14/08/2024
Biomechanics, Common Injuries, and Prevention of Injury in Western Pleasure Horses by Dr Baney
The Western Pleasure horse should be free flowing, balanced, willing, and give the appearance of being a pleasure to ride. Western Pleasure horses should carry their neck level, or just above level, in relation to the withers. They have a strong, compact stride. The walk is a flat footed, relaxed, four-beat gait. The jog is a two-beat gait where diagonal legs move and hit the ground at the same time. It should be a slightly up and down motion, but without excessive head and neck movement. At the jog, the Western Pleasure horse should keep a “flat knee” (very little to no carpal flexion). To do this, the horse must engage the hind limbs by driving the hind leg directly under the abdomen, using the hindquarters and loin to elevate the shoulders and front end. The lope is a three-beat gait in which the horse carries most of its weight with the hindlimbs and back. The horse’s back should be round and the head/neck steady. Horses that lope with a “flat knee” are given maximum credit by the judge. Western Pleasure horses may also be asked to perform an extended jog where the horse moves at an increased length of stride and speed.
Common Injuries:
Injuries in Western Pleasure horses are like those of other disciplines; however, lameness localized to the foot are approximately 40%. Hock osteoarthritis, suspensory ligament disorders and stifle issues are common. Back pain and muscle disorders can also be observed.
The most common lameness issues that are localized to the foot are heel pain, deep digital flexor tendon tears, and collateral ligament injuries of the coffin joint. Podotrochlosis (navicular disease) is inflammation of the podotrochlear anatomy of the foot (navicular bone, coffin bone, deep digital flexor tendon within the foot, navicular bursa, as well as other small ligaments). Navicular disease can be genetic, conformational (small, narrow, upright feet; significant downhill build), poor hoof care, and repetitive stress/concussion.
Arthritis/osteoarthritis of the hock joints is common in Western Pleasure horses due to conformation (straight hocks) and repetitive stress (a slow gait where the majority of the horse’s weight is carried on the hind limbs). Other common places of osteoarthritis are the pastern (forelimbs and hindlimbs), coffin and stifle joints. Osteochondrosis (OCD lesions), a developmental orthopedic disease, is not uncommon in young Quarter Horses. The joints of Western Pleasure horses most affected by developmental orthopedic disease are the hocks and stifles.
Injuries to the origin of the suspensory ligament can occur due to repetitive stress of training and conformation. Deep digital flexor tendon tears are another common cause of lameness and are often involved with navicular disease.
Back/sacroiliac pain secondary to hock, coffin, or pastern joint osteoarthritis is another common cause of discomfort and sometimes lameness. Riders lacking in balance and experience can also contribute to back pain. Another common cause is poor saddle fit. There are several hereditary muscle disorders in the American Quarter Horse (PSSM type I, Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis (HYPP), Malignant Hyperthermia (MH), Myosin-Heavy Chain Myopathy (MYHM), Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia (HERDA), and Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency (GBED).
Prevention of Injury:
The phrase “no hoof, no horse” comes to mind when thinking about prevention of injury, seeing as how problems within the foot make up 40% of lameness in Western Pleasure horses. Keeping a good relationship with your farrier is of the upmost importance. Horses should be kept on a regular trimming/shoeing cycle. Inappropriate hoof angles and overgrown toes can predispose horses to soft tissue injuries.
Adequate overall fitness, appropriate warm-up and cool downs are important ways to prevent injury. With that being said, overworking horses (especially with excessive lunging on small circles), and too much repetitive stress can do the exact opposite and increase risk of injury. Diversified training can be very useful to prevent musculoskeletal injuries as well as maintaining good mental health.
Having an excellent relationship with your primary veterinarian and sports medicine veterinarian can help provide early diagnosis and treatment of injury. Intramuscular joint supplements and orthobiologics for intra-articular injection may help reduce the wear and tear on joints. There are several options for joint treatment on the market that promote joint health and keep these athletes performing at top levels.
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