11/12/2025
TREAT TRAINING. I've heard this term several times in recent years, and it always makes me pause and wonder what exactly is meant by this phrase.
It also makes me wonder what might be going on in the mind of the person using the term.
Rather than going down that dark and deep rabbit hole, I'm going to make an attempt to explain basic animal training and how we get an animal, such as a dog, to do what we are trying to teach them to do.
There are different ways to approach this, and generally we use small bits of food, aka "treats," to reinforce desired behavior. To reinforce literally means to strengthen. In the context of learning and training, it means to do something, e.g., give food, to increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
Speaking in the most general terms, behavior that is reinforced will be repeated. Behavior that is not reinforced will not be repeated.
Food is what we call a primary reinforcer, meaning, it meets a biological need and does not need to be associated with anything else to be reinforcing.
Food has another advantage in animal training, and that is that it can be delivered in discrete amounts. This allows us to maximize the reinforcement rate, which facilitates learning. It also allows us to easily calculate success rates, which is important in properly increasing the criteria for performance.
The way we use food is important. It takes understanding and skill. Where, when, and how the food treat is delivered all factor into effective training.
Trainers in the best practice camp talk about first getting a behavior, then naming it. To *get* a behavior, we can use several different approaches or a combination of approaches.
Lure-reward training involves holding a small piece of food in front of the dog's nose to *lure* him into position. For example, to teach a dog to sit, you would hold a treat in front of the dog's nose, and slowly move the food back and over the dog's head. As the nose goes up, the rear end goes down. When the dog sits, the treat is delivered to the dog's mouth to reinforce the behavior of sitting.
Shaping is another way of *getting* a behavior. If you want to teach your dog to go to a bed and lie down on it, you would first reinforce him for looking at the bed, then for walking toward it, then for putting a paw on it, then 2 paws, then 4, and so on until the dog is lying on the bed. At that point, you would give him a "jackpot," which is one treat after another in rapid fire.
"Clicker training" is a type of positive reinforcement that involves use of a marker signal made by a small, hand-held clicking device. The marker signal is used during training to communicate to the dog at an exact point in time, exactly what he did to earn the treat that follows. This makes it easier for the dog to learn what to do again to earn reinforcement, and it is also helpful for developing precise and complex behaviors.
Although we begin training with food, we don't continue to give a dog a food treat every time he sits - or at least we shouldn't! At some point, we add in and rely more on secondary reinforcers, such as praise, petting, play, etc.
Also, once the dog has learned any given behavior and we have put it on cue, we don't need the clicker to communicate with the dog about that behavior.
So, there is no such thing as "treat training." Can dogs learn without food. Well, sure! But if you want to train your dog to perform with precision and reliability, food is advisable, as well as a marker signal.
Cindy Ludwig, M.A., B.S., R.N., KPA-CTP, CPDT-KA
Owner, Canine Connection LLC
Willard Missouri