Dr Hammad Khan khattar

14/01/2024

01/12/2023

When you see a dirty cat:

🔺 Cats can tolerate hunger for up to a week on average, but cannot go no more than 2-3 days without water.

🔺 Cats are usually very clean, they groom themselves several times a day. If you see a cat that does not look clean, it is DEHYDRATED and has been so for many days.

🔺Their saliva glands are not functioning properly because they require moisture to groom their fur.

🔺 If you see a stray cat that looks dirty, DO NOT turn the other way or see it as disgusting, because it is suffering and probably hasn't had anything to eat or drink in a long time.

🔺 Find kindness in your heart to give it food and WATER🙏🙏🙏. The life of a homeless animal is not an easy one. It lives in constant fear of other animals and humans, and it has never known the comfort of a soft bed or a restful night’s sleep.

Helping a less fortunate being is the opportunity for you to become a better person and to make this a better world🙏.

This Thanksgiving, my hope is for everyone who reads this post to find it in your heart to go do something good for others who are less fortunate. Being thankful for your good fortune is simply not enough.

06/11/2023

Fetal size during gestation period of cattle

16/07/2023

Fetal development in Equines

04/06/2023

Recent studies conducted by the Institute of Heart-Math provide a clue to explain the two-way ′′healing′′ that occurs when we're close to horses.
According to researchers, the heart has an electromagnetic field larger than the brain: a magnetometer can measure the energy field of the heart that radiates from 2.4 meters to 3 meters around the human body.
While this is certainly significant, perhaps more impressive than the electromagnetic field projected by the heart of a horse is five times larger than that of a human being (imagine an electromagnetic sphere around the horse) and it can influence straight into our own heart rate.
Horses are also likely to have what science has identified as a "coherent′′ heart rate (heart rate pattern) that explains why we can feel better when we're close to them. Studies have found a coherent heart pattern or HRV to be a solid measure of well-being and consistent with emotional states of calm and joy-that is, we exhibit such patterns when we feel positive emotions.
A coherent heart pattern is indicative of a system that can recover and adapt to stressful situations very efficiently. Many times, we just need to be in the presence of horses to feel a sense of well-being and peace.
In fact, research shows that people experience many physiological benefits by interacting with horses, including lower blood pressure and heart rate, higher beta-endorphins (neurotransmitters acting as pain suppressors), decreased stress levels, decreased feelings of anger, hostility, tension and anxiety, better social working; and greater feelings of empowerment, confidence, patience and self-efficacy.

12/04/2023

Abortion is when a pregnancy is terminated prematurely. An abortion can occur spontaneously, or it can be medically induced in cases of serious complications, such as twinning, or if the mare’s health is being compromised by the pregnancy

Most abortions occur from twin pregnancies, when there is not enough space or resources to sustain two fetuses, or a problem with the umbilical cord that can cause damage to the fetus.
An abortion can also result from a poisoning, such as a fungus or tent caterpillars on the grass used as a food source.
Infectious sources can come from a bacterial, viral or fungal infection. While some mares will exhibit associated symptoms, others may seem perfectly healthy other than the abortion itself.
It is important to find the cause of the abortion if spontaneous, so that treatment can be given as needed, and transmission can be prevented to ensure the health and safety of the other horses in the population.

08/04/2023

The process of removing potentially harmful sharp points and edges from the cheek teeth is called rasping or 'floating'.
This is undertaken on a regular basis depending on the age of the horse and the health of the mouth.
Dental checks should be performed at least annually.
However, a large number of horses and ponies will actually need checking and rasping more frequently (ie every 6 months) especially those under eight years of age and those with more severe dental problems.

04/04/2023

Causes of Puncture Wounds in Horses:

There are many situations that can cause a puncture wound anywhere on your horse. Bacteria may then infiltrate the tissue, causing the wound to become inflamed, red, and sore.

1)Sharp rock or piece of glass or metal on the ground
2)Barbed wire fences
3)Dangerous areas in the stable or barn where your horse may get injured

Treatment of Puncture Wounds in Horses:

Treatment for most puncture wounds involves cleaning, irrigation, sterilizing, medication, and bandaging. However, there are some cases when the veterinarian will need to perform surgery to remove necrotic (dead) or infected tissue and other debris.

29/03/2023

The mallein test is a sensitive and specific clinical test for glanders, a common bacterial disease of equids (horses, donkeys, mules). This test is an allergic hypersensitivity test used as a diagnosis for glanders.
It is caused by a bacterium called Burkholderia mallei, which is contagious for humans and other species.
The occurrence of glanders must be reported to the World Organisation for Animal Health. Mallein, a protein fraction of B. mallei, is usually injected by an eye-drop. If an animal is infected, the animal will show swelling in the eye from around 48 hours of injection and may be accompanied by secretion and conjunctivitis.
Mallein is non toxic to normal animals.

02/01/2023

Amazing photos taken by National Geographic of animals in their mother's womb! ✨😮

05/03/2022

The Anatomy is so beautiful ❤️

25/01/2022

Equine Lameness associated with Arthritis. 🐴

The picture displaying all the possible problems that affecting the horse and its performance. Whenever your horse is in pain must contact with your Veterinarian or get Veterinary assistance

09/01/2022

A farmer in Turkey has fitted his cows with virtual reality goggles to make them think they are outside in summer pastures ( Every thing becomes green)

Izzet Kocak has tried out the headsets on two of his cattle after a study suggested the pleasant scenes make the cows happier and produce more milk.

Cow happier = High yeilding = Happy farmer 😁

He says the output has increased from 22 litres of 27 litres a day.

29/12/2021

Copied...
It's always nice to know the story... and it's always good to know that vets were always in the spotlight because they were the pioneers of medicine and surgery... # The story of the Caesarean section

The first successful c-section was practiced in 1500 in Switzerland by pig castrator Jacob Nufer.... or in other words the veterinarian of the time, on his wife Elisabeth Alice Pachin.

After several days of work and the help of thirteen midwives, the woman failed to give birth to her baby.

Her husband, desperate, finally got permission from local authorities to practice a c section.

He used a razor blade for this revolutionary procedure. The child was born alive and healthy. The mother then had 5 other children who were born natural.

Let's note that pig castrators were very skillful in using knife and practiced caesareans on difficult births of animals such as mares, cows, dogs, sheep and sows to save the calf when they understood that the mother could die.

! Statement: Everything has a beginning and thanks to this approach, countless mothers and their children have been saved to date. proud to be a veterinarian...

: International Museum of Surgical Science

20/12/2021

Bovine Oestrus Cycle

10/12/2021

Vesicular stomatitis: Vesicular stomatitis is an infectious disease caused by a virus and characterized clinically by the development of vesicles on the mouth and feet. While primarily a disease of horses, it has come to assume major importance as a disease of cattle and pigs.
Etiology:
The causative virus is classified as a rhabdovirus. There are two antigenically distinct types, New Jersey and Indiana, with three sub types of Indiana, Fort, Lupton, Alagar (Brazil) and Cocal (Trinidad). The New Jersey strain is the most virulent and the one most commonly found. The virus is much less resistant to environmental influences then the virus of foot and mouth disease it is more readily destroyed by boiling.Cattle, horses, donkeys and pigs are susceptible, with pigs least so. Goats and sheep are resistant. Outbreaks of this disease are most common in cattle and to a less extent in pigs. Calves are much more resistant to infection than adult cattle. Humans are susceptible, infection causing influenza- like disease.
Epidemiology:
Geographically the disease is limited to the western hemisphere and is enzootic in parts of north, central and South America. The first major occurrence of the disease was in military horses in the United States during the 1914-18 war but in recent years it has come to assume greater importance in cattle and pig herds. The morbidity rate varies considerably (5-10% is usual but in dairy herds it may be as high as 80%) and there is usually no mortality. Outbreaks are not usually extensive but the disease closely resembles foot-mouth disease and has achieved considerable importance for this reason.
Pathogenesis:
As in foot and mouth disease there is a primary viremia with subsequent localization in the mucous membrane of the mouth and the skin around the mouth and coronets. The frequent absence of classical vesicles on the oral mucosa of affected animals in field outbreaks has led to careful examination of the pathogenesis of the mucosal lesions. Even in experimentally produced cases only 30% of lesions develop as vesicles, the remainder dehydrating by seepage during development and terminating by eroding as a dry necrotic lesion.
Clinical findings:
In cattle after a short incubation period of several days there is a sudden appearance of mild fever and the development of vesicles on the dorsum of the tongue, dental pad, lips and the buccal mucosa. The vesicles rupture quickly and the resultant irritation causes profuse, ropey salivation and anorexia. Confusion often arises in field outbreaks of the disease because of failure to find vesicles. In some outbreaks with thousands of cattle affected, vesicles have been almost completely absent. They are most likely to be found on the cheeks and tongue where soft tissues are abraded by the teeth.
Necropsy Findings:
Necropsy examination are not usually undertaken for diagnostic purposes but the pathology of the disease has been adequately described.
Diagnosis:
Diagnosis is based on the presence of typical signs and either antibody detection through serologic tests.
Virus antigen detection.
Complement fixation test.
Eliza.
Pcr.
Virus neutralization test.

Differential Diagnosis:
Foot and Mouth disease
Swine vesicular disease.
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis.
Bovine viral diarrhea.
Malignant catarrhal fever.
Bovine papular stomatitis.
Rinderpest.
Blue tongue
Foot rot
Chemical or thermal burns.
Treatment:
Topical Anticeptics
Treatment of lesions:
1% solution of KMNo4
2% solution CUSo4
2% solution of boro glycerin
4% solution of alum
Pure glycerin
Sprays can also be used like pink spray.
NOTE: we cannot use glycerin+KMNo4 because it causes burn.
Systematic antibiotics:
Amoxiceyllin broad-spectrum (10ml/kg) SID
Penicillin+streptomycin
Sulphadiazine+trimethoprim
NASID’s
Flunixin meglumine/loxin (1ml/45kg)
I.V fluids can also be used.
Soft diet is used.
Prevention:
Hygienic and quarantine precautions to contain the infection with in a herd are sufficient control, the disease usually dying out of its own accord. Immunity after an attack appears to be of very short duration, probably not more than six months.Control vectors.

03/12/2021

Fatty Liver Disease In Cats

DEFINITION:
Feline hepatic lipidosis — also called fatty liver disease — is an abnormal accumulation of fat (usually triglycerides) in the liver of a cat.
EPIDEMIOLOGY:
1:Most common in north America .
2:Mostly affects adult cats and there is no s*x or breed predisposition.
3:Affected cats are commonly obese,and have recently experienced a stressful event
ETIOLOGY:
1:The intiating event is rarely known
2:Food supply or intake is low
3: Introduction of a new diet without appropriate slow weaning or acclimatization
4: Introduction of two-legged newborns (i.e., human babies) causing environmental stress
5:Stressful situations (e.g., visiting guests who live in your house for a few days, scaring your cat away)
PATHOGENESIS:
One of the body's defenses to survive during periods of "energy starvation" is to break down and use the stored energy within the body — the fat cells — to make the glucose the body needs to function properly. The way it does that, in a nutshell, is to bring the fat out of the fat cells, into the bloodstream, and to the liver, where the fat can be converted the degree of fat brought to and deposited within the liver can be enough to actually interfere with the normal functions of the liver. This dysfunction or failure of the liver due to the depositing of too much fat is hepatic lipidosis, or "fatty liver disease." It is debilitating and devastating because the liver is a critical part in many of a cat’s vital body functions that are necessary to stay alive. So anything that interferes with the normal functioning of the liver is a bad thing.
CLINICAL SIGNS:
Yellowing of the ears, eyes (whites), gums, or skin
Decreased energy
Decreased appetite
Increased thirst
Increased urinations
Increased salivation
Vomiting
Small, pin-sized bruises on gums, ears,
or elsewhere on body ("petechiae")
Large bruises under skin
Nose bleeds
Blood in urine or stool
When untreated or in severe cases — signs of liver failure can include the following:
Black tarry stool
Bruising (abnormal clotting)
Coma (from the liver poisons building up in the body)Abnormal behavior progressing to seizuresDeath
DIAGNOSIS:
Feline fatty liver disease is diagnosed by physical examination,
clinical signs and changes in liver enzymes, and other values seen on laboratory tests. The liver will usually be enlarged on radiographs and there is a characteristic appearance on ultrasound of the liver that helps to confirm the diagnosis. On occasion, it may be necessary to differentiate hepatic lipidosis from another disease such as cancer, and a fine needle biopsy or larger biopsy of the cat’s liver is required.
TREATMENT:
IV fluids to help treat dehydrationPlacement of a temporary feeding tube to provide adequate calories (this may be necessary for several weeks)
Anti-vomiting medication
Appetite stimulants
Antibiotics
Vitamin K (to help fix clotting problems if abnormal)
Potentially plasma transfusions (if severe clotting problems are noted)
PREVENTION AND CONTROL:
1:When it comes to cats, do everything slowly. Slow acclimatization is imperative so your cat has time to handle the stress and adjust.
2: More importantly, make sure to observe your cat’s appetite, and when you notice that he hasn’t eaten for more than 2-3 days, seek veterinary attention immediately
3:Hide and seek is a bad game for cats and when you noticed it concern vet immediately.4:Give balanced diet and avoid giving stress to cat.
THANKS

25/11/2021

Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR), also known as sheep and goat plague, is a highly contagious animal disease affecting domestic and wild small ruminants.

Causes:
It is caused by a virus belonging to the genus Morbillivirus, family Paramixoviridae. Once newly introduced, the virus can infect up to 90 percent of an animal heard, and the disease kills anywhere up to 70 percent of infected animals. The PPR virus does not infect humans.

A PPR outbreak is an emergency due to its rapid spread and high animal mortality rate. Fatal diseases of small ruminants, such as PPR, affect the already vulnerable livelihoods and can decimate the savings of poor populations, in particular in pastoral areas. People become desperate when they lose their assets. PPR outbreaks, and the desperation due to the loss, can therefore trigger turmoil, migration, and volatile security situations. Eradicating PPR will increase sustainability, alleviate poverty, improve the resilience of poor pastoralists and their communities, enable them to better cope with other shocks and threats, prevent forced migration and mitigate extremist trends.

Clinical signs:
It is characterized by the sudden onset of depression,
fever,
discharges from the eyes and nose,
sores in the mouth,
disturbed breathing and cough,
foul-smelling diarrhoea and death.

Treatment:
No specific treatment is recommended for PPR being viral disease. But supportive therapy is given :
Broad spectrum antibiotics,
intestinal sedatives and
fluid therapy
Are used for the treatment of pneumonia and diarrhoea and the restoration of the body fluid ionic balance
Plus lubricating the inner mouth with glycerin or Somogel

Vaccination is available for it

24/11/2021

Enterotoxmia

Definition:

enteric disease of ruminants especially in young lambs and kids.
Characterized by diarrhea depression and death. It is clostridia disease caused
by clostridium perfringens type D

Epidemiology :

Occurs all over the world
Prevalence is 1- 3 percent but if this disease comes causes death 100
percent in young lambs and young kids
Occurs due to when kids and lambs are given
1. High carbohydrates
2. Lush grass
3. Over weaning

Etiology :

It is caused by the clostridium perfringes type D which is bacillus spore forming
anaerobic gram-positive bacteria. which produce toxins (alpha + epsilon) toxins
premise activity specific to young animals (less than 2 weeks)

Clinical signs :

1. Fever 104
2. Anorexia
3. Depression
4. Abdominal pain
5. Diarrhea
6. Dysentery
7. Dehydration
8. Anemia
Nervous signs
1. Deep shallow respiration
2. Pressing of head
3. Grinding teeth
4. Circular movement

Treatment :

Antibiotic #
 Pencilin 10000 to 20000 iu but try to use broad spectrum
antibiotic
 Sulphadimidine 100 to 200 mg per kg
 Tribesmen
 Ceftiofur sodium 1.1 to 2mg per kg
 Oxytetracycline
Antitoxin #
Epsilon antitoxin 200iu per kg
Antacid #
1 Milk of magnesia
2 Mucousin syrup
Supportive therapy #
1 Thiamine (B12) for nervous signs
2 Fluids and electrolytes
3 Dexamethasone 0.04mg per kg
4 Score X 1 ml per kg
5 Pinbotics

21/11/2021

PARVO VIRUS :
Canine parvovirus (also referred to as CPV, CPV2, or parvo) is a contagious virus mainly affecting dogs. CPV is highly contagious and is spread from dog to dog by direct or indirect contact with their f***s.

Symptoms:
Dogs that develop the disease show signs of the illness within three to ten days. The signs may include lethargy, vomiting, fever, and diarrhea (usually bloody). Generally, the first sign of CPV is lethargy. Secondary signs are loss of weight and appetite or diarrhea followed by vomiting. Diarrhea and vomiting result in dehydration that upsets the electrolyte balance and this may affect the dog critically. Secondary infections occur as a result of the weakened immune system.

Treatment:
There is no approved treatment, and the current standard of care is supportive care, involving extensive hospitalization, due to severe dehydration and potential damage to the intestines and bone marrow. A CPV test should be given as early as possible if CPV is suspected in order to begin early treatment and increase survival rate if the disease is found.

Supportive care ideally also consists of crystalloid IV fluids and/or colloids (e.g., Hetastarch), antinausea injections (antiemetics) such as maropitant, metoclopramide, dolasetron, ondansetron and prochlorperazine, and broad-spectrum antibiotic injections such as cefazolin/enrofloxacin, ampicillin/enrofloxacin, metronidazole, timentin, or enrofloxacin.IV fluids are administered and antinausea and antibiotic injections are given subcutaneously, intramuscularly, or intravenously. The fluids are typically a mix of a sterile, balanced electrolyte solution, with an appropriate amount of B-complex vitamins, dextrose, and potassium chloride. Analgesic medications can be used to counteract the intestinal discomfort caused by frequent bouts of diarrhea; however, the use of opioid analgesics can result in secondary ileus and decreased motility.