Horsemen's Laboratory

05/09/2024

Check out this article on the 10 Commandments of Equine Parasite Control that Dr Reinemeyer and Dr Nielsen (top parasitologists) came up with.

Dr. Craig R. Reinemeyer and Dr. Martin Nielsen have come up with the 10 Commandments of Equine Parasite Control. Many of these “commandments” seem counter to what I learned when I was in Veterinary School so long ago. However, since the problem of worm resistance has remained a concern a new app...

28/08/2024

Horsemen’s Laboratory is currently experiencing a power outage. We are sorry for any inconvenience this may cause and hopefully we will be up and running again soon. Please email us with any questions as we do have access to email.

27/08/2024

Recognizing and Treating Equine Eye Injuries 👁🐴

Equine eye injuries are a common and serious concern for horse owners and veterinarians. These injuries can range from minor scratches to severe trauma, and if left untreated, can lead to vision loss or even the loss of the eye itself. Prompt recognition and appropriate treatment are crucial for the well-being of the horse.

One of the most common eye injuries in horses is the corneal ulcer. These can be caused by a variety of factors, including rubbing against objects, exposure to dust or debris, and even simple wear and tear on the delicate corneal tissue. Corneal ulcers can quickly become infected, leading to further damage and potentially even perforation of the eye. Veterinarians often use fluorescein dye to assess the extent and depth of the ulcer, and may prescribe topical antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, and even surgical intervention in severe cases.

Blunt trauma to the eye can also be a significant concern, as it can lead to damage to the surrounding structures, such as the orbit, sinuses, and nerves. This type of injury can result in bleeding, swelling, and even retinal detachment, which can cause permanent vision loss. Eyelid tears can occur when the eyelid becomes caught on a sharp object, such as a nail or hook on a bucket. If left untreated, these tears can heal improperly, leading to ongoing irritation and the development of corneal ulcers. Veterinarians may need to surgically repair the eyelid to ensure proper healing and prevent further complications.

In addition to these more common injuries, horses can also suffer from other eye-related conditions, such as glaucoma and uveitis. Glaucoma, which is characterized by increased pressure within the eye, can lead to vision loss if not properly managed. Uveitis, or inflammation of the uvea (the middle layer of the eye), can also cause significant discomfort and vision problems.

Regardless of the specific type of eye injury or condition, prompt veterinary attention is crucial. Owners should be vigilant in monitoring their horses' eyes for any signs of trouble, such as squinting, tearing, or sensitivity to light. At the first sign of an issue, the horse should be examined by a veterinarian, who can provide appropriate treatment and monitoring to ensure the best possible outcome.

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25/08/2024

Phenylbutazone, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly prescribed in horses, can affect the ability of a mare’s egg cells (“oocytes”) to become viable embryos. This is a crucial step in assisted reproduction in horses:

Horses and their parasites

Bute can affect the ability of a mare’s eggs to mature correctly and become viable embryos, according to reproduction studies at Texas A&M.

20/08/2024

🐴Equine Skin Conditions: Diagnosis and Management Strategies:

Understanding the various skin conditions, appropriate diagnostic techniques, and evidence-based treatment strategies is crucial for solving potentially harmful cases.

One of the most common skin conditions in horses is dermatophytosis, or ringworm. This fungal infection can manifest as crusting lesions with hair loss and circular patterns on the body. Ringworm is often seen in stressed or immunocompromised horses and can be caused by different species of fungi, including Microsporum canis, which is more commonly found in cats, and Trichophyton equinum, the equine-specific species. Proper diagnosis through fungal culture is essential, as it can help determine the specific causative agent and guide appropriate treatment. Topical therapies, such as miconazole or ketoconazole, are often preferred over systemic medications, as they can be more effective and have fewer side effects.

Another significant skin condition in horses is Staphylococcus aureus infection, which can present as warm, painful skin with focal crusts, often in the pastern region. Of particular concern is the emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in horses, which can be challenging to treat and may require culture-guided antibiotic therapy. Proper hygiene and disinfection of the environment are crucial in managing MRSA infections, as they can be zoonotic and potentially transmitted from human handlers to horses.

Insect bite hypersensitivity, or allergic reactions to insect bites, is a major cause of skin issues in horses. Certain fly species can induce an allergic response in susceptible horses, leading to itchiness, hair loss, and secondary skin infections. While immunotherapy has had limited success in treating this condition, the use of steroids, antihistamines, and anti-inflammatory medications, along with efforts to reduce insect populations in the horse's environment, can provide relief.

The clinical consensus guidelines on equine allergic skin diseases, published by a team led by Dr. Rosanna Marsella, a veterinary dermatologist at the University of Florida, highlight the need for more evidence-based research in this field. The guidelines acknowledge the significant gaps in our understanding of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and optimal management of these conditions, emphasizing the reliance on practice-based approaches rather than controlled studies. This underscores the importance of continued research and collaboration among veterinary professionals to improve the care and well-being of horses affected by skin diseases.

By staying informed on the latest developments in equine dermatology and collaborating with veterinary experts, horse owners and practitioners can work together to provide the best possible care.

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18/08/2024

Throughout history, horses have been featured in art. From cave paintings to bronze statues, artists have depicted horses in many art forms.

11/08/2024

Learn how to control this rapidly progressive infection within the subcutaneous skin layer.

10/08/2024

How to manage equine infectious diseases?🦟Vaccination and Biosecurity Measures tips:

Equine infectious diseases pose significant challenges to the health and welfare of horses worldwide. These diseases can lead to severe health issues, economic losses, and disruptions in equine-related activities. Effective management of these diseases is crucial to ensure the well-being of horse populations and the sustainability of equine industries. Vaccination and biosecurity measures are two fundamental strategies employed to combat the spread and impact of infectious diseases in horses.

--Equine herpesvirus (EHV) outbreaks have been reported at several horse shows and events across the United States in recent months, leading to quarantines and disruptions.
--The American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP) has emphasized the importance of core and risk-based vaccinations to protect horses against diseases like equine influenza and EHV.
--Equine infectious anemia, a deadly viral disease, has been detected in several states, prompting calls for stricter testing and movement requirements.
--Strangles, a highly contagious bacterial infection, continues to be a concern for horse owners, with outbreaks reported across the country.
--The Equine Disease Communication Center (EDCC) provides real-time alerts and information about disease outbreaks to help horse owners and event organizers take proactive measures.
--Veterinary experts recommend that horse owners implement a 2-week quarantine for new horses introduced to their barn, but compliance with this recommendation is often low.

Vaccination serves as a primary preventive measure against equine infectious diseases. It involves the administration of vaccines to stimulate the horse's immune system to recognize and combat specific pathogens. Vaccines have been developed for a range of equine diseases, including equine influenza, equine herpesvirus, and West Nile virus. The development and use of vaccines are guided by scientific research and epidemiological data, ensuring their efficacy and safety. For instance, the equine influenza vaccine has been instrumental in controlling outbreaks of this highly contagious respiratory disease. By reducing the severity and spread of the virus, vaccination programs have helped maintain the health of equine populations and minimize economic losses in the equine industry.

Biosecurity measures complement vaccination efforts by reducing the risk of disease introduction and transmission. These measures encompass various practices aimed at minimizing the exposure of horses to infectious agents. Key biosecurity practices include quarantine protocols for new or returning horses, proper sanitation of facilities and equipment, and the control of vectors such as insects and rodents. Implementing biosecurity measures requires an understanding of disease transmission pathways and the specific risks associated with different equine environments. For example, during an outbreak of equine herpesvirus, strict quarantine and movement restrictions can effectively limit the spread of the virus within and between equine facilities. The 2007 equine influenza outbreak in Australia illustrates the importance of biosecurity measures, as the rapid implementation of these practices, including movement restrictions and vaccination campaigns, was crucial in containing the outbreak and preventing further spread of the virus.

The integration of vaccination and biosecurity measures is essential for effective disease management. Vaccination alone may not provide complete protection, as vaccine efficacy can vary based on factors such as the horse's age, health status, and exposure to the pathogen. Therefore, combining vaccination with robust biosecurity practices enhances the overall resilience of equine populations to infectious diseases. This integrated approach is particularly important in high-risk environments, such as equine breeding farms and competition venues, where the potential for disease transmission is heightened. The implementation of vaccination and biosecurity measures requires collaboration and coordination among various stakeholders, including horse owners, veterinarians, industry organizations, and regulatory authorities. Ongoing efforts to enhance these practices will be crucial in addressing emerging disease threats and ensuring the long-term sustainability of equine populations.

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07/08/2024

"(...)the objectives of an effective electronic identification of equids are accurate and unique identification for traceability purposes; for regulatory purposes, such as international and interstate movement; for sale, competition, race and exhibition purposes; and for the provision of a safe and efficient health monitoring system by use of temperature-sensing microchips."

The organization supports implantation of ISO-compliant radiofrequency identification devices (RFID) and standardization in procedures.

05/08/2024

Preventing and Managing Equine Arthritis:

Equine arthritis is a significant health issue that affects horses of various breeds, ages, and disciplines. This progressive joint disease, characterized by the deterioration of cartilage, can severely impact a horse's mobility, performance, and overall quality of life. Managing and preventing equine arthritis involves several evidence-based strategies, including proper nutrition, regular exercise, appropriate medical treatments, and environmental adjustments. Understanding the causes and risks is key to helping horses live better lives.

Maintaining a healthy weight for horses is an important way to prevent equine arthritis. Extra weight can stress a horse's joints, speeding up the breakdown of cartilage. A balanced diet that meets nutritional needs without causing obesity is crucial. Adding omega-3 fatty acids from sources like flaxseed or fish oil can help reduce joint inflammation. Ensuring horses receive enough vitamins and minerals, particularly vitamin E and selenium, supports joint health. Regularly monitoring a horse's body condition and adjusting their diet as needed can help prevent arthritis.

Regular light exercise is also vital for preventing and managing arthritis. Exercise keeps joints flexible and muscles strong, reducing the risk of injuries that can lead to arthritis. The type and intensity of exercise matter too. Low-impact activities, like swimming or walking on soft surfaces, can be beneficial without putting too much strain on the joints. For performance horses, a well-designed conditioning program with proper warm-up and cool-down periods can help protect their joints.

When arthritis does develop, medical treatments can help manage the condition. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like phenylbutazone and firocoxib are commonly used to relieve pain and inflammation. Intra-articular injections of corticosteroids or hyaluronic acid can also help by reducing inflammation and improving joint lubrication. Additionally, disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOADs) like polysulfated glycosaminoglycans can slow the progression of arthritis by promoting cartilage repair. Regular veterinary check-ups and personalized treatment plans are crucial for effective management.

Environmental care plays a role in preventing and managing arthritis as well. Providing horses with ample turnout time in well-maintained pastures allows for natural movement and reduces joint stiffness. Ensuring safe and even footing in arenas and paddocks helps prevent joint injuries. Deep or uneven surfaces can increase the risk of joint strain. Additionally, providing comfortable shelter and bedding can minimize joint impact, especially for horses that spend a lot of time in stalls.

As always, early detection and intervention are key to managing equine arthritis effectively. Regular veterinary check-ups, including lameness evaluations and diagnostic imaging, can identify early signs of arthritis before they become severe. Radiographs or ultrasound can reveal joint issues that might not be noticeable through a physical exam alone. Early intervention with appropriate treatments and management strategies can slow the progression of arthritis and improve the horse's quality of life.

By focusing on proper nutrition, regular exercise, medical treatments, and environmental care, equine caretakers can help horses avoid or manage arthritis. Understanding the risk factors and early signs of arthritis is crucial for taking proactive steps. By working closely with veterinarians and making thoughtful adjustments to horses' care routines, caretakers can support their long-term health and well-being.
🐴🐎

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Why Diligence and Experience Count in Equine F***l Worm Egg Testing By Nikki Alvin-Smith If you’ve made the smart decision to take control of your horses’ health and manage their worm control program based on actual evidence rather than blind administration of treatments, then you are probably a...

02/08/2024

Does your horse devour his meals? Slowing your speedy eater at mealtime can help prevent issues such as choke and wasted feed.

28/07/2024

🐴The Equine Locomotor System: Lameness Causes and Treatments

The equine locomotor system is an intricate network of bones, joints, muscles, tendons, and ligaments that work together to enable horses to move with incredible agility and endurance. However, this complex system can be prone to a range of injuries and conditions that can cause lameness, a common problem that affects horses of all ages and breeds. As horse owners and caregivers, it's essential to have a solid understanding of the equine locomotor system and the various causes of lameness to provide the best possible care for our horses.

When it comes to lameness, it's crucial to recognize that every horse is different, and what works for one horse may not work for another. That's why it's essential to work closely with a veterinarian to determine the underlying cause of lameness and develop an effective treatment plan. For example, a study published in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association found that horses with navicular syndrome, a common cause of lameness, had significant changes in their musculoskeletal and nervous systems.

Trauma, infection, degenerative diseases, and congenital conditions are all potential causes of lameness in horses. Trauma can result from accidents, falls, or overuse, and can cause a range of injuries, including fractures, sprains, and strains. Infection can result from bacterial, viral, or fungal pathogens, and can cause significant lameness and swelling in the affected joint. Degenerative diseases, such as osteoarthritis, can also cause lameness, as can congenital conditions, such as club foot.

Diagnosing lameness in horses can be challenging, but there are several steps you can take to help your veterinarian make an accurate diagnosis. For example, keeping a detailed record of your horse's behavior, appetite, and exercise routine can provide valuable insights into the underlying cause of lameness. Additionally, working with your veterinarian to develop a comprehensive diagnostic plan, including physical examination, radiography, ultrasonography, and scintigraphy, can help identify potential causes of lameness.

Treating lameness in horses depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, lameness can be treated with rest, rehabilitation, and medication, while in other cases, surgery may be necessary. For example, a study published in the Journal of Equine Veterinary Science found that horses with severe lameness caused by navicular syndrome responded well to surgical treatment, including navicular suspensory desmotomy. Additionally, alternative therapies, such as acupuncture and chiropractic care, can be used to help manage pain and promote healing.

Some practical tips for horse owners and caregivers include:

• Providing regular exercise and turnout to help maintain joint health and mobility
• Monitoring your horse's behavior and appetite for signs of lameness or discomfort

Why Diligence and Experience Count in Equine F***l Worm Egg Testing By Nikki Alvin-Smith If you’ve made the smart decision to take control of your horses’ health and manage their worm control program based on actual evidence rather than blind administration of treatments, then you are probably a...

28/07/2024

Grazing muzzles can promote equine weight loss, but it is important to introduce them correctly so horses know how to use them and don’t become stressed:

Grazing muzzles can promote equine weight loss, but it is important to introduce them correctly so horses know how to use them.

28/07/2024

How Can Horse Owners Manage Equine Respiratory Conditions? 🐎

As horse owners, we're all too familiar with the worry and concern that comes with respiratory issues in our equine friends. Understanding the various respiratory conditions that can affect horses is crucial for providing the best possible care and management.

Recurrent Airway Obstruction (RAO), previously known as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), is a chronic condition that affects the lower airways of horses. It's often triggered by environmental factors such as dust, mold, and pollen. Symptoms include coughing, nasal discharge, and labored breathing. So, what can we do to help our horses? Minimizing exposure to allergens is key. This can be achieved by ensuring proper ventilation in stables, using dust-free bedding, and soaking hay to reduce dust particles. Regular veterinary check-ups are essential to monitor the condition and adjust treatment plans as necessary.

Inflammatory Airway Disease (IAD) is another prevalent respiratory condition that affects horses, particularly those involved in competitive sports. IAD is characterized by inflammation of the lower airways, leading to coughing, nasal discharge, and decreased performance. Unlike RAO, IAD can affect horses of all ages and is often exacerbated by strenuous exercise. To manage IAD, we can reduce exposure to respiratory irritants, provide adequate rest, and implement a balanced diet to support the immune system. In some cases, veterinarians may prescribe anti-inflammatory medications or bronchodilators to alleviate symptoms and improve respiratory function.

Equine Influenza is a highly contagious viral infection that affects the upper respiratory tract of horses. It spreads rapidly through direct contact with infected animals or contaminated surfaces. Symptoms include fever, coughing, nasal discharge, and lethargy. Vaccination is the most effective method of prevention, and it's recommended that horses receive regular booster shots to maintain immunity. In the event of an outbreak, quarantine measures should be implemented to prevent the spread of the virus. Supportive care, such as providing a clean and comfortable environment, ensuring adequate hydration, and administering antiviral medications as prescribed by a veterinarian, can help manage the condition and promote recovery.

Environmental management plays a crucial role in preventing and controlling equine respiratory conditions. Ensuring good air quality in stables is paramount. This can be achieved by maintaining proper ventilation, regularly cleaning and disinfecting stalls, and using low-dust bedding materials. Additionally, feeding practices should be adjusted to minimize dust exposure. For example, feeding hay from the ground or using hay nets can reduce the amount of dust inhaled by the horse. Providing access to pasture or turnout areas can also help reduce the risk of respiratory issues by allowing horses to spend time in a natural, dust-free environment.

Regular veterinary care is essential for the early detection and management of respiratory conditions in horses. Routine health checks, including respiratory examinations and diagnostic tests, can help identify potential issues before they become severe. Veterinarians can also provide guidance on vaccination schedules, parasite control, and nutritional management to support respiratory health. In cases where respiratory conditions are diagnosed, veterinarians can develop tailored treatment plans that may include medications, environmental modifications, and supportive therapies.

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23/07/2024

🐴🐎Considerations for Successful Foal Care:

The arrival of a newborn foal is a significant event for horse owners, marking the culmination of months of anticipation and preparation. As the foal takes its first steps, it is essential for owners to provide the necessary care and attention to ensure a healthy and thriving start to life. This care begins immediately after birth, with the initial hours and days being crucial in laying the foundation for the foal's future development. Research has shown that proper care and nutrition in the first few weeks of life have a significant impact on the foal's overall health and mortality rate. Some notable findings include:

• A study conducted by the Equine Journal found that foals that received proper care and nutrition in the first few weeks of life had a significantly lower mortality rate and improved overall health compared to those that did not receive adequate care.
• The American Association of Equine Practitioners reports that foals that receive proper care and attention in the first few hours after birth have a lower incidence of complications and health issues.

The first few hours after birth are critical, and owners should be prepared to provide assistance if necessary. The mare should be allowed to bond with the foal, and the foal should be able to nurse within the first hour of birth. It is essential to monitor the foal's behavior and overall health, looking for signs of distress or abnormal behavior, such as difficulty breathing, lethargy, or failure to nurse. The American Association of Equine Practitioners recommends that owners have a veterinarian present during foaling to ensure that any complications are addressed promptly and effectively. In the event of a complicated birth, the veterinarian can provide critical care and assistance to both the mare and the foal.

As the foal grows and develops, nutrition plays a vital role in its overall health and well-being. The mare's milk provides the foal with essential nutrients, and owners should ensure that the mare is receiving a balanced diet that meets her nutritional needs. Research has highlighted the importance of nutrition in foal development, including:

• A study published in the Journal of Equine Veterinary Science found that mares that received a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids produced milk with higher levels of these essential fatty acids, which are critical for the foal's brain and eye development.
• The Equine Nutrition and Management Society recommends that mares receive a diet that includes high-quality hay, grains, and supplements to ensure adequate nutrition for the foal.

Proper vaccination and deworming protocols are also essential in caring for a newborn foal. The American Association of Equine Practitioners recommends that foals receive their first vaccinations at six months of age, with boosters administered at regular intervals to ensure adequate protection against diseases such as tetanus, influenza, and rhinopneumonitis. Regular deworming is also critical, as internal parasites can cause significant harm to the foal's digestive system and overall health. Some notable findings on vaccination and deworming include:

• A study conducted by the University of Kentucky found that foals that received regular deworming treatments had a significantly lower incidence of internal parasites and improved overall health compared to those that did not receive regular treatments.
• The American Association of Equine Practitioners reports that foals that receive regular vaccinations have a lower incidence of disease and improved overall health compared to those that do not receive regular vaccinations.

As the foal grows and develops, regular veterinary care is essential in monitoring its overall health and addressing any potential issues. Regular check-ups with a veterinarian can help identify any potential problems early on, allowing for prompt treatment and preventing more severe issues from developing. The veterinarian can also provide guidance on nutrition, vaccination, and deworming protocols, as well as offer advice on hoof care and other essential aspects of foal care. Research has shown that regular veterinary care has a significant impact on foal health, including:

• A study published in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association found that foals that received regular veterinary care had a significantly lower mortality rate and improved overall health compared to those that did not receive regular care.

In conclusion, caring for a newborn foal requires attention to detail, a commitment to providing proper care and nutrition, and regular veterinary care. By following established protocols for nutrition, vaccination, and deworming, and by working closely with a veterinarian, owners can help ensure a healthy and thriving start to life for their foal. With proper care and attention, the foal can grow and develop into a strong and healthy horse, capable of reaching its full potential. 🐴🐎

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22/07/2024

🐎🏥What Are the Common Issues and Solutions for Equine Dental Problems?

Equine dental health is a critical aspect of overall horse care that demands attention and expertise. Horses, like humans, are susceptible to a variety of dental problems that can significantly impact their well-being, performance, and quality of life. Understanding the common dental issues that horses face and the appropriate solutions to address them is essential for horse owners, trainers, and veterinarians.

One of the most prevalent dental issues in horses is the development of sharp enamel points on the edges of their teeth. These points can cause significant discomfort, leading to problems such as difficulty chewing, weight loss, and behavioral changes. Regular dental examinations and floating, a process where a veterinarian or equine dentist files down these sharp points, are crucial in preventing and managing this issue. Floating should be performed at least once a year, although some horses may require more frequent attention depending on their age, diet, and dental conformation.

Another common problem is the presence of dental hooks and ramps, which are abnormal growths on the front or back of the molars. These can interfere with the horse's ability to chew properly and can cause pain and damage to the soft tissues of the mouth. Addressing hooks and ramps involves careful examination and precise dental work to remove these growths and restore normal occlusion. This procedure should be carried out by a qualified professional to avoid complications and ensure the horse's comfort.

Periodontal disease is a serious condition that affects the gums and supporting structures of the teeth. It is often caused by the accumulation of food particles and bacteria in the spaces between the teeth, leading to inflammation, infection, and eventually tooth loss if left untreated. Preventive measures include maintaining good oral hygiene through regular dental check-ups and cleanings, as well as providing a diet that promotes natural chewing and saliva production. In cases where periodontal disease has already developed, treatment may involve deep cleaning, antibiotics, and in severe cases, extraction of the affected teeth.

Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH) is a relatively newly recognized condition that primarily affects older horses. It involves the resorption of the tooth roots and excessive production of cementum, leading to loose, painful teeth. The exact cause of EOTRH is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to chronic inflammation and immune system dysfunction. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of clinical examination and radiographs. Treatment options are limited and often involve the extraction of the affected teeth to relieve pain and prevent further complications.

Dental fractures are another issue that can arise from trauma or excessive wear. Fractured teeth can cause significant pain and may lead to infection if not promptly addressed. Treatment depends on the severity and location of the fracture and may range from smoothing sharp edges to extraction of the damaged tooth. Preventive measures include providing a safe environment to minimize the risk of trauma and ensuring that the horse's diet does not contribute to excessive tooth wear.

Wave mouth, step mouth, and shear mouth are terms used to describe abnormal dental wear patterns that can develop over time. These conditions can result from uneven wear of the teeth due to misalignment, missing teeth, or other dental abnormalities. Addressing these issues requires a comprehensive dental examination and often involves multiple sessions of corrective floating to gradually restore a more normal occlusion. Regular monitoring and maintenance are essential to prevent recurrence and ensure the horse's ability to chew effectively.

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