http://www.cornerstonequine.com/

The Village Horse Doctor, PO Box 302, Capitan, NM (2024)

07/08/2024

Wood Chewers…a common plague among us crazed horse fanatics. We can learn a lot from animals, including many undeniable truths of life: dogs chase cars, cats don’t care what you think, and horses chew wood. (This is not to be confused with cribbing, this is one that grabs hold of a fence, tree, stump, slow child—anything stationary, arches his neck and sucks air. This is NOT wood chewing, per se) As if all the accessories associated with “owning” these beasts, wasn’t enough, replacing wooden fences, barns, gates, anything not made of steel or depleted uranium is a significant edition to the debit column on your finances. And an example of the amazing dentition of Equus caballus. The smaller the area fenced in, the more likely the top board will miraculously develop the scalloped appearance—the telltale signs you have some large, four-footed, furry termites in the vicinity. Why? That's what they do. In fact, your neighbors will know just how inexperienced you are with horses, as this level of “greenness”, if that’s a word, is in direct proportion to how much money you spend on wood fences. That's when you discover that you do not, in fact, have a pure-bred Quarter Horse, Hanoverian, Arabian (fill in the blank) but there was a dang beaver somewhere in his lineage.
So, how do we fix this? There was a time that you could buy creosote. Paint this on a fence, and it will turn the wood a nice shade of dark brown to almost black and renders it real un-tasty to horses, wood ants, termites…you know, parasites. But someone in the government decided that creosote was too dangerous for the average person to use, so it is no longer available to most of us. Well… that is unless you sell railroad ties or phone poles, then it is perfectly safe, but I digress. There are other types of coatings you can try, but good luck with that. Or… you can try vitamin and mineral supplements (in the horse, not on the fence). You should get the most expensive supplements you can find—the extra money won't help, but you'll feel like you have done all you can while you watch “Beaver caballus” eat another $20 2x6. The photo below is a clue that you have a wood chewer in your vicinity. Note the new board on the top rail...missing the dentally mediated customization...AKA more "thanks for the new wood to eat".
In the meantime, strive for perfection, accept only excellence, ride with purpose. Madison Seamans MS DVM (AKA The Village Horse Doctor)

04/19/2024

Life: it’s all about balance.
Spring is a great time of year, but there’s a balance here. We get wildflowers blooming, and pollens that trigger allergies. Equine-related businesses begin to pick up, and taxes are due. Foals are born, and so are flies. Thoughts like these are the mothers of cliché: Without the valleys the mountains don’t mean much, a big pile of manure is a good sign, cuz there’s bound to be a pony nearby, and my personal favorite: a pessimist is just an optimist with inside information.
One of my favorite parts of this season is seeing mares and new babies frolicking in verdant lush pastures with butterflies and hummingbirds fluttering about like an old Disney movie. (Mosquitoes, rattlesnakes and rabid skunks are seldom depicted in idyllic scenes like these). OK, in my part of the world, the mares and foals look like most any in the world, but a more accurate view of our environment is sage brush, cedar and some really tough grama grasses that somehow manage to hang on, no matter how dry it gets. Your vision may vary, but the point is the resiliency and regeneration of nature.
For example, your mare really hated the stallion all winter long, but suddenly, for about a week every month or so, he looks pretty good to her! If the timing is just right, the stars are aligned perfectly and you’re wearing your lucky socks, a single s***m cell becomes intimately acquainted with an equine egg and…BINGO the magic begins! About 345 days later, you get a new addition to your feed/vet/farrier bills. What can be better?
Part of the miracle of birth, among many miraculous aspects of mammalian life, is the transition from prenatal to neonatal physiology. This is the critical period that the foal/puppy/baby makes the trip from being an internal parasite, to an external one. (Let that sink in a minute, you’ll appreciate the irony.) Although it looks like the foal just dives out of the mare, jumps up and starts nursing (as an external parasite now…you’re catching on!), there’s some real interesting stuff that’s happening on the inside.
There are three shunts, or gates, in the foal’s body that must open instantly after the first breath in order to make the shift to life on the outside. These are in the heart, the large vessel from the heart to the lung, and the tube that runs from the bladder to the umbilicus. If we think about it, foal doesn’t need to breathe when he’s in the mare. So, the blood gets shunted away from the lungs, supplying nourishment to the rapidly growing cells during the development of the fetus. The foal doesn’t need to p*e, so the bladder is open to the umbilicus where the waste products strained out by the kidney get dumped into the maternal circulation through the placenta…and you thought changing diapers was bad? Imagine having someone else’s urine in your blood!
If all this wasn’t complicated enough, the lining of the foal’s gut is very porous during the first few hours of life on the outside—just to make this balancing act interesting. A porous gut allows the absorption of colostrum, the first milk that contains most of the foal’s immune system for the near future, but this can sometimes result in the absorption of bacteria, and that’s bad.
The challenges of this neonatal adjustment can escalate with alarming sp*ed, as the sick foal’s metabolism wants to go back inside where it was safe and warm. That’s why the navel starts dripping, the pulse and respiration goes up to compensate for diminished cardiovascular function, and bacterial infection raises its ugly head because some many other things are going wrong. The point here is the importance of a thorough examination of the foal during the first few hours of life on the outside. Signs of impending problems are easy to spot; A temperature of 102 or higher, a pulse of over 120 beats per minute, and urine dripping from the belly button are indications that the transition is not going as planned. Veterinary intervention is essential in these cases.
Although almost all foals do just fine without our help, but when there’s a wreck, it’s a wreck! AND (it gets worse) if we wait until the foal isn’t nursing, has a swollen joint or diarrhea, it may be too late. SO, with that cheerful note, Happy Spring! Madison Seamans MS DVM (AKA “The Village Horse Doctor”)
Strive for perfection, accept only excellence, ride with purpose. Check out my website: www.cornerstonquine.com Pics here of a couple of our 'external parasites'

04/19/2024

Life: it’s all about balance.
Spring is a great time of year, but there’s a balance here. We get wildflowers blooming, and pollens that trigger allergies. Equine-related businesses begin to pick up, and taxes are due. Foals are born, and so are flies. Thoughts like these are the mothers of cliché: Without the valleys the mountains don’t mean much, a big pile of manure is a good sign, cuz there’s bound to be a pony nearby, and my personal favorite: a pessimist is just an optimist with inside information.
One of my favorite parts of this season is seeing mares and new babies frolicking in verdant lush pastures with butterflies and hummingbirds fluttering about like an old Disney movie. (Mosquitoes, rattlesnakes and rabid skunks are seldom depicted in idyllic scenes like these). OK, in my part of the world, the mares and foals look like most any in the world, but a more accurate view of our environment is sage brush, cedar and some really tough grama grasses that somehow manage to hang on, no matter how dry it gets. Your vision may vary, but the point is the resiliency and regeneration of nature.
For example, your mare really hated the stallion all winter long, but suddenly, for about a week every month or so, he looks pretty good to her! If the timing is just right, the stars are aligned perfectly and you’re wearing your lucky socks, a single s***m cell becomes intimately acquainted with an equine egg and…BINGO the magic begins! About 345 days later, you get a new addition to your feed/vet/farrier bills. What can be better?
Part of the miracle of birth, among many miraculous aspects of mammalian life, is the transition from prenatal to neonatal physiology. This is the critical period that the foal/puppy/baby makes the trip from being an internal parasite, to an external one. (Let that sink in a minute, you’ll appreciate the irony.) Although it looks like the foal just dives out of the mare, jumps up and starts nursing (as an external parasite now…you’re catching on!), there’s some real interesting stuff that’s happening on the inside.
There are three shunts, or gates, in the foal’s body that must open instantly after the first breath in order to make the shift to life on the outside. These are in the heart, the large vessel from the heart to the lung, and the tube that runs from the bladder to the umbilicus. If we think about it, foal doesn’t need to breathe when he’s in the mare. So, the blood gets shunted away from the lungs, supplying nourishment to the rapidly growing cells during the development of the fetus. The foal doesn’t need to p*e, so the bladder is open to the umbilicus where the waste products strained out by the kidney get dumped into the maternal circulation through the placenta…and you thought changing diapers was bad? Imagine having someone else’s urine in your blood!
If all this wasn’t complicated enough, the lining of the foal’s gut is very porous during the first few hours of life on the outside—just to make this balancing act interesting. A porous gut allows the absorption of colostrum, the first milk that contains most of the foal’s immune system for the near future, but this can sometimes result in the absorption of bacteria, and that’s bad.
The challenges of this neonatal adjustment can escalate with alarming sp*ed, as the sick foal’s metabolism wants to go back inside where it was safe and warm. That’s why the navel starts dripping, the pulse and respiration goes up to compensate for diminished cardiovascular function, and bacterial infection raises its ugly head because some many other things are going wrong. The point here is the importance of a thorough examination of the foal during the first few hours of life on the outside. Signs of impending problems are easy to spot; A temperature of 102 or higher, a pulse of over 120 beats per minute, and urine dripping from the belly button are indications that the transition is not going as planned. Veterinary intervention is essential in these cases.
Although almost all foals do just fine without our help, but when there’s a wreck, it’s a wreck! AND (it gets worse) if we wait until the foal isn’t nursing, has a swollen joint or diarrhea, it may be too late. SO, with that cheerful note, Happy Spring! Madison Seamans MS DVM (AKA “The Village Horse Doctor”) If you like my twisted sense of humor, check our my website: www.cornerstonequine.com Pics here of couple of our external parasites from a couple years back

01/29/2024

Cancer, the big “C”—ughh! We can tame the discussion a bit by calling it “neoplasia” or “a mass”, but it’s cancer, and that’s usually bad. Although cancer has been the subject of extensive study for hundreds of years, this is a very complicated process that is still poorly understood. Basically, something inside the cell goes crazy and it starts multiplying rapidly. The affected cells lose normal function and want to spread to other organs in a process called malignancy. Something called “contact inhibition” is what causes normal cells to stop growing once a damaged area is repaired. Neoplastic, cancerous tissue loses this attribute, so the surrounding area(s) get lumpy. This may sound fairly simple but it ain’t. Thankfully, in horses, this is almost always a skin problem which is usually easy to see and treat. It is more common than you’d think and, thankfully, usually benign. We must remember, the terms “benign and malignant” are relative words. “Malignant” means the tendency for cancer to spread to other organs: liver, lung and kidney are favorite sites for this unwanted resident. “Benign” is not what you “be after you are eight”, but it means these masses tend to stay put. But even a relatively benign tumor can become locally invasive and very damaging, and this is why a nasty little thing called “sarcoid” is such a problem.
The most common skin cancer in horses is called equine sarcoid. This comes from the Greek word meaning “meat-like”, but the masses I’ve seen over the years look more barf-like than any anything I’d eat. There are at least six types recognized by most pathologists, three of the most common are seen in the photos here. Like most cancers, the cause is not clear, but this has been linked to bovine papilloma virus--cow warts—for over seventy years. Many of my patients have never seen a picture of a cow, much less been around one, so the risk of this exposure remains a mystery.
Viruses are the perfect parasite. All other parasites, except unemployed relatives living in your basement, require their own mechanisms to eat, live and reproduce. Viruses only need the genetic blueprint, DNA, to force the host cell to replicate the invading virus, not its own cells. In fact, there have been some real arguments among smart people about whether viruses are even alive at all. No matter, dead or alive, they can be a real pain.
Young horses, usually yearlings or two-year-olds, can develop lesions from a papilloma virus infection called “juvenile warts” around the muzzle. (See photos below. The first one is juvenile warts, the others are common flavors of sarcoids) These are always self-limiting; they go away on their own. So why does this type of papilloma not turn into cancer? It all depends on where the virus is in the cell. And a piece of this is why viruses are so hard to treat: these tricky little devils know how to hide in cells. Most bacterial infections remain extracellular: outside the cell. Viruses, on the contrary, can invade the cell. This is one reason they cannot be easily attacked by antibiotics or the host immune system, even a vaccinated one. It’s like they have the gate code memorized.
Papilloma viruses are unique in that they can replicate inside the cell, but not necessarily in the nucleus, where the DNA resides. If they invade the host’s DNA, that’s where it gets interesting.
So, back to sarcoids. Once the virus has invaded the host DNA, everything changes: it becomes cancerous. As the human papilloma virus (HPV) is known to cause cervical cancer in women, the bovine papilloma virus (BPV) is likely the cause of skin cancers in horses and neither one of ‘em is easy to treat. Although this disease in horses is rarely fatal, the tumors have a very high probability of returning to the original site or elsewhere, regardless of the treatment method.
Although there are many treatments for these aggravating uglymegawarts (technical term), one novel approach is the subject of some very interesting research. Christoph Jindra and his colleagues at the Austrian Veterinary University recently published a study on the use of human influenza vaccine on equine sarcoid. Let that sink in a minute. We have long known that vaccines are fairly effective at preventing some diseases, but only if they are injected before the invading organisms attack, not as a treatment after the fact (rabies is the one exception here). And these are generally restricted to species. Since human flu virus(es) don’t infect horses…well the rationale here is complicated, but the concept involves stimulation of the immune system in a very specific, complicated way. Since human flu vaccines won’t prevent influenza in horses, why someone thought this was a good treatment for horse lumps, well you’d have to ask them.
Dr. Jindra’s study suggested some promise in the use of this unconventional treatment. It appears that the simple, relatively minor cases responded well to multiple injections directly into the mass. More severe or advanced cases either stopped growing or got worse… a lot worse. So a degree of caution should be used here. This is still very experimental, but it is encouraging to know that treatments other than chemo, caustic topical medications (causing chemical burns) or surgery may be available soon.
As always, strive for perfection, accept only excellence, ride with purpose. If you like my somewhat twisted way of thinking, check out my website: wwwcornerstonequine.com for more information. If not, lets just keep this our little secret.

01/09/2024

Howdy and happy winter to all my fellow, crazed, horse fanatics (Or happy summer to those fortunate enough to live in the southern hemisphere...ya'll are true "southerners")
It's interesting to consider, that, while I'm getting older, my patients appear to live longer, as well. This is due to a combination of nutrition, medical care, maybe genetics and no small amount of luck. As I see more older patients, I see more of 'em with diseases specific to geriatric patients. Here's a summary of one of these:
“He has…What ?”, the owner was a bit confused, befuddled, even, which is not surprising, as Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (PPID), AKA “Cushing’s Disease” doesn’t just roll off your tongue. “I didn’t know a horse had something called a Cushings. What and where the heck is it”, he added.
Well, this disease is named after the neurosurgeon Dr. Harvey Cushing, who first discovered these benign tumors in the pituitary gland and related them to a variety of symptoms in human patients over a century ago. This also affects other mammals and is a common problem in older horses. It is technically cancer, but not the kind that will spread to other organs and kill you quickly. No, instead it just makes you sick and kills you slowly…no real consolation prize.
In horses, the big giveaway is found in their inability to shed (see photo below). So, if your old horse looks like a woolly mammoth, but shorter, with four inches of hair in July, that’s what ya got. And other things like laminitis leading to founder, heart problems and a long list of diseases you don’t want to see in your horse, add to the problems. There are blood tests to confirm our suspicions, but the results can vary with season, so they can be a challenge to interpret. So, if it looks like a duck…etc.
The pathology of this type of brain cancer is interesting and complicated, but it is basically due to a deficiency in dopamine. This hormone, a class of “neurotransmitters”, is responsible for a lot of things. One of its main functions is to stimulate the pituitary( see photo for the approximate location of this gland in the horse...right in the middle of their head, at the base of the brain), a vital gland located at the base of the brain (see illustration), to secrete other hormones… several of ‘em. Dopamine is interesting by itself. If you have too much, you become schizophrenic, if you don’t have enough, you get the shakes commonly seen in Parkinson’s disease. (I don’t know why some folks insist on naming a disease after themselves…. this makes me wonder if the guy caused it, or just had a case of it, neither is an admirable position, but who am I to judge.) And, some more good news, there is a treatment: Pergolide.
Although it may seem a little strange, lots of modern drugs come from natural sources. Penicillin comes from bread mold, aspirin is from willow bark, ivermectin is from a common fungus in the soil. Pergolide is made from one of many ergot alkaloids that also come from a soil-borne fungus. How they get developed into medical use that is safe and effective is a whole ‘nuther long, long story.
The crazy part of ergot alkaloids is they can cause two basic symptoms: severe, potentially fatal infections that look like gangrene, or hallucinations. Over five hundred years ago, they called the infection “St. Anthony’s fire”. It came from eating moldy grain and it killed thousands of people. But another specific type of ergot alkaloid causes hallucinations—this is where they get L*D! So… eat spoiled corn and either fly to Jupiter on George Washington’s horse mentally, or DIE…really.
As strange as it may seem, another alkaloid from this fungus was used as a headache remedy as early as 1920. How someone decided to take a chance on a potentially fatal, at the worst, or hallucinogenic, at best, fungus as a good drug is…interesting. We could only assume this came from a vivid, albeit fearless, imagination. But apparently, one of these alkaloids has an amazing hormonal pharmacologic property. (How many test subjects had to hallucinate and then die? Well, I guess we’ll never know)
Although this seems like taking the long way home, we learned all that to discover this: one of these ergot alkaloids (Pergolide) acts like dopamine. It has been used to treat human Parkinson’s patients for many years. Well, until about 2007 when they discovered it caused major heart problems—you may have a heart attack, but at least you ain’t shaking during the event! Undaunted by this minor setback, someone in Big Pharma must have realized they needed to do something with the 200 railroad cars full of this stuff. BINGO! He must have thought: “Let’s sell it to horse people!”
It is well known that PPID horses can be “controlled”, not cured, with pergolide. Various reports show an average of 60-80% treatment success. However, these reports can be difficult to interpret as studies classify “success” quite differently. Blood tests demonstrating a reduction in another hormone, ACTH, as a presumed result of pergolide treatment, is typically called “success”. Simple, right, but not so fast, cowboy: this stuff aint just a spoonful of castor oil. The drug ain’t cheap, is by prescription only, and is reported to cause a high number of adverse effects. Some of the most common include anorexia, colic, weight loss, and a change in behavior/attitude. Anorexia has been reported in up to 32% of horses on pergolide in some studies. It gets “better”.
Harold Schott and his colleagues, in a study reported last year, demonstrated that Cushing’s horses treated with pergolide did not live longer than non-treated patients. Both groups lived about three years after the initial diagnosis. However, the quality of life may be significantly better as treatment tends to limit the onset of laminitis and “comorbidities”—other diseases--seen due to the altered metabolism caused by the abnormal amounts of hormones secreted by the tumor.
So, if your horse lives long enough, there’s a good chance you’ll see Cushing’s symptoms. The questions of treatment, costs and quality of life are something we eventually must face when dealing with our horses. It ain’t fair, it just IS. Strive for perfection, accept only excellence, ride with purpose.
If you like my twisted way of thinking, give us a “like” and share here and check out our website: www.cornerstonequine.com for more out of the box thinking and a link to my virtual, online consultation service. And, I almost forgot, the book is available in print, e-book and audio formats, performed by yours truly, on Amazon: Never Trust a Sneaky Pony (and other things they did not teach me in vet school) It makes a great gift, or birdcage liner, your choice.

12/30/2023

Howdy and Happy almost 2024--and where's my "by the year 2000" flying car already-- to all my fellow crazed horse fanatics. Last month I made my annual trip to the convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP)…it's an educational event, not a "convention" as a euphemism for a party. I've missed three of the last 38 of these gatherings and I always come back with a mixture or enthusiasm and exhaustion...there's so much new stuff, it's like draining a water trough with an eye dropper.
Despite the daunting volume, AAEP is a great resource for "new" ideas in equine medicine and surgery--some I have used for years and some things that really are new. I also get re-educated about stuff I've been doing wrong... and so has most everybody else...for YEARS. ..ughhh, too soon old, too late smart. I usually come away with some of both categories, so it is a positive, mixed with humbling, experience. But this is how we learn: good judgement comes from experience which comes from bad judgement.
Let's start with some new insight about altering a mare's behavior by "spaying" her. This is not actually a "spay" procedure, cuz we just take the ovaries and leave the uterus. This is done with hopes that we can change behavior in much the same way that cutting a c**t does.
And this leads me down a rabbit trail I commonly take: who was the first guy to do something? When I think about cutting c**ts, I have dealt with a few doosies. So, I'm guessing that the pioneer in this was driven by a mixture of curiosity and temper. I can imagine two cave men, one bandaged, bruised and bleeding with his tiger skin toga torn from an apparent "discussion" with a c**t regarding a halter, or other, unwanted activity:
"Hey, Gronk, what happened to you? Looks like you been run over by a rabid T. rex", his neighbor, Donk, inquired.
"Nah, worse than that, I'm trying to halter break that two-year-old c**t I got from Billy Bob Ugga", he moaned, still bleeding.
"Not surprising", the neighbor said, "He's about half bandit, you know, If he ever had a good horse, he's still got 'im. He never sells nothin' but d***s".
"I was so mad at that c**t, when I finally got a halter on him, I used Zelda's skinning knife and cut his nuts off!" After a brief pause, "I thought about Billy Bob, too, but by the time I was done, I was too tired to be mad anymore. Haltering him wasn't the hard part!"
I can only imagine the surprise in the whole cave neighborhood when, just a few weeks later, Gronk had all eight of his kids stacked ears to tail on the newly minted "gelding"--the modern name for what was called "The Gronk Procedure" for hundreds of years. This was the beginning of a movement that caught on world-wide. So if someone says their c**t has been "Gronked" you know they are really old.
Now we know that castration removes the source of the male hormone, testosterone. This surgery cures the testosterone poisoning that makes the once obnoxious c**ts so submissive...either that, or they don't want to risk any behavior that would aggravate their human to the point that the procedure would be repeated, go figure.
On the surface, this seems like a logical projection that mares would respond in the same way c**ts do, but not so fast cowboy. Apparently there are other hormones that can influence the behavior of the mare. Sending hormones from the brain stimulate the secretion of hormones from not only the ovaries, but the uterus and other structures, too. Since the uterus is not removed during the routine "spay" of the mare, other hormones apparently have a significant role in behavior.
In a study reported at this year's AAEP, 91% of owners who had mares spayed reported a behavioral change. BUT, the majority of these surgeries were to remove a cancerous o***y, something called thecagranulosa cell adenoma (TGC). These relatively benign tumors have been further categorized, but the clinical presentation for mares with these is aggressive, stallion like behavior, or constant signs of "heat".
Interestingly, in a study of 3000 mares with non-cancerous "behavioral issues" 86% had normal hormonal profiles. The moral of this story is: If yo want the picture on left, sometimes you gotta put up with the one on the right. (Pregnancy won't result in a color change, this is a simple illustration...just sayin') If you're considering the Gronk Procedure on your cantankerous mare 3 or 4 days a month, you might want to reconsider...it ain't as simple as we think. And, she'll likely get over it in just a few days...maybe not.
As always; Strive for perfection, accept only excellence, ride with purpose.
AND... if you like my twisted sense of humor, give us a like and a follow here, and check out my website www.cornerstonequine.com for more fun and online/virtual consultation.

12/20/2023

Well, here's post #1,hope ya'll like it. As in most science, this is subject to change....Tuesday, and is related only to the extent I understand it....limited as that is. But hey, it didn't cost you very much, either. For any questions on specific cases, go to my website www.cornerstonequine.com for a virtual consultation.
Most everyone has heard of “stem cell” therapy for various medical/surgical problems in horses, and lower vertebrates, like humans. But what is not well know is just what these things are. Before about 1961, they were a “concept”—a mysterious bunch of cells in bone marrow that were the parents of many types of blood cells. Then, some real smart people figured out they were also the parents of many types of cells, basically all of ‘em.
Fast forward about thirty years. We started playing around with the idea that maybe these mysterious little things could help heal damaged tissue if we could harvest a rich source of ‘em and inject ‘em near the site of the wreck. Tendon injuries, fractures, arthritis, event heart attacks quickly became subjects for potential stem cell treatments. These experiments produced mixed results from miraculous healing to devastating cancers.
These brave scientists finally figured out that there is more than one type of stem cell. We can oversimplify this. There are basically two categories: Embryonic Stem Cells (ESC’s) and Adult Stem Cells (ASC’s). Both have the potential to “turn into” whatever tissue they are placed in—hence the theory behind the “treatment”. However, it ain’t exactly as simple as it seems.
Our early stabs at this used bone marrow as the source of the stem cells. Unfortunately, not all bone marrow contains a lot of stem cells. So culturing cells in a lab is a the only way to insure we have enough cells for treatment. And, old stem cells turn into fat cells, so they ain’t much help, either, unless you want to get fatter. It gets better.
Stem cells that don’t come from the patient get rejected like any other organ transplant would, unless the tissue is matched, like that coming from a close relative or twin. There are some companies that sell “banked” cells grown from other horses (or humans…whatever). These will get rejected soon after they are implanted, and the reaction gets worse every subsequent time.
The use of stem cells is a very promising treatment for lots of injuries seen in horses. However, this is not yet the “silver bullet” we had hoped for. IF you choose this treatment, use cells harvested from your horse, cultured in a reputable lab so there are adequate numbers, and don’t expect a miracle every time. Proper rehabilitation and physical therapies are a vital part of successful treatments, no matter the cause.
And, as always, strive for perfection, accept only excellence, ride with purpose

The Village Horse Doctor

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