20/09/2024
These 3 situations can look extremely similar when we see the finished product, but there's a HUGE emotional distinction between them to the being on the receiving end.
Aversives are anything at all that the learner dislikes, finds uncomfortable, concerning, bothersome, annoying, it doesn't even need to be physical, it could just be your approach or body language. ANYTHING the horse works to avoid is an aversive. If the removal of this thing reinforces a behavior, we know the thing removed was aversive to the learner. So if the RELEASE or removal of this thing works to make the horse want to keep doing that behavior in the future (pressure/release) we know that thing is aversive to the horse. That's how negative reinforcement works, apply an aversive stimulus and remove it when the horse does what we want. We often equate this with "pressure" because of the old phrase "pressure and release" because in normal horse training we apply a form of physical or psychological pressure, then when the horse does what we want, we remove it.
Pressure, however, is often, but not always, aversive. Which trips people up alot when we have these conversations. Pressure is just physical pressing, which could be uncomfortable and invasive, or it could feel great! Depending on how it's received. A massage, scratching an itchy spot, or a good rub down, can feel good. Our bum sitting on their back, our hug, the girth, a halter, it's all pressure, but is it aversive? That's interpreted by the horse in front of you.
You can test the aversiveness of pressure by applying it and seeing the horse's reaction. Do they react? Do they do behaviors to try to make it stop? Do they show discomfort or frustration? We can counter condition things that are benign or neutral to be appetitive, but things inherently aversive to the learner, that cause actual pain or discomfort are going to be much harder, if not impossible to counter condition. Those innate aversives can also poison our positive training if mixed in without great care. So avoid true aversive pressure where possible.
If there's a tactile sensation that the horse does NOT find aversive, you've tested it and you're sure, you can use that physical sensation as a cue. Train the behavior with whatever shaping method you prefer, free shaping, capturing, or targets, then once the behavior is happening reliably, put the behavior on whatever cue you find appropriate. Even tactile cues which can look and feel like traditional cues, without carrying the emotional baggage.