to detect heat and depend on local government veterinary doctors for artificial insemination which makes the animals miss their heat cycles.

By the time one realises the mistake, the animals are already in their 8th or 9th month of milking.

If you have 50 animals which are not pregnant and are in 8th month of milking, it means they have to feed 50 non-milking animals for next 9 to 10 months which obviously results in huge losses.

4. Not taking care of calves

Proper care of female calves is very very important for being successful in the long term.

Successful dairy farmers will tell you the value of female calves because these will start giving milk in 3 to 4 years.

5. Improper feed and fodder management

Some farmers cut down on the feed and fodder a few months after the initial phase, even after the milk yield reduces.

This makes the cowsdevelop health and reproductive issues due to nutritional imbalances.

Feeding should be done according to body weight and yield of the animal. During dry months you can cut down feed a bit but should not reduce it drastically.

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12/03/2020

How to Increase Egg Production of Your Poultry

If you are thinking of starting a livestock farm to raise chicken for eggs production, you have to keep in mind something. You need to have a clear knowledge about the production capabilities of your flocks. You must be aware of how to gauge the number of eggs that your flocks can produce and obviously the factors that are affecting the egg production rate. You have to identify the hens, which are laying and the hens, which are not laying eggs. When you have all knowledge be sure that you are prepared for starting a successful livestock business.
Egg Production Expectation
A hen lays only one egg in a day, and in some days it may not lay any egg at all. It totally depends on the hen’s reproductive system. A hen body start to form a new egg after it has laid the previous egg. It takes about 26 hours to form an egg fully, so mathematically a hen will lay its next egg two hours late each day, the reproductive system of a hen also sensitive to light exposure. So if a hen lays egg too late in a day it will skip the next day.
A flock of hens do not start laying on the same day. They also do not lay eggs for the same period of time. The time period that a hen will produce eggs varies from hen to hen. The egg level of egg production decreases each year and the size of the eggs increases. The number of eggs that a hen produces each year and the number of years that a hen produces eggs depends on some factors:

Management of pullets prior to lay
Breed
Light management
Space allowances
Nutrition

Factors that Affect Egg Production of Poultry
There are many factors that directly or in directly affects the egg production rate. To know these factors we need to do a research on the history of hens. The factors like aging, feed consumption, water, intensity and duration of light, diseases etc affects the production of eggs.

Aging hens: Aging is a big problem in egg production. A hen can live many years and it lays eggs continuously for these years. But after a sudden period of time like 2 or 3 years it’s egg production rate significantly reduces. It actually depends on the quality of hens that you are raising. Good layers lay eggs continuously for about 50 to 60 weeks then it takes a break. This time period is called molt. Poor and older layers more often molt and lay eggs less continuously.
Improper Nutrition: Chickens need a balanced diet with enough level of protein and calcium to continue the maximum egg production over a certain period of time. Improper nutrition can make the hens to stop laying eggs. Imbalanced level of protein, energy and calcium can drop the egg production. That’s why it is so important to supply a continuous balanced food to get a continuous supply of eggs.
Imbalanced food can cause many problems like oviductal prolapse. It mainly occurs when the birds are too fat or the egg size is too large. Prolapse can cause permanent damage to the hens.
Rejecting important food ingredients: Another important factor that makes you hens to lay eggs occasionally is the subtraction of important food ingredients.
Salt: Every animal needs salt. If you subtract salt from the food list it will reduce the egg production rate. Most of the animal’s food contains salt in the form of sodium chloride. It doesn’t contain any iodine.
Sodium is an important nutrient which plays an important role in maintaining the body fluid volume, proper osmotic relation and blood ph. Chlorine is also an important ingredient. HCl which release from stomach helps to digest food. Chlorine also maintains the osmotic balance in body fluid.
Calcium: The egg shell of hens is mainly composed of calcium carbonate. New hens need relatively a low amount of calcium at their growing period but when it start to lay eggs, it needs more calcium about four times relative to previous days. Inadequate calcium supply will lead to reduce egg production rate. Calcium can be supplied with the food. Limestone is a great source of calcium. You can mix it with the food you supply to your hens.
Vitamin D: Vitamin D is needed for the absorption of calcium. If improper vitamin D is supplied with the food ingredient it will result in decreased egg production. Feed contains vitamin D in two forms D3 and D2. In birds D3 is more active than D2. So you have to supply vitamin D only in the form of D3.
Protein: The requirement of protein is actually the requirement of amino acid which constitute the protein. There are about 22 types of amino acid in body protein and all of them are essential. Hens can’t produce all of them and also can’t produce enough to meet their requirement. So poultry farmers need to supply extra protein with the supplied food. The requirement of amino acid depends on the age, type and strain.
Management mistakes: Improper management system can also reduce egg production. Some mistakes that the farmers often does are:
Out of food is one of them. If you keep your hens out of food it will reduce its egg production. The reduction of egg production depends on the time without food. Make sure that your birds have enough supply of foods.
Water is also an essential element. Water represents about 70% of body weight. Inadequate water supply can also reduce egg production. Birds are more sensitive to water than food.
Daylight is also a great factor which controls the production of eggs. Hens need at least 14 hours of daylight. The intensity of light must be sufficient to increase egg production.

__________________

12/03/2020

🐕

29/02/2020

■■■ Peste des petits Ruminants:::
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR), also known as‘goat plague’, is a viral disease of
goats and sheep characterized by fever, sores in the mouth, diarrhea, pneumonia, and
sometimes death.
■■■ Etiology:::
It is caused by a morbillivirus in the family of paramyxoviruses, that is related to rinderpest, measles and canine distemper.
■■■ Epidemiology:::
The disease occurs in a band that spreads across Africa between the equator and the Sahara, through the Arabian Peninsula, the Middle East, south-west Asia and India .China first reported the disease in 2007 and it spread into North Africa for
the fi rst time in Morocco in 2008.
■■■ Transmission:::
● Virus is secreted in nasal discharge, tears, discharges in coughing and feaces.
● Transmitted through direct and close indirect contact .
■■■ Clinical findings:::
● Sudden onset of fever
● Depression
● Loss of appetite
● Nasal discharges
● Ulcers on gums, dental pad, hard palate, cheeks and tongue
● Severe diarrhoea
● Dehydration
● Weightloss
● Abortion in pregnant
■■■ Diagnosis:::
● On basis of Clinical findings
● Laboratory Diagnosis
■■■ Treatment:::
No antiviral drugs
Supportive treatment includes broad spectrum antibiotics, fluids theraphy, and boro glycerine is used
■■■ Prevention/Control:::
● Vaccination
● Quarantine
● Movement control
● Isolation of sick animal
● Cleaning and disinfection of infected areas
Reference oie animal diseases

28/02/2020

جانوروں میں نسل کشی کے بعد جانور کا حمل نہ ٹہرنا
مینجمنٹ کے مسائل کی وجہ سے
1۔جانور کا صحیح طور پہ ہیٹ میں نہ ہونا۔
2۔جانور کی ہیٹ کامناسب وقت کا تعین نہ ہونا۔
3۔جانور کی خوراک کا مناسب اور موزوں نہ ہونا
4۔جانور کو منرل کی کمی
5۔ماحولیاتی مسائل( زیادہ سردی یا زیادہ گرمی۔حبس۔)یہ بھی ابتدائی حمل پہ اثرانداز ہوتے ہیں۔
6۔جانور کو ہارمونل پرابلم(ہارمون کی کمی یا زیادتی مثلاً اگر جانور میں ہارمون کی زیادتی ہوگی تو وہ زیادہ دیر تک ہیٹ میں رہے گا اگر کمی ہوگی تو ہیٹ سائیکل پہ اثرانداز ہوگی وہ جانور کبھی کسی ٹائم پہ کبھی کسی ٹائم پہ ہیٹ میں ہوگا)
7۔اگر مصنوعی نسل کشی سے کراس کرواتے ہیں اور بار بار جانور رپیٹ ہورہا ہے تو سیمن کا پرابلم بھی ہوسکتا ہے۔اور اگر سانڈ سے باربار رپیٹ ہورہی ہے تو سانڈ کا چیک اپ ضروری ہے کہیں اس کے سپرم کمزور یا مردہ تو نہیں۔
ان تمام مسائل سے پہلے جانور کے تولیدی نظام کو سمجھنا ضروری ہے۔
مادہ جانور کا تولیدی نظام بچہ دانی (Uterus )پہ مشتمل ہے جس کے حصہ باہر والا ولوا (vestibule) اس سے اندر کی طرف ویجائنہ ،سروکس لمبی رسی نما اور اس کے آخر پہ سرویکل رنگ (Cervical rings)ہوتے ہوتے ہیں۔ اس کے بعد بچہ دانی کا اہم حصہ ہوتا ہے جس کو( Body of uterus ) کہتے ہیں۔یہاں پہ بچہ کی گروتھ ہوتی ہے اس سے آگے دو حصے ہوتے ہیں جن کو یوٹرائن ہارن کہتے ہیں ان کے آخر لمبی دھاگہ نما ٹیوب ہوتی ہے جس کو فلوپین ٹیوب کہتے ہیں۔اس کے سرے پہ چھوٹی چھوٹی دانہ نما اووریز ہوتی ہیں۔جن سے بیضہova نکلتا ہے اور وہ بیضہ فلوپین ٹیوب میں آجاتا ہے جہاں پہ سپرم سے اس کا ملاپ ہوتا ہے۔
اب موضوع پہ آتے ہیں:
جانور مکمل صحت مند ہے ہیٹ بھی صحیح ہے۔صحیح ٹائم پہ کراس کروانے کے بعد بھی نہیں ٹہر رہا تو اس کی کئی وجوہات ہیں۔
1۔بیضہ کو اخراج نہ ہونا۔
2۔سپرم کا کمزور ہونا۔
3۔بیضہ کا اوری سے نکل کے فلوپین ٹیوب میں رک جانا(جس کی وجہ فلوپین ٹیوب کی سوزش بھی ہوسکتی ہے۔
4۔سپرم کو ایگ یا بیضہ سے ملاپ کے لیے 6گھنٹے درکار ہوتے ہیں جس کے دوران سپرم خود کو تیار کرتے ہیںCapacitation )اگر ہیٹ یہ ٹائم نہ ملے تو اور ایگ پہلے نکل آئے تو سپرم سے ملاپ نہ ہوگا اور جانور نہیں ٹہرے گا۔اور اگر سپرم کا بیضہ سے ملاپ ہوبھی جائے لیکن بعض اوقات بیضہ بچہ دانی کی دیوار سے نہیں لگ سکتا اور باہر آجاتا ہے اور جانور. پھر ہیٹ میں آجائے گا۔دوسرا سب کچھ ٹھیک ہونے کے باجود ابتدائی حمل ایمبریو کی موت ہوتEEM یہ بھی حمل کے ابتدائی دنوں میں ہو تو جانور پھر دوبارہ ہیٹ میں آجائے گا لیکن اگر جانور 20 یا 22 دن گزار کے ہیٹ میں آرہا ہےتو پھر ایمبریو کی موت ان دنوں کے بعد ہورہی ہے۔25 سے 45 دنوں کے درمیان۔
ایسے جانور میں ہیٹ سائیکل کا دورانیہ لمبا ہوجاتا ہے۔اس کے علاوہ ان مسائل کی وجہ سے جانور کے یوٹرس میں سوزش بھی ہوسکتی ہے جو حمل کے ٹہرنے میں رکاوٹ کا سبب ہے۔

20/02/2020

19/02/2020

COMPOSITION:

Contains per ml:
Amoxycillin trihydrate 100 mg
Colistin sulphate 250,000 IU

DESCRIPTION:

The combination of amoxycillin and colistin has additional antibacterial action. Amoxycillin is a semi-synthetic broad-spectrum penicillin with bactericidal action against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The action is based on inhibition of the bacterial cell wall formation through interference of the muco-peptide synthesis. Susceptible bacteria for this formulation are Streptococci, penicillinase negative Staphylococci, Haemophilus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Brucella spp., Shigella spp., Fusiformis spp., Clostridium spp., Spherophorus necrophorus and Erysipelothrix.
Colistin, a cyclic poly-peptide antibiotic has bacterial action against selected Gram-negative bacteria. The primary bacterial effect of colistin is a blockade of the cell division of bacteria followed by secondary progressive lysis. Susceptible bacteria are Aerobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Haemophilus spp., Pasteurella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio spp., and Paracolon bacteria.

INDICATIONS:

Amoxycol Inj. is effective against infections caused by bacteria susceptible to the combination of amoxycillin and colistin, like respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital infections and secondary bacterial infections during the course of viral diseases in cattle, calves and pigs.

CONTRA-INDICATIONS:

Do not administer to small herbivores, other animals than recommended, animals with serious renal disturbances, newborns.

SIDE EFFECTS:

Local irritation has been noticed at the injection site in cattle and pigs.
Prolonged administration of higher than recommended doses may result in kidney damage (due to colistin) and normally reversible neurotoxic symptoms.

INCOMPATIBILITY WITH OTHER DRUGS:

Simultaneous administration with fast-acting bacteriostatic antibiotics (like tetracycline) should be avoided. Do not mix or dilute this product with water or other solvents.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION:

For intramuscular injection only. Shake well before use.

General dose : 1 ml per 10 kg bodyweight, once daily.
This dose may be repeated for 3 consecutive days.
No more than 20 ml should be injected into a single site.

WITHDRAWAL PERIOD:

Edible tissues : 21 days
Milk : 3 days

STORAGE:

Store in a dry, dark place between 15 °C and 25 °C.
Keep medicine away from children.

PACKING:

100 ml multidose vial (48 vials per box)