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Differential diagnosis app in small animal veterinary medicine (available soon)

22/12/2023

Hi vet!
Reverse sneezing is a loud inspiratory sound that occurs without warning, usually secondary to nasopharyngeal irritation.

It can be repeated and last several minutes. The owner might think that the animal is suffocating.

Reverse sneezing is ommon in dogs, less common in cats.

19/12/2023

Hi vet !

Bile acids are a major constituent of bile, they are synthesized in the liver from cholesterol, and are conjugated, predominantly with taurine, before biliary secretion as salts, they aid in digestion and absorption of dietary fat.
Bile acids are stored in the gallbladder and released following feeding. Enterohepatic circulation recycles bile acids released into the portal circulation: only a small amount appearing in the systemic circulation of healthy animals.
Serum bile acids concentration can be abnormal if hepatic function is sub-optimal, if there is a portosystemic shunt or if biliary obstruction occurs. Increases in serum bile acids are not specific for certain disease types.
Serum bile acids are usually evaluated in paired samples: fasting and 2 hours postprandial (bile acid stimulation test). This improves the sensibility of the test.
It must be noted that in cholestasis, fasting serum bile acids (FSBA) concentrations can be high and often do not increase much postprandially, whereas some patients with Portosystemic shunt have normal FSBA and massively abnormal postprandial serum bile acids (PPSBA) concentrations.

Reference interval (varies between authors): fasting bile acids normally < 5 μmol/L; fasting BAs > 15 μmol/L and/or postprandial BAs > 30 μmol/L are abnormal.

Send a dm if you want to try the premium version of our app for free !😎

14/12/2023

Hi vet! Peripheral edema is a common clinical presentation. Do you remenber the ddx ?

21/11/2023

Did you get this one right?

In dogs and cats with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), increased potassium loss in urine is observed, often leading to hypokalemia.

Furthermore, during therapy for DKA the serum potassium concentration decreases because of rehydration (dilution), insulin-mediated cellular uptake of potassium (with glucose), continued urinary losses, and correction of acidemia (translocation of potassium into the intracellular fluid compartment). That's why severe hypokalemia is the most common complication that develops during the initial 24 hours of treatment of DKA.

On the contrary, hypoadrenocorticism, Acute oliguric-anuric kidney disease and urethral obstruction lead to impaired potassium excretion in the urine, potentially creating hyperkalemia.

31/10/2023

Alopecia can be focal or multifocal. Focal alopecia is usually limited to one area or spot on the body. Multifocal implies that more than one area of the body is affected. Multifocal alopecia can be symmetrical (present on both sides and in a similar location) or asymmetrical (not in a uniform pattern and not located in a similar location on both sides).

The causes of alopecia can be quite different between dogs and cats. Below is the differential diagnosis of canine alopecia.

Alopecia may be a primary or secondary lesion.

24/10/2023

Hi vet! Polyuria and polyipsia are common complaints in small animal practice. Do you know all possible causes?

13/10/2023

Did you get this one right?

However ALP should never be considered a sceening test for HAC. There is no correlation between ALP activity and HAC severity, response to therapy, or
prognosis.
Almost all ALP in dogs with HAC is a steroid-induced hepatic isoenzyme (SALP), an isoenzyme response unique to dogs.

Other relatively common laboratory abnormalities observed in dogs with HAC include :
- increased Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity (mild increase)

- increases in cholesterol
and triglyceride concentrations
( >50% of dogs with HAC)

- mild hyperglycemia (usually without glucosuria)

- Low Blood Urea Nitrogen (due to diuresis, 30 to 50% of dogs with HAC)

07/10/2023

Did you get this one right ?

Total T4 (TT4) is considered a highly specific diagnostic test for hyperthyroidism. Its sensitivity is acceptable although not extremely high (approximately 90%): the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism should not be excluded on the basis of one “normal” serum TT4 test result, especially in a cat with appropriate, albeit often mild, clinical signs and a palpable mass in the neck.

A stepwise approach is recommended: serum total T4 concentrations should be assessed first in cats suspected of hyperthyroidism. If values are found within the mid to high end of the reference interval, consideration should be given to measurement of the corresponding free T4 concentration. If it is elevated, hyperthyroidism is confirmed.

03/10/2023

Hi vet !

Neutropenia is generally a result of:
• Overwhelming demand and increased migration from
circulation to tissues
• Decreased survival of cells
• Reduced or ineffective granulopoiesis.

There is also a fourth, less
common, type of neutropenia caused by shift from the circulating to marginating pool due to increased expression
of adhesion molecules on the neutrophil surface (this may be observed in the first minutes to hours of endotoxic or anaphylactic shock)

12/09/2023

Lymphopenia is a common finding, do you know the causes?

08/09/2023

Did you get this one right?

Erythrocytosis (also named polycythemia) is defined as an increase in the circulating red blood cell (RBC) mass and is manifested hematologically as an increase in the packed cell volume (PCV) above the reference interval (37-55% for dogs and 27-46% for cats).

Erythrocytosis may be either relative or absolute. Relative erythrocytosis may occur due to decreased plasma volume or erythrocyte redistribution. Absolute erythrocytosis is caused by an actual increase in the red cell mass and may be primary or secondary.

It must be noted that certain dog breeds, such as greyhounds or poodles, have PCV values above the reference interval; this also occurs in dogs that live at high altitudes.

Erythrocytosis is uncommon in dogs and rare in cats.

06/09/2023

Both polakiuria and stanguria are common signs of lower urinary tract inflammation, infection, and/or obstruction.

These signs might be confused by owners with inappropriate elimination, tenesmus, polyuria or incontinence.

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