Carnassial tooth fracture – Slab fracture part 1 🦷
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Slab fracture is one of the most common traumatic tooth fracture. The most common causes are chewing on hard items such as bones or really hard chew toy. When the dental pulp is exposed, then it is painful and predispose to bacterial infection. Treatment options at that point are either extraction or endodontic therapy (eg root canal therapy).
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Saline agglutination test (SAT)
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Steps to perform SAT:
1) Prepare a clean slide on the flat surface
2) Put one drop of patient blood onto the slide🩸
3) Put 1-2 drop of saline and mix it together.💧
4) Swirl the slide around😵💫
5) Observe for ‘clumping’ macroscopically and microscopically.🔬
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Facial paralysis
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This patient came in with unilateral conjunctivitis and superficial corneal ulceration. However there’s more to it. This animal can’t blink 👀properly hence the secondary damage to the eye. 👁
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There are 12 cranial nerves and they all have different functions including sensory function, motor function, gland secretion and many more. Facial nerve paralysis is the inability to move the muscles of facial expression (Eg eyelids, lips, ears, nose) 👅👃👂because of dysfunction of the motor component of cranial nerve (CN) VII, the facial nerve.
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An idiopathic form of the disease is the most common cause in dogs (up to 75%) and can also occur in cats (25%). Other potential causes include:
-Extra-cranial causes (eg. otitis media, otitis interna, head trauma, surgery of ear and face)
-Facial nerve (neoplasia, inflammation, metabolic disease, toxin)
-Intra-cranial causes 🧠 (eg inflammation and brainstem neoplasia)
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Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and cranial nerve reflex testing. The diagnosis of idiopathic facial paralysis is made by exclusion. In majority of cases, the condition is unilateral. Some of my favourites cranial nerve reflex testing included menace reflex, palpebral reflex, pupillary light reflex (PLR) and dazzle reflex
Medical tips:
It is important to perform neurological examination. It is easy to do and it only takes an extra 30 seconds
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If you wish to learn more about these cranial nerve reflex, please comment below
[It will be quite technical]
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Splenic mass
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This is an incident finding of a splenic mass on ultrasound scan examination. These patients don’t usually have clinical signs unless the mass is ruptured and causes internal bleeding. Therefore I do recommend abdominal ultrasound to be included into a comprehensive checkup because we get a lot of health information about your pets that can’t be obtained via blood test and x-ray.
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Part 3 Pregnancy – Ultrasound --- Heartbeat 💗
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During a pregnancy ultrasound assessment, we look for foetal heart beat and heart rate.🫀
Foetal heart rate gives us a lot of valuable information.
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Normal foetal heart rates range from 190-220bpm. 💖
When it drops to <190bpm, it indicates foetal distress. 💛
When it drops to <160bpm, it is an emergency and warrants immediate intervention. ❤️🩹
A heart rate <130bpm are associated with poor survival rates if the kitten isn’t delivered within a few hours. 💔️
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-Heartworm – Part 1
-Heartworm – Part 1
This is a drop of blood under the microscope. This patient had heart worm and the arrow is pointing to a heart worm larvae (baby heart worm).
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Heart worm life-cycle:🪱♻️
Heart worm is transmitted by mosquito🦟. When a mosquito bites a heartworm infected dog, it ingested the larvae. The larvae then develops into infective stage within the mosquito and transmits to other dogs/cats during feeding. The larvae takes about 6-7 months in the tissue and bloodstream to mature, and it ends up becoming an adult worm in the heart of the patient hence the name heartworm. Usually a few heartworms in dogs don’t cause significant clinical signs but when the worm burden increases, the clinical signs become more severe. Clinical signs included exercise intolerance, shortness of breath, cyanosis, fluid buildup in the abdomen or even sudden death.
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-Medical tips-
Heartworm antigen test is testing for heartworm female reproductive tract antigen and can give false positive and negative. I always do microfilaria test to double confirm my diagnosis as it’s very easy to do.
Microfilaria test🩸 - Put a drop of blood on the microscope slide and put a cover slide on top, then look at it under the microscope.
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*Although it is rare, cats can get heartworm disease and they usually present with different clinical signs. I will explain more in depth in future post *😿
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-Heart worm – Part 1
This is a drop of blood under the microscope. This patient had heart worm and the arrow is pointing to a heart worm larvae (baby heart worm).
Heart worm life-cycle:🪱♻️
Heart worm is transmitted by mosquito🦟. When a mosquito bites a heartworm infected dog, it ingested the larvae. The larvae then develops into infective stage within the mosquito and transmits to other dogs/cats during feeding. The larvae takes about 6-7 months in the tissue and bloodstream to mature, and it ends up becoming an adult worm in the heart of the patient hence the name heartworm. Usually a few heartworms in dogs don’t cause significant clinical signs but when the worm burden increases, the clinical signs become more severe. Clinical signs included exercise intolerance, shortness of breath, cyanosis, fluid buildup in the abdomen or even sudden death.
-Medical tips-
Heartworm antigen test is testing for heartworm female reproductive tract antigen and can give false positive and negative. I always do microfilaria test to double confirm my diagnosis as it’s very easy to do.
Microfilaria test🩸 - Put a drop of blood on the microscope slide and put a cover slide on top, then look at it under the microscope.
*Although it is rare, cats can get heartworm disease and they usually present with different clinical signs. I will explain more in depth in future post *😿
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If you are interested in Part 2, please let me know by liking/sharing this post 👨⚕️👍.
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