Olivia Steidle Dressage

Olivia Steidle Dressage In training the rider, she is excellent in communicating to her students the methods she uses to produce a more harmonious partnership of horse and rider.
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Olivia’s methods are based in classical dressage and geared towards creating a synergistic work ethic in the horse, giving the horse confidence in himself and allowing the horse to enjoy and be proud of himself in work. In training the horse, she is a sympathetic rider adept at bringing the horse to its full potential. Because she still loves to jump and go out cross country, Olivia successfully employs cross training in her methods, creating well-rounded, confident, fun sport horses.

Paigi and Lillian Mikulski had a blast at Red Tail’s Freestyle Benefit for Mane Stream with Lily’s Halflingers!  What a ...
09/07/2024

Paigi and Lillian Mikulski had a blast at Red Tail’s Freestyle Benefit for Mane Stream with Lily’s Halflingers! What a great event!

We had so much fun at Red Tail Farm last night for their 2nd annual Evening of Freestyles to benefit Mane Stream. Paige Zimmerman and Lillian Mikulski rode the dynamic halfinger duo of Emadora HOF and Wiz Kidd DTA in their Lion King Pas de Duex. They not only tied for first with a 78% but were able to raise over $1200 for Mane Stream (the 2nd highest amount)!

Huge thank you to everyone that came out or watched on the livestream for your support! It honestly means so much. Congratulations to all of the other exhibititors! It was so great to see everyone’s creativity and just relax and have fun. We honestly need more of this in dressage. Thank you to Red Tail Farm for hosting such an awesome event for such a great cause. We will definitely be back next year!

08/28/2024

Ok y’all we have to discuss diet! This is going to be a long post albeit an important one. At the end of the day I am an advocate for the horse. So I will try to help them be happy and comfortable to the best of my ability. But I also try to walk a fine line between between “bossy know it all Hoof Care provider” and said advocate lol. Diet is extremely important! For horses to grow strong healthy feet they need movement, a good diet, and quality hoof care in that order of importance. So a good diet makes up at least 1/3 of that recipe for helping a horse have the best hooves possible. They say for humans abs are made in the kitchen. Well for horses hooves are made in the feed room lol.

Here are some things I have discovered through continuing education, personal research, and personal experimentation. I read recently the only short cuts to entrepreneurial success is to learn from other people’s failures and choose not to repeat them. So basically do what they succeeded with last instead of what they failed with first. I have failed a lot over the years so please take advantage of my experiences, take that short cut and jump ahead!

Throw stones at me now because I used to feed SafeChoice, sweet feed, calf manna, and even red cell 😱. But at the time before the age of the Internet and Google, I did what my friends and mentors recommended. I trusted their opinions and followed them. As a byproduct I ended up with a horse that needed 4 corrective steel shoes, was a hard keeper, and was so crazy I could barely handle or ride her. That horse was really the one that began my horsemanship journey. I failed her in almost every way possible. So from then on I started researching and learning a better way to do things. I researched training, hoof care, and all things related to diet. And now I feel the need to share some of the things I have learned.

First of all some great resources about how to safely feed your horse are the ECIR Group, Dr. Kellons Nutrition courses, the safergrass.org website, the Facebook group Hoof Care and Rehabilitation, the Facebook group Equine Nutrition. Loads of mind blowing information in all of those sources that will help you learn to understand what horses should eat, how they properly process those feeds, their daily dietary requirements, and what ingredients safely fulfill those needs.

The next few items of discussion may or may not be specific to where I live and trim in Northwest Arkansas. When in doubt research the things I have shared in this post:

In general we have high iron and manganese in this area. Both minerals compete for absorption with copper and zinc. Copper and zinc are minerals that are needed in high quantities for horses to grow healthy hooves. Throw out those red mineral blocks and Himalayan salt lick’s. Both are high in iron and will do more harm than good to your horses bodies and hooves.

Salt blocks need to be replaced with loose salt or used in addition to them. Any type of mineral or salt block was originally created for cattle because they have rough tongues and can usually lick enough off of a block to meet their daily dietary requirements. Horses have smooth tongues and cannot. When it’s hot and they are sweating all day they may need to consume up to 4-6 tablespoons of salt a day! There is no way they can get that much salt off of a block. So either add some loose salt to their feed or provide free access to it in their shelter or stall.

Commercial horse feeds were originally created to find a way to package and sell by-product ingredients that would normally just be thrown away. Instead they decided to package it as horse feed and make some money off of it. Since horses are not a species that are raised for human consumption in the US this industry is not heavily regulated. While things have improved over the years most commercial feeds are still sub par and some are just plain harmful. There are very few labeling regulations in place and many companies still find their way around those regulations. Do you know how protein is measured in horse feeds? They take a sample of the feed, burn it, then measure the amount of nitrogen in that sample. So when a feed label says 16% protein that doesn’t mean anything more than when they measured it contained 16% nitrogen. It does not mean that the feed contains a quality protein source that is an absorbable form for horses. It does not mean that the protein contains the 3 limiting amino acids, lysine, methionine, and threonine which are essential in the right ratios to build strong healthy hooves.

Horses have a very interesting and different digestive tract. They can’t throw up because the don’t have reverse peristaltic contractions. They are an herbivore with a digestive tract designed halfway between an omnivore like pigs and a ruminator like cows with the design flaws of both lol. If they eat something harmful they can not throw it up. It must pass all the way through their digestive tract before exiting their body. Since forage goes into their true stomach first they are more susceptible to stomach upset and ulcers. Their stomach is very small therefore they are designed to be constant grazers. If a horse goes longer than 4 hours without consuming forage they may start to have gut issues. They ferment their food at the very end of their digestive tract in the large intestine. Cows, sheep and goats do this first. Actually the micro biome in the hind gut is what breaks down the cellulose in forage into a form that is absorbable for the horse. If the microbes in that biome are killed off by inflammatory feeds the horses no longer has the ability to process forage properly greatly reducing the calories and nutrients they should get from their hay.

Forage should always be a horses 1st and main source of calories and nutrients with supplements a very far off 2nd. The majority of horses can actually live happy healthy lives on just quality forage and salt!

Like most commercial feeds sold at feed stores, Safe choice is not safe. They were all tested by the ECIR group and starch and sugar were on average around 20%. Horses without metabolic issues should consume feeds that are no higher than 15%. Metabolic horses no higher than 10%.

Sweet feed is absolute crap for horses. I don’t know of a more PC way to say it. It is highly inflammatory and contains very little nutritional value. It would be comparable to us eating cake and candy all day.

The only commercial complete feed I feel I can safely recommend for most horses is Triple Crown lite. Not the complete or the senior feed. The lite tested around 10% for starch and sugar and has an ok mineral profile.

A much better option is to order a quality vitamin/mineral supplement. The ones I am personally using and currently recommend for our area are KIS Trace low selenium or Vermont Blend no selenium. I recommend soaked timothy pellets as a carrier for the vitamins and minerals. In the winter I recommending adding 2,000 I U’s of natural vitamin E as well. I am not a nutritionist, I’m just sharing information about products I have seen improve my personal horses and my clients horses hooves.

The best vitamin/mineral supplement to feed your horses is one created by a nutritionist that is balanced to the hay you feed. You can test your forage through a company called equianalytical. I know this is not a feasible option for many horse owners but it’s still the best option regardless.

The safest forage with the healthiest nutrition profile in our area is usually Bermuda hay. In some cases, it may contain too much starch and sugar for horses with metabolic issues and will need to be soaked before feeding. The only way to know the starch and sugar content of the hay is to have it tested.

Prairie grass hay is also usually a safe healthy option.

I don’t know anything about brome hay yet.

Mixed grass hay is one of the least reliable types of hay for horses. If it contains large amounts of Rye grass or fescue it can easily become a dangerous recipe for laminitis.

Alfalfa is trickier. Some horses can do fine when a percentage of their diet consists of Alfalfa. On paper this hay looks relatively safe, but when it is further digested in the large intestine the microbes can convert it into much higher levels of starch and sugar. This can make it very unsafe for metabolic horses. But some horses, especially those in heavy work can do just fine on it. Also if Alfalfa does make up a significant percentage of a horses diet the offset ca:p ratio needs to be considered and balanced. Over time it can also be the underlying cause of enterolithes - gastro-intestinal stones that if large enough can be life threatening.

Old hay is not good hay. It will not help your horse lose weight. It just deprives them of nutrients they need to fulfill their daily dietary requirements. Over time the nutrients in hay degrade. Most hay over a year old is sub par And over supplementing to compensate for poor quality hay is not good for the overall health of your horse.

Managing horses that live on pasture can be tricky. Hoof care professional and mentor Ida Hammer says that when it comes to hooves nothing happens all of a sudden except for trauma. 90% of horses with laminitis are caused by metabolic issues, mechanical founder (supporting limb) and toxemia induced founder are much rarer comprising a mere 10% of laminitis cases. Metabolic horses usually start showing small signs of inflammation mostly in the spring and fall. Small signs of inflammation can include prominent growth rings on the hoof wall, bruising, stretched and discolored lamina, sore hooves on hard ground, and abscesses. If you horse is showing any of those physical symptoms they may need to have their grazing pasture time limited or removed all together. If limited horses should be turned out early morning and put up in a dry lot in the afternoon. The longer the sun is on the grass the more sugar it makes. The Sugar in the grass is at its highest levels right before the Sun goes down. So the worst time to turn out a horse that has suspected or known metabolic issues is at night.

Once again I am not an equine nutritionist. I am an avid learner and an advocate for the horse. I notice patterns. One pattern that I notice is the horses on better Nutrition have much better hooves. Laminitis is diet related, white line is diet related, abscesses are diet related, thrush is diet related, scratches/mud fever is diet related. Diet is very important!

Thanks for reading my book and happy horsing peeps 🤟.

(Photo shows new growth coming in on a clients horse after dietary changes were made.)

Very interesting perspective
07/24/2024

Very interesting perspective

So, when Charlotte (Dujardin) was in London 2012 Olympics with Valegro, she got my attention. Because Valegro was the first competitive dressage horse I personally saw in recent memory, in recent records, compete and win without an abundance of overtly obvious calming signals and signs of stress. Valegro did show stress, lots and lots of it. But in an environment to his left and right, horses showed stressx100000, and he showed stressx100, he appeared relaxed by comparison. Not relaxed according to what I prefer and try to practice. Putting myself in the shoes of an other, I saw an exception in Charlotte then. I do not see an exception in her now.

So she got my attention.

In subsequent years, when Valegro (Blueberry) retired and I saw her riding of other horses, it became clear to me that Valegro might have been an exceptional animal and an anomaly, and then digging a little deeper into personal research, I tried to find quotes from Charlotte herself talking about her champion horse.

A person always tells you exactly who they are, if we believe them.

I heard a rumor, that Charlotte described Valegro as "Hard Mouthed". I am not sure if that is true. Because much of their press is glossy and idolised. Like this article, still on the FEI website, attributing Charlotte and Valegro to inspiring a whole new generation of dressage riders. https://www.fei.org/stories/sport/dressage/5-things-learn-charlotte-dujardin-valegro

So if a Gold Medallist is describing her champion horse as Hard Mouthed, what does this mean for the training process that horse went through when nobody was watching? I guessed, wildly speculated for myself, that Valegro might be a horse who tolerated more pressure, than perhaps other horses would. Perhaps a horse who was predisposed to working under an enormous amount of compression, without feeling emotionally off-kilter about it. And was therefore able to demonstrate high level competitive riding with her, without an abundance of signs of stress (not no stress at all, just drastically less than is typically seen in those contexts). And actually win. Valegro actually looked... sort of happy... with her. By comparison to the horses around them.

But in subsequent years watching her ride Pumpkin and others, I personally did not like what I saw. I saw too much of the modern, Continental Euro-Dressage culture in the horses body. I felt quietly she needed to listen more to Carl Hester, and less to the Continental Hyper-Mobile style that is so rewarded now across the board.

So in recent years I waned my interest in Charlotte, after initially feeling pleasantly surprised at how much I found an affiliate image in her public body of work that I felt I could... maybe, just maybe, enjoy watching and supporting.

Charlotte is currently under-going the effects of Cancel Culture. Cancel Culture is something I would like to cancel. Let us not throw the baby out with the bath water. Here is a competitor who demonstrated at the Olympics that once in a blue moon, 1 horse in a million could compete -and win-with a drastically minimised output of overt signs of stress. Charlotte showed that to us. She also popularised and brought into fashion the era of helmets in competitive riding. Before that, it was all tuxedo's and top hats. And now helmets are popular and normalised at upper levels. She was the first to really popularise that. She, together with Carl, also used her enormous platform to advocate for the ample turn out of their horses. They even hack their top horses on country roads. At a time when some competitors horses never saw light of day, or had a chance to roll in a field, or play with their buddies, this person was returning from world championships, and instead of posting a photo of her ribbons and trophies, would post of video of turning the champion horse out in a field with their buddies.

And then we see a video of her abusing a horse with a whip. In my opinion, the video is egregious. Her actions in the video are horrific. They appear well practiced. They appear to be perfunctory, like she had done them before. There is NO EXCUSE for what she did. It is bonafide abuse.

But there are explanations why. And understanding WHY is crucial for us right now if we are to avoid the pitfall before us. The pitfall of making camps on the left and right, while we hurl abuse at each other. Let us have enough self restraint to pump the breaks on our outrage, and understand why. We must, if we are to use this moment as a crucial turning point in the development of horse welfare.

I have made mistakes with horses. So have you, yes you. I have done things with horses out of frustration. So have you. Nobody is immune to that. All of us have sinned. But I have never whipped a horse like was shown in the surfaced video. I have never done that. To the laughter of those filming? Sickening. And the inaction of the rider. And the entitlement of Charlotte.

And yet, I do not agree that now is the time to cancel Charlotte.

It would not occur to me to blame the victim. The timing is perhaps suspect to speculation. But perhaps the timing has nothing to do with it. I know what it is like to wait years, 10 years in fact, to blow the whistle on my abusers. I have abusers who I am still waiting for the right time to blow my whistle on them. Now is not the time. I waited for a time when the groundswell of support was such that I could blow the whistle and not stand alone. Perhaps Charlottes whistle blower waited until they had enough support around them, so they COULD be brave. I do not know. But we must not make this about the whistleblower that is the lowest hanging fruit here today.

Let us make this about WHY the top competitor in our industry, so completely failed. Why we cannot sanction almost any competitive riding in 2024 through an ethics lens? And why we need to stop cancelling peoples mistakes, and instead learn from them. So we never-ever- repeat them.

Two things can be true at the same time.

Someone can be abusing horses. And in the same breathe, make great choices for them. It is the human-problem. We have a heavy, clever, abstract brain that needs another 50 millions years of evolution to refine this new bio-computer and de-bug some of its glitches. The human brains most common glitch in my opinion, is the glitch of incongruence. Say one thing. Do one thing. Next minute contradict that entirely. It is almost like somebody left the paddock gate open in the human psyche and all the horses got out. Running chaos across the road. It is the reason why we so wholly engage in acts of abuse, torture, murder and systematic annihilation of others. Just like cancel culture is the annihilation of others we abhor, the same way abusive horse training is the annihilation of the horses well-being in real time. Be careful, outraged or not we may be, be careful to track the threads of aggression and hostility through our bodies, lest we make hypocrites of ourselves.

To use hostility and aggression and lack of listening to others and lack of compassion of others to cancel another, is the same human trait of lack of listening, hostility, aggression and lack of compassion shown to the horse in Charlotte's scandal. To weaponise the same weapons of the person we cancel... is by definition incongruent. The best way to no longer sanction the sort of abuse Charlotte engaged in, is to eliminate those same urgings from ourselves... wherever they show up. Yes- even when directed at Charlotte.

The human brains most common glitch in my opinion, is the glitch of incongruence. Our brains have not fully re-connected recent complex brain developments into our body, our ancient wisdoms, our empathy and our kindness.

I mean, we can. But it takes a Herculean effort to do so. In order to live a congruent life, one must be actively anti-social to the mainstream. Because mainstream living requires incongruence to fit in, survive and be successful.

Charlotte, like tens of thousands of top equine professionals, is part of this problem. Stuck in a system where she must force performance, force compliance, by any egregious means necessary, so that she can maintain her safety, her success, her image and her acceptance. Imagine being an Olympic Gold Medallist, training someone elses "lesser" horse, and the horse is not doing it the way your Valegro did it for you. Imagine doing that in front of an audience.

"I saw Charlotte at a clinic and actually, she couldn't get the results. It must be Valegro, not her"

Such nasty phrases are common place and directed everyday to all trainers, everywhere. Trainers are under enormous pressures to prove not only competency, but competency RIGHT NOW, and the means necessary are not important. This is a dynamic I work hard everyday to counter. It is so hard to do.

If we cancel Charlotte now we risk the following
1. Not learning from this. WHY did the TOP COMPETITOR in that industry still fail at horse ethics 101. If she is failing, we all are.
2. We risk covering up the positive impact she did make towards helmet culture, turn out culture and showcasing, 12 years ago, a relaxed horse. Even if he was one in a million. She still showcased that.
3. We lose an opportunity to understand the popular culture of training and how we need to double our efforts to reform it.

We actually need new parameters of competency. New parameters of success. We don't need to cancel Charlotte. She will get what is coming for her.

Cancel Culture in my opinion is the epitome of a diversion tactic. It is also hostile, and aggressive. And eye for an eye and we are all blind. Someone grappling with their own conscience in what they did or are currently doing to horses, can redirect their internal turmoil onto another and heap their own self loathing onto a scapegoat. They get an adrenal hit out of it. They feel better about themselves. The Germans call it "Schadenfreude" direct translation is Crappyfriend, or happiness at the misfortune of others. It is a toxic trait in my opinion to cancel an other.

We cannot talk a storyline of holding space for misbehaving horses, for troubled horses, if we cannot hold space for misbehaving and troubled people.

I see someone like Charlotte whipping a horse the way she did and I want to throw up, but I also acknowledge how troubled she must be. Troubled and damaged, before, during and after the abuse. not an excuse, I hold no sympathy for her. But damn, how damaged must someone be, to do what she did. How damaged must someone be to believe they can cancel another. Deny their existence, like a death. The same way horses are denied their existence.

Be careful, outraged or not, to track aggression patterns through our bodies and stop them in their tracks.

I have been saying for months:
"S**t is going to hit the fan this Olympics. We need to be ready to catch the people who are abandoning ship"

Olympics hasn't even started yet, and here we are. S**t-fan-ship.

07/18/2024

Yep!

07/16/2024

Right exercise, wrong time?

Over the years of teaching, I’ve noticed a frequent problem for amateurs: teachers who are good or even excellent at what they do, who are unsure of how or unable to break down the basics to someone who doesn’t have a solid grasp.

I knew this all along, but it wasn’t until I took up attempting to learn guitar that it hit me- those teaching me were very gifted. I didn’t know how to even hold the guitar let alone play a lick, and the teachers I had were trying to show me how to play songs right away. What I needed was to learn all the very basic basics of music and making chords and all that sort of thing. But I realized too that I know so many people who can play songs on the guitar, but don’t understand music theory or really how the instrument actually works.

It’s a teachers responsibility to break things down for the student. All their skill and ability means very little to a student if it can’t be passed on - of course the student has to take the initiative to learn, but the teachers responsibility is to fill in the gaps- to teach to the needs and level of the student, and make no assumptions.

I made my courses in this very attempt: to fill in essential skill sets to allow people to progress better and more solidly. Lateral work is all well and good, but if you can’t hold your whip tactfully, if you can’t walk with some fluidity; if you can’t use your aids logically and rhythmically, then it’s all “playing licks” without music theory- in other words, the songs are a bunch of individual pieces in isolation without any connection, you’re making sounds but not really playing music.

As a teacher, I am dedicated to teaching the skill sets needed by the student, not the ones that make me look cool or make the student feel good- I’m committed to showing realistic photos of horses in work so that people learn to get used to seeing basics building- and will continue to set the tone for what education looks like : messy, continual and not always butterflies, rainbows and piaffe - sometimes (and most often ) it’s practicing scales , managing your tools better and learning how to breathe while moving.

06/24/2024

To replace a good horse!
The best horses are built over years of hauling, hard work, tough times, good times, bad times, big spooks, little spooks, their mistakes, our mistakes and continual love and care.

No, your breaker can not turn your young prospect into your old faithful in 30, 60, 90, or even 365 days. It takes years.

I’m plagued with the problem of trying to impress on people how long it truly takes to build that dream partner. There’s not a smooth paved path. Your green horse will embarrass you, frustrate you, and maybe even hurt you. For some of you, buying a $20,000-$30,000 horse is going to be worth it and SAVE you money. Even that more finished horse will take a year or more to sync up with.

Cheap rate for horse training is $1,000 a month.
1 year of training: $12,000
2 years of training: $24,000

Many of you won’t believe this but your dream horse is on the other side of two years of training. In reality, it’s likely around two years of training and two years of seasoning (hauling them to town). Will that horse still make mistakes? Yes, they all make mistakes until the day they die. But that horses mistakes probably won’t put you in serious danger and that horse will probably pack your grandkids around.

If you’re trying to decide between a $3,500 prospect or a $15,000 proven horse. My advice is to do an internal inventory and figure out what you want. Buying that prospect is like the first roll on the Jumanji board. You’re entered up, get ready for a journey of ups and downs (possibly quite literally!) If you’re buying that finished horse decide what you really want, get ready for a lot of shopping and painfully overpriced sh💩tters. Take a friend or a trainer on this journey with you and try to double your budget (that’s right, 30k). Be smart and buy something OVER 8 years old. Don’t buy that pretty 5 year old they only want 20k for. He isn’t old enough to be proven for you. Lots of horse traders are trying to flip horses, anything under 8 is likely twice as green as he looks in the video. Maturity, both mental and physical will be key when looking for a safe horse.

If you want a project and a challenge I’m not hating, that’s what I want in a horse too, so I buy young ones. If you need a safe one, bring lots of money and quit thinking you need a 6 year old. You probably don’t have what it takes to mentally support that 6 year old through new situations.

The biggest reason I bring this up is because as folks retire their old faithful they are so far removed from when that horse was green and did dumb stuff. They forgot how tough those two years were back when he was 4-6. They only remember the amazing horse he was when he matured. The 3 year old they just bought is YEARS from filling that horses shoes when it comes to training level and safety level. I see people hate on trainers because the trainer couldn’t make their young horse, “finished” in 90 days. It’s honestly the biggest reason I like taking colts for 30 or 60 days. The expectation is shockingly lower than when I take one for 90 days. It’s weird what people expect from a 90 day start. Most people should commit to sending their young horse out for a full year. Two years would be even better.

Green horses do green horse things, don’t blame others for the challenge you bought yourself. Accept the challenge or pay the price for one further along. No matter which path you choose with horses, it’s going to cost you.

(I didn’t write this one I’m not sure who did, however every word of it rings true)

Edit, author Craig Moore

05/31/2024
05/19/2024

"The precise amount of the rein contact is determined by a variety of factors, not only by the rider’s hand, as some people erroneously seem to think. If the rider wants to recycle the energy of the horse’s hind legs in order to establish a circle of aids, he is forced to accept the weight which the horse puts into his hands, regardless how light or heavy the rein contact is.
The specific amount is determined, among other things, by how much thrust the hind legs develop, and how much they carry at the same time. If the hindquarters push more than they carry, the horse will lean heavily onto the hand. If the hindquarters carry more than they push, the horse sucks back and the rein contact becomes too light.
Closely related to the rein contact is the balance. A balanced horse, i.e. a horse that moves in self carriage, can also be light in hand. By contrast, a horse that is on the forehand will either lean heavily onto the bit, or it will curl up or invert.
A horse that is crooked will take too much contact on one rein and too little on the other. A horse with a high croup and straight hind legs will also tend to take a heavier rein contact.
A horse with a low set, short, thick neck and fleshy poll will also tend to take a heavier rein contact.
Horses with a long, slender, high set neck, on the other hand, will always tend tob e too light in hand and show a tendency to curl up.
The rider’s seat plays a role as well. If the rider tips forward, without sufficient engagement of his core muscles, he pushes the horse’s shoulders into the ground, and the horse onto his hand. However, if he sits up straight and engages his core muscles sufficiently, this will in itself often be enough to make the horse light(er) in hand.
If the rider drives too much by pushing forward with his pelvis, this will also push the horse heavily onto the bit.
If the tempo is too fast or too slow, the horse cannot find ist balance, which will also have repercussions for the rein contact.
A horse that is nervous for some reason will often take too much rein contact as well.
Many riders are concerned with the rein contact being too heavy. But there is also such a thing as not enough rein contact. When the rider can no longer feel the horse’s hind legs in his hands, because the horse is no longer seeking the communication through the rein, then the rein contact is too light. The conversation, the energy circuit, and the circle of aids have ceased.
A rein contact that is a little too heavy is still better than a non-existent rein contact, because in the first case, you can still have a conversation with the horse, whereas in the second case the horse has discontinued the talks."
(Thomas Ritter)

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