Veterinary Parasitology

12/16/2023

Four Eyed Anblep

11/28/2023

If anyone needs help regarding research, comment

11/28/2023

11/25/2023

Hello everyone let's have a discussion on parasites and Parasitology.

10/08/2022

In this short communications article, authors describe a small, simplified version of the Baermann apparatus that can be used as a secondary cleaning device, when a secondary cleaning is necessary. Read the full article here: https://bit.ly/3rk9pFU

06/15/2022

☆Boophilus
▪︎Hard tick
▪︎One host and are also called Blue ticks
▪︎Vector for babesia spp and Anaplasma Marginale
▪︎Important spp are
B.Microplus (common cattle tick)
B.Annulatus
B.Decoloratus

06/10/2022

☆Rhiphicephalus
Hard tick
Inornate,
●R.Appendiculatus (brown ear tick) >three host tick
Transmit Theleria and babesia and virus of Nairobi sheep disease
●R.Evertsi >two host tick
Also called red legged tick
●R. Sanguinas brown ear tick found in dogs also called as brown dog or kennel tick , >transmit babesia canis and Ehrilichia canis ,can also cause tick paralysis in dogs.

06/07/2022

Hyalomma (bont legged tick)

Hard tick
Two Host
Responisible for tick toxicosis.
Toxins produced by the tick causes sweating sickiness in ruminants and pigs.

06/04/2022

Toxoplasma Oocyst
The name "Toxoplasma" is derived from a Greek word referring to a crescent shape (bow-shaped).
Toxoplasma Oocyst contains 2 sporocyst each with 4 sporozoites.

12/31/2021

Happy New Year To All Of You.

12/05/2021

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12/05/2021

11/06/2021

08/27/2021

BLACKLEG (Blackquarter)
DEFINITION

Blackleg is an acute fatal disease of young cattle characterised by the development of swelling in the upper muscle masses of one or more limbs.

AETIOLOGY

Blackleg is caused by Clostridium chaevuoei.

PREVALENCE

This disease commonly occurs in Britain and throughout the world. It most frequently affects animals aged 6-24 months. The disease has a sporadic occurrence and in enzootic areas it may fail to occur for several years even when vaccination has been neglected.

EPIDEMIOLOGY

The condition is world wide in its distribution but tends to appear in definite areas, some of which may be localised to particular fields. The incidence in Britain can be quite high in certain areas where vaccination is not carried out. The disease most commonly occurs on permanent pastures during the summer and autumn months. It does not always require contaminated pasture and the disease can occur in housed animals. In areas where the disease has not been known to exist soil disturbances such as soil excavation or drainage can suddenly initiate outbreaks, probably by turning up, or by creating the conditions necessary for activation of latent spores.

The peak age incidence would appear to be 6-24 months, but younger animals or adults can be affected. Where Blackleg occurs in adult animals it is usually in areas of high incidence. The animals affected are frequently those in good condition and on a high plane of nutrition.

In untreated and unvaccinated groups of animals the mortality during an outbreak can be 10-25%.

CLINICAL SIGNS

At the beginning of an outbreak animals, frequently in good condition, may be found dead or severely ill with obvious subcutaneous swellings.

Affected animals are severely depressed and completely anorexic. Hot, painful swellings develop rapidly on the hindquarters, shoulders and neck, with the result that the animal becomes acutely lame. These swellings quickly become cold and painless. Later the overlying skin develops a parchment-like texture and on palpation, emphysema and crepitations can often be heard or felt. Frequently these lesions develop in the upper muscle masses of one limb only, but more than one limb may be affected. These signs are accompanied by a marked fever, an increased hearrt rate, and an increased respiratory rate. There is also a complete cessation of rumination.

Untreated, the disease is of short duration lasting only 12-36 hours and death usually occurs in less than 48 hours. Terminally the animal may collapse and exhibit muscle tremors or even convulsions. At this stage the temperature is likely to be subnormal. Treated animals which recover are often permanently lame and are culled because they are uneconomic.

PATHOGENESIS

Infection occurs by ingestion of the spores from contaminated pasture. Spores are absorbed passively through the gut wail and accumulate in the tissues where they remain dormant. Germination of resting spores occurs when the oxygen level of the tissues falls - as a result of injections, bruising, or, in fat animals, after heavy exertion resulting in muscle breakdown. The bacteria produce proteolytic enzymes and ferment carbohydrates to produce gas and acetic and butyric acids which give the lesions its characteristic appearance. Death results from the effects of bacterial toxins on the heart.

DIAGNOSIS

The clinical signs are sufficiently characteristic to allow an accurate clinical diagnosis, but can be confirmed by laboratory diagnosis.

03/25/2021

Snail

12/24/2020

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12/21/2020

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11/29/2020

Contagious Aglactica
First recognized in Italy more than 200 years ago, contagious agalactia is primarily a disease of dairy sheep and goats
●Characterizatin:
Interstitial mastitis leading to a loss of milk production,
Arthritis, and
Infectious keratoconjunctivitis.
●Etiology
Caused by the wall-less bacterium Mycoplasma agalactiae, but M mycoides capri andM capricolum ,M putrefaciens can also cause the disease.
●Clinical Findings
The incubation period ranges from 1 wk to 2 months.
Fever,
Hot,Swollen and painful udder.
Sudden drop in quality or quantity of milk production
Milk shows colour changes with granules
Abscesses within the udder and enlargement of the retromammary lymph nodes may also be seen.
In some cases, atrophy and fibrosis lead to permanent loss of milk production.
Acute case may lead to abortion and weak lambs.
Arthritis can be seen in adults and the young. In these animals, the joints are hot, swollen, and painful.
Conjunctivitis presents as a discharge of clear exudates from the eyes, followed by corneal opacity, keratitis, purulent exudation, and occasionally ulceration and panophthalmitis. Severe cases may result in irreversible blindness.

10/26/2020

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10/16/2020

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10/05/2020

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10/04/2020

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10/03/2020

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09/19/2020

09/18/2020

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09/18/2020

Different incisions

09/15/2020

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