10/10/2018
Ceratina. A bee genus so common it is found on every continent except Antarctica, but with many mysteries among the >350 species.
Did you know that some Ceratina species are not solitary?
In some species, the mother bee (foundress) has a small first daughter (the dwarf eldest) who helps raise all the other young to adulthood. The dwarf eldest is called by some the "Cinderella" bee, and she will forage for pollen/nectar, build, clean, and guard the nest, and provision for her sisters/brothers. This is great help for the family.
Dr. Sarah Lawson (Sacred Heart University) talks about her research on Cinderella Ceratina bees here (audio):
http://blogs.oregonstate.edu/pollinationpodcast/2018/08/27/dr-sarah-lawson/
The Native Bee Society highly recommends this podcast series, which has had multiple native bee experts/researchers interviewed. Host Andony Melathopolous (Oregon State University) does a great job bringing in people with expertise on native bees. The Native Bee Society will be highlighting more of these great podcasts, so stay tuned.
Ceratina species are known to have direct parental care: the mother may guard the nest until the young are fully developed and emerge the next year, and she may open the cells and remove parasites. This type of inter-generational contact (mothers meet their children as larvae, pupae, and as adults) between bees is not common across the 20,000 species of bees. Some Ceratina species, as described in the podcast above, go the next step and provide alloparental care (a non-parent provides direct care). Ceratina bees typically become adults before winter, and it has been shown that the mother or Cinderella sister can feed these new adults in the fall (in the nest) to help them survive until Spring.
Ceratina are most commonly called 'small carpenter bees' and they are closely related to the 'large carpenter bees' (Xylocopa spp.). Ceratina nest in the interior of pithy stems/twigs which they excavate while the much larger Xylocopa nest in wood that they excavate. Both Genera exhibit direct inter-generational/alloparental care.
For a great paper on Ceratina, see Alloparental care in a solitary bee by Vern Lewis (Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, 2014)
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/62646434.pdf
Photo: (Ceratina dupla - New York) USGS BIML
www.flickr.com/photos/usgsbiml/ #
Ceratina dupla typically has 2 generations in one year.
Note that some Ceratina species (Ceratina dallatorreana, Ceratina acantha) can reproduce via thelykotous parthenogenesis (female bees are produced without insemination)!