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The Enriched Equine Enrichment is a great way to improve the life of your horse through novelty! I can help you decide what is right for your horse and your situation.

Did you know that enrichment is a great way to build resilience in spooky, flighty horses? It’s become so normalized to ...
11/02/2024

Did you know that enrichment is a great way to build resilience in spooky, flighty horses? It’s become so normalized to jerk our horses’ heads away from people, other animals, grass, and other incidental things they want to explore. But this exploration and curiosity is exactly how they become less afraid of the world around them. When we give our horses this chance to interact woth their environment we give them the resilience and confidence that makes them happier and healthier in the long run!

Thanks Bri McDonnell for sharing….
10/02/2024

Thanks Bri McDonnell for sharing….

Summer is a great time to try herb gardens for your horses! Here is a small, contained herb garden that, when the plants...
16/07/2023

Summer is a great time to try herb gardens for your horses! Here is a small, contained herb garden that, when the plants are fully grown, I will have Bird come visit. The seeds I planted for this first garden are chicory, lemon balm, fenugreek (most horses LOVE this), fennel and sweet clover. Sweet clover gets a bad rap, but in smaller quantities it is fine for horses to consume. The problems happen when it sits and gets moldy- that’s the toxic bit.

More excellence from Enriching Equines!
18/03/2023

More excellence from Enriching Equines!

Great idea for getting the feel of grazing with almost any type of food!
11/03/2023

Great idea for getting the feel of grazing with almost any type of food!

03/03/2023

Providing more forage to horses reduces the time spent engaged in abnormal oral behaviors such as excessive licking and sham chewing.

11/02/2023

Device gives scientists rare glimpse of what’s going on inside an animal’s head

The movement thing….we cannot take for granted how much being stabled in the traditional way negatively impacts horses.
11/02/2023

The movement thing….we cannot take for granted how much being stabled in the traditional way negatively impacts horses.

On the Rebound

🐎There’s a specific class of behaviours that causes horse owners no end of worry and trouble, but they’re not always recognised for what they are. They’re called “rebound behaviours” (or sometimes, ‘post inhibitory rebound”. Horses, like us and many other animal species, have drives related to things that are essential for life. These drives are very strong urges, and while animals can temporarily suppress them, the need to perform them then starts to build up pressure like water behind a dam. I’m going talk about the ones that most often affect how well we can care for and handle our horses, ponies, donkeys and mules.
Firstly and most commonly experienced, movement rebound behaviours. Even humans are designed to move a specific amount, and if for any reason we’re not able to move, the need to do so becomes very strong. Imagine a school full of children in classes - when they hear the bell that tells them it’s break time, they’ll spill out of the school into the playground and find various ways to move around until the need to move that’s been building up all through the time they’ve been sitting still concentrating is satisfied.
🐎Horses are animals who have evolved to move almost constantly. There is a specific part of the brain that is dedicated to movement, and that brain pathway also deals with some aspects of what animals find rewarding. In many cases, rewards are obtained through movement, and movement is satisfying and rewarding both in its own right and in terms of what it can help the animal gain.
Situations where movement rebound may become an issue include having a horse on box or stall rest, but also where a horse is stabled for long hours during winter months or when weather conditions mean a horse living out doesn’t move around so much. Going back to the idea of water held behind a dam: if the water constantly escapes at a given rate, the pressure stays at a constant level. Even a tiny trickle of water helps relieve the pressure against the dam. However if the water builds up due to a blockage, once it escapes the torrent of water can sweep everything before it. A horse who’s been unable to move normally is unlikely to walk slowly and calmly out of their stable. Lack of ability to move causes frustration, and the horse will often explode into motion. When the opportunity to fulfil a frustrated drive happens, the behaviour that follows will be more intense than the way the horse expresses that behaviour under normal circumstances.
🐎Eating is another behaviour that’s subject to post inhibitory rebound. Horses are trickle feeders : their digestive system means they should forage almost constantly - through the day and night, through the four seasons - for low value food. Horses are able to thrive in places like Mongolia where they have to work hard to find forage in some seasons. They are a species well suited to challenging environments.
🐎In contrast, we provide them with copious amounts of forage and find they become fat: so we find ways to restrict their access to forage. The desire to seek out food and eat is strong, and if it’s frustrated, rebound eating can cause us all kinds of issues. As soon as the horse has the opportunity to graze or eat following restriction, they will eat continuously without pause for a much longer period than normal. Ponies in “starvation paddocks” are motivated to escape to find more food, and they can eat huge quantities of grass in a short time. Horses who have been wearing grazing muzzles will eat for longer periods of time and consume much more in a given time period once the muzzle is removed.
🐎There’s a whole range of social behaviours that horses appear to have a strong need to perform. Horses who have been housed singly will show a rebound of intense play behaviour once allowed the opportunity. This can pose a problem for owners who see kicks and bites: because the behaviour is more intense following deprivation, the horses don’t hold back the way they do when these behaviours are part of their day to day life. There’s also evidence of rebound in social grooming behaviour. These behaviours are often not taken into account in equid management. Individual turnout paddocks have become very popular and owners don’t realise that social contact is not a nice add on: it’s something that can result in a frustrated need, leading to less relaxed horses.
🐎Sleep behaviour is also subject to rebound. Horses whose sleep is interrupted for any reason, including travel or a move to a new home, may show rebound sleep once they eventually feel safe enough to lie flat. In the meantime, owners often miss why their horse is off form, not realising that the horse is sleep deprived and that ability to attend and learn is affected by lack of sleep.
🐎Finally, horses, like all animals, have a strong desire to reproduce. Although this does still affect geldings to a small extent, it is often a noticeable issue in mares who don’t have the opportunity to find a mate. We deliberately inhibit a mare’s chance to find a stallion, so with every season she experiences, the urge to mate becomes stronger. Horse, pony and donkey owners are often surprised when a mare comes into season when a new gelding moves in. What they don’t realise is that the mare sees a new male horse: she has no way of knowing that while he may have a liking for the company of mares, he may have no desire to mate. These seasons are often - like other rebound behaviours - very intense and they may affect the mare’s exercise programme and how easy she is to handle.
🐎What’s the best way to deal with rebound behaviour? Try to prevent it! Find ways to allow the water in the dam to flow. Find ways to allow the horse on box rest limited movement. Find ways to allow food restricted horses to forage for short periods. Find ways to allow socially deprived horses to have small amounts of social contact. For the most part, though, the important thing is to understand the way our chosen management impacts on the horse, pony, donkey or mule in terms of their NEED to perform specific behaviours. Good management allows the expression of natural behaviours, and this is enshrined in the Five Domains model of animal welfare.

Have you observed any rebound behaviours in your horses, donkeys, mules and ponies? I can think of a few that I haven’t mentioned!

Bertone, J. J. (2015). 10 Sleep and Sleep Disorders in Horses. Equine neurology, p.125..

Ladewig, J., Søndergaard, E., & Malmkvist, J. (2002). Effects of individual versus group stabling on social behaviour in domestic stallions. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 75(3), 233-248.

Davis, K. M., Iwaniuk, M. E., Dennis, R. L., Harris, P. A., & Burk, A. O. (2020). Effects of grazing muzzles on behavior and physiological stress of individually housed grazing miniature horses. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 231, 105067.

Freire, R., Buckley, P., & Cooper, J. J. (2009). Effects of different forms of exercise on post inhibitory rebound and unwanted behaviour in stabled horses. Equine Veterinary Journal, 41(5), 487-492.

Mellor, D. J., & Burns, M. (2020). Using the Five Domains Model to develop welfare assessment guidelines for Thoroughbred horses in New Zealand. New Zealand veterinary journal, 68(3), 150-156.

16/01/2023

Horsey sized puzzle feeder :)

More evidence of the importance of letting horses live together. Thank you Justine!
08/01/2023

More evidence of the importance of letting horses live together. Thank you Justine!

INDIVIDUAL STABLING FOUND TO ALTER IMMUNE RESPONSE

A recent study has found that horses moved from group housing to individual stabling showed changes in their white blood cell counts and plasma cortisol levels. These changes could mean they are at a higher risk of infectious disease.

Equine scientist Sonja Schmucker and her colleagues at the University of Hohenheim in Germany studied 12 warmblood geldings aged 2-3 years old during several management changes, monitoring their behaviour and immune response.

The horses used were all living in a group, turned out at pasture. For the first part of the study the group was then split into two, each kept in a separate paddock so that the horses in one group could not see the others. After a trial period of eight days all the horses were returned to their original group, living together. They were then were left out at pasture for eight weeks.

For the second part of the study the horses were all moved into individual stables, where they could see and touch their neighbours through bars. During the first week of being stabled, the horses were given 30 minutes of turnout in an indoor area. From the second week onwards, the horses were lunged.

Throughout the study the research team collected blood samples from the horses to analyse their immune cell numbers and cortisol concentrations.

The results showed that moving the horses to individual stabling led to acute stress-induced immune changes. However, dividing the larger group into two smaller groups at pasture did not.

“The number of eosinophils, monocytes and T cells declined, whereas the number of neutrophils increased resulting in an increased N:L ratio. This pattern of change resembles the well-known picture of an immunomodulation induced by acute social stress.”

The plasma cortisol concentrations didn’t change after dividing the group into the two smaller groups at pasture, but there was an increase in cortisol concentrations one day after stabling which then returned to the previous levels eight days later. However, the researchers said “Although cortisol concentrations returned to baseline level after 8 days, the alterations in most immune cell numbers persisted, pointing to a longer-lasting effect on the immune system of the horses."

The team also found, unsurprisingly, that some of the horses started to perform stereotypical behaviours as soon as one week after stabling.

The team reported that the results “strongly indicate that social isolation is a chronic stressor with negative impact on welfare and health of horses and highlight the advantage of group housing systems in view of immunocompetence."

The researchers concluded that “relocation to individual stabling represented an intense stressor for the horses of the present study, leading to acute and lasting alterations in blood counts of various leukocyte types. In contrast, fission of the stable group did not result in behavioural, endocrine or immunological stress responses by the horses."

This sudden change from group turnout to individual stabling with training being introduced is a very common scenario for horses being started for the first time. Again this study gives us yet more evidence that stabling horses individually is stressful and detrimental to their physical and psychological wellbeing. The majority of the horses I see are stabled for the bulk of the day. I do wonder how much evidence is needed before horse owners and professionals act on this information and change their management to increase turnout and group living...

The research is free to access and is a very interesting read: Schmucker S, Preisler V, Marr I, Krüger K, Stefanski V (2022) Single housing but not changes in group composition causes stress-related immunomodulations in horses. PLoS ONE 17(8): e0272445.

It’s really time horse owners let go of the idea that horses must be stabled.
07/01/2023

It’s really time horse owners let go of the idea that horses must be stabled.

Why are we so afraid of movement?

Why are we terrified of horses running, playing, bucking, interacting with other horses etc.

I’ve seen it at almost every barn I’ve ever been to.
Owners afraid their horses are going to hurt themselves.
Limited turnout.
Horses wrapped up like fragile pieces of glass.
The look of fear on an owners face when their horse is acting wild in the field.

What they don’t understand is this mentality is a double edged sword- and here’s why:

The body adapts to natural stressors that it’s exposed to. Meaning, the more the horse is allowed to run and move freely- the stronger and more durable the hooves, joints, tendons, ligaments and muscles become.
From a physiological standpoint, the simple act of allowing the horse freedom and an adequate amount of TIME in turnout (especially with other horses) is an excellent way to strengthen and prevent injury.

The horse was not meant to live a sedentary life. Their bodies were designed to traverse varied terrain for several miles every day.
So even if your horse is getting worked daily- let’s be generous and say an hour of work plus a few hours of turnout to include mostly standing and grazing. This is STILL not enough to put the necessary stressors on the body to help strengthen it.

Additionally, studies show that horses who are allowed 12+ hours of turnout daily have 25% LESS incidence of soft tissue injury.

Takeaway- Movement is good for the horse. It’s not something we should be afraid of. Providing the right lifestyle for the horse is what allows them to flourish.

Author: AB Equine Therapy

Some good ideas in this article (and in a mainstream publication, no less!).
02/01/2023

Some good ideas in this article (and in a mainstream publication, no less!).

Horse owners are opening their minds, some even their stall doors, leaving behind traditional single-horse stabling in favor of more natural options such as group housing and track paddocks.

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