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Swagx Vet Clinic Swagx vet clinic is a clinic that diagnose,treat and prevent diseases among animals and humans.
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10/08/2023

Agriculture is a field of unlimited possibilities💚

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25/07/2023
Defective or Abnormal Eggs in PoultryMost “ridged,” “sunburst,” “slab-sided,” soft-shelled, or double-shelled eggs are t...
31/05/2023

Defective or Abnormal Eggs in Poultry

Most “ridged,” “sunburst,” “slab-sided,” soft-shelled, or double-shelled eggs are the result of eggs colliding in the shell gland region of the oviduct when an o**m (yolk) is released too soon after the previous one. Necropsy examinations have demonstrated that two full-sized eggs can be found in the shell gland pouch. As the second egg comes in contact with the first, pressure is exerted, disrupting the pattern of mineralization. The first egg acquires a white band and chalky appearance, while the second egg is flattened on its contiguous surface (ie, slab-sided). Pimpled or rough eggs may have been retained too long in the shell gland. Blood spots result when a follicle vessel along the stigma ruptures as the o**m is being released. Meat spots occur when a piece of follicle membrane or residual albumen from the previous day is incorporated into the developing egg.

Many abnormalities appear to have no specific cause, but the incidence is much higher in hens subjected to stressful management conditions or rough handling (catching or vaccination) during production. A significant increase in the number of soft-shelled eggs is also common as a result of viral diseases such as infectious bronchitis, egg drop syndrome, Newcastle disease, avian pneumovirus, and avian influenza.

Occasionally, small eggs with no yolk form around a nidus of material (residual albumen) in the magnum of the oviduct. Small eggs with reduced albumen and eggs with defective shells may be the result of damage to the epithelium of the magnum or shell gland.

Very rarely, foreign material that enters the oviduct through the va**na (eg, a roundworm) may be incorporated into an egg.

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30/03/2023

`s Disease (JD):
************************

Johne`s disease is a specific chronic contagious enteritis of
cattle,
sheep,
goat,
buffaloes and
occasionally of pigs.

The disease is characterized by progressive emaciation and in cattle and buffaloes by chronic diarrhea and thickening of the intestine.

Transmission under natural conditions the disease spread by ingestion of feed and water contaminated by the faeces of infected animals.
The infection occurs mostly in the early month of life.
The incubation period extends from 12 months to several years.
The animal aged 3 to 6 years mostly suffer from the disease.
Affected animals may not show clinical symptoms continue to discharge organisms in faeces.
The organisms persist in pastures for about 1 year.
The organisms are susceptible to sunlight, drying and high ph of soil; continuous contact of urine with faeces reduces the life of bacteria.
In cattle clinical signs appear mainly during 2-6 years of age.
The infected animals which are apparently healthy, often show clinical signs after parturition.

Treatment the organisms is more resistant to chemotherapeutic agents invitro than mycotuberculosis.
Because of this the practical utility of treatment in clinical cases is poor.

Control the affected animal should be segregated and their faeces properly disposed off.
Alive vaccine has been developed.
It reduces the incidence of clinical disease.
It consists of a non-pathogenic strain of jhone`s bacillus with an adjuvant. The calves soon after birth are inoculated with vaccine subcontaneously. The vaccinated animals become reactors of jhonin.
Vaccination is generally done in heavily infected herds

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Why some poultry farmers fail in their projectsPoultry farming is a science that needs many role players as well as many...
30/03/2023

Why some poultry farmers fail in their projects

Poultry farming is a science that needs many role players as well as many different management procedures, which forms the parts of a successful poultry enterprise. If the role players or management procedures are not correct the poultry farmer is bound to fail.

Due to the increasing demand of chickens and eggs and also quest for self employment, many people are interested in turning their career to the poultry farming with mixed results. Some have succeeded while due to the poor planning, others become failed. They become failed due to their failure to the plan.

Below are some of the major reasons why poultry farming projects fail.

1.Insufficient knowledge (lack of know-how):

Most rush to farming after seeing their neighbors harvests. They don’t take their time to learn about market dynamics and demand and supply curve.

2.Lack of persistence:

Most want instant gratification.They want to be millionaires overnight.They don’t want to face disease challenge or market challenge. All they want is more and more profits. I am sorry to burst your bubble but farming doesn’t work that way.You’ve to toil and sweat. Nothing comes easily.

3.High cost of feeds and poultry equipment:

This has been a pain in the neck. Cost of production has gone over the roof in recent times due to this. I always advise farmers to use creativity and improvise these things e.g buckets in place of drinkers and feeders. Proper feeding management without any wastage is also very important.

4. Insufficient knowledge on marketing:

This is demoralizing at the same time heart breaking.

5.Lack of professionals:

Farmers have to make do with trial and error .Due to this they are left at limbo not able to fight challenges e.g diseases and they really lose a lot.

6.Disease outbreaks:

A very serious problems due to insufficient knowledge on disease managenent.

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SECRETS YOU HAVE TO UNDERSTAND ABOUT FARMING1. Farming is a business. Farming could be a profitable business in AFRICA, ...
28/01/2023

SECRETS YOU HAVE TO UNDERSTAND ABOUT FARMING

1. Farming is a business.

Farming could be a profitable business in AFRICA, if you understand it to be a “business”. The first problem we have about encouraging Africans to embrace farming is that, most people see agriculture as a very dirty thing. How did we arrive at this mindset?
Because our forefathers were subsistence farmer. They were poor and dirty. This has made us to have a wrong conclusion about the whole concept of farming.
The good news is, farming can be a source of wealth for you. There are now many commercial farmers who are wealthy.

2. Farm produce will always be of high demand.

Business world is unstable. A product that rains today may be nothing tomorrow, but farm produce is different. People must continue eating three times each day, and since we only have certain limited numbers of food, we have to eat the same foods week after week.
If you`re like me who like banana and orange, you will not resist banana or orange because you ate them yesterday. People who love water melon, carrot, beans, rice, Orn., potatoes, cassava products, etc. will not say, “I bought this last week, so I won`t buy again”.
Most of us eat fish or meat every day, so meat price will surely keep on increasing. Fish must continue selling. Poultry birds, chicken, turkey, etc. will always have market demand. If you understand this fact, you`ll be encouraged to go into farming business

3. Africa's population is increasing at alarming rate.

What does this has to do with agriculture in Africa? Well, the more population there is in a particular environment, the vibrant the agribusiness will be. So people will not for go eating? People can be poor and not buy clothes. They can be poor and not buy cars. Yet will have to buy food, fish, and meat. This understanding is enough to encourage you to go into agricultural business.

4. Governments are now aware of the importance of agriculture.

Yes, they may not be granting enough loan as expected. They may not be sensitizing youths as expected, but they are reducing the saturation of the market by importers. Believe me, as this trend is going, very soon, you can expect more and more government`s policy to favour agricultural businesses in Africa. The reason is because governments are now seeing that agribusiness is one of the ways by which we can reduce the rate of the unemployment in our country and to do this, we must restrict importation of the likes of chicken, fish, cassava products etc.

5. Most people are yet to discover the great potential in agribusiness.

School has deceived us to believe in “good job” and that deception is so deadly that even when it`s so apparent that good job is no more, our universities are still brainwashing our youths to love job. If you go ahead and start your little farm now, you will grow and become a successful farmer before most people wake up from their ignorance.The most profitable marketing strategy is to get to the market when the competition is little. That time is now.Agriculture
business AFRICA is a gold yet to be mined. Don`t be afraid of starting small.

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HOW TO START CHICKEN FARMING  🐓🐓🐓🐓🐓🐓🐓🐓Chicken farming is one of the most suitable business for those who are passionate ...
27/01/2023

HOW TO START CHICKEN FARMING 🐓🐓🐓🐓🐓🐓🐓🐓

Chicken farming is one of the most suitable business for those who are passionate about animal rearing and comfortable with farm life. It's a higly profitable business if you run it in the most appropriate manner, which provides a conducive environment to the birds.
Before you start this business, you need to do the following;

1. Learn more about the business
This is the most important. You need to learn about keeping chicken. The best way to learn is to follow my day to day posts and also try to investigate why other farmers are making a lot of profits while others are recording tremendous loses.

2. Get to know that it entails hard work and patience.
Like any other business, chicken farming is not a lazy man's business. You need to be ready to do things at their right time and perfectly. This include vaccination, giving food, water and removing their waste from their coop.

3. Determine the breed, type of production and the number of birds you wanna start with.
It's good to know the kind of breed you want, how long they take to mature, the quantity of feeds they take daily and whether you want to keep for meat or eggs. For complete beginners, start with a minimum number. 5, 10, 50 or 100 is enough for proper management and to avoid loses and also to avoid a lot of expenses.

4. Construct a house or a structure
This will provide the chickens with the required shelter and also offer security to them. A good structure should have enough space to avoid congestion. 4 squire feet space per bird is the best. This means that if you wanna keep 100 chickens, the house should have a space of 400 square feet (100 × 4 ).

5. Purchase required tools and equipments.
This will help you to run the business peacefully and successfully. The tools will help in general cleaning of the house while the equipments ( feeders, drinkers, lighting instruments and egg trays) will help in feeding, drinking and collecting eggs.

7. Purchase the chickens. 🐓🐓🐓🐓🐓🐓🐓🐓🐓

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Lists of factors that affect the size of eggs laid by hens:There are many factors that affect the size of eggs laid by a...
26/01/2023

Lists of factors that affect the size of eggs laid by hens:

There are many factors that affect the size of eggs laid by an hen. These factors include:

1. Feed:

Feed that is well balanced give a bigger eggs than feed that is poorly balanced. Also restricting the birds of feed lead to laying of smaller eggs.

2 Water:

Shortage of water ultimately lead to small eggs due to reduction of the quantity of water in egg composition.

3. Protein level in the feed:

Higher protein level in the feed give bigger eggs.

4. Temperature:

High environmental temperature reduce eggs production and sizes.

5. Lighting:

This is one way layer farmer get it wrong.
Standard lighting period of 17 is perfect for layers.

Excessive increase in light timing result in small egg drop and reduced light program result in dropping in the egg percentage.

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The job🤩🤩🤩🤩🤩🤩
25/01/2023

The job🤩🤩🤩🤩🤩🤩

SELECTING GOOD QUALITY CHICKS  Quality chicks should be:1. Dry with long fluffed down2. Eyes should be bright and active...
25/01/2023

SELECTING GOOD QUALITY CHICKS

Quality chicks should be:

1. Dry with long fluffed down

2. Eyes should be bright and active

3. Lively and alert

4. Navels should be completely healed

5. Legs should be bright and waxy to the touch

6. Free of deformities

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May you not experience this in your farm
21/01/2023

May you not experience this in your farm

Great 👍 VeterinarianKeep following Swagx Vet page
17/01/2023

Great 👍 Veterinarian
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17/01/2023

Day picture 📸.

💠Infectious Coryza💠🔴CauseThis is a bacterial disease caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum,  (in the past known as Haemo...
16/01/2023

💠Infectious Coryza💠

🔴Cause

This is a bacterial disease caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum, (in the past known as Haemophilus paragallinarum). There are 3 common serotypes, representing different immunotypes: A, B, C.

🔴Transmission

The disease spreads from bird to bird and flock to flock by contact and airborne infected dust particles and via the drinking water. Spread by
equipment and personnel have also been reported.
The incubation period varies from 1 to 3 days.

🔴Species affected

The chicken is the natural host for Avibacterium paragallinarum.

All ages are susceptible, but the disease is usually less severe in juvenile birds.

🔴Clinical signs

The main clinical signs are due to an acute inflammation around the eyes and upper respiratory tract.

Signs include a serous to mucoid discharge in
the nasal passage and sinuses, facial edema and conjunctivitis.

Feed and water consumption will be decreased resulting in loss of weight gain and loss of egg production (10-40%) in laying birds.

In affected breeders, the hatchability and day-old chick quality might decline.

Mortality will vary with the virulence of the infection, but is generally low. Complicating infections with eg IB, ILT, MG, MS and ND can make it worse.

🔴Diagnosis

A field infection produces similar symptoms to chronic respiratory disease, therefore a diagnosis based only on clinical signs is difficult to establish.

The most certain diagnosis may be obtained by the isolation of the organism from the sinus or airsac exudate from affected birds.

This procedure must be carried out in the laboratory. There is no practical serological test.

🔴Control:
Eradication
Eradication is not economically feasible.

🔴Treatment

Treatment with various antibiotics (erythromycin and tetracycline are commonly used) will alleviate the severity and course of the disease.

Relapse often occurs after treatment is discontinued and recovered birds will remain carriers. Because of noted drug resistance of Avibacterium paragallinarum, an antimicrobial sensitivity test is recommended.

🔴Prevention

Vaccination is the preferred control method and is standard in most endemic Coryza areas.

There is no cross protection between the serotypes A, B, C.

There is cross protection within the serotypes A and C, but recent outbreaks due to B serotype strains showed there is partial cross protection within the B- serotype. Therefore, besides vaccines made of A, B, C serotype strains, a broader multivalent vaccine based on serotypes A, B, B-variant and C was developed.

Vaccination with multi-serotype inactivated vaccines during the rearing period will reduce clinical signs/control Infectious Coryza.

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POULTRY MANAGEMENTPoultry management usually refers to the husbandry practices or production techniques that help to max...
15/01/2023

POULTRY MANAGEMENT

Poultry management usually refers to the husbandry practices or production techniques that help to maximize the efficiency of production. Sound management practices are very essential to optimize production. Scientific poultry management aims at maximizing returns with minimum investment.

Brooder Management
Brooder house: Brooder house should be draft-free, rain-proof and protected against predators. Brooding pens should have windows with wire mesh for adequate ventilation. Too dusty environment irritates the respiratory tract of the chicks. Besides dust is one of the vehicles of transmission of diseases. Too much moisture causes ammonia fumes which irritate the respiratory tract and eyes. Good ventilation provides a comfortable environment without draft.

Sanitation and hygiene:

All movable equipments like feeders, waterers and hovers should be removed from the house, cleaned and disinfected. All litters are to be scraped and removed. The interior as well as exterior of the house should be cleaned under pressure. The house should be disinfected with any commercial disinfectant solution at the recommended concentration. Insecticide should be sprayed to avoid insect threat. Malathion spray/blow lamping or both can be used to control ticks and mites. New litter should be spread after each cleaning. The insecticides if necessary should be mixed with litter at recommended doses.

Litter:

Suitable litter material like saw dust and paddy husk should be spread to a length of 5 cm depending upon their availability and cost. Mouldy material should not be used. The litter should be stirred at frequent intervals to prevent caking. Wet litters if any should be removed immediately and replaced by dry new litter. This prevents ammoniacal odour.

Brooding temperature:

Heating is very much essential to provide right temperature in the brooder house. Too high or too low a temperature slows down growth and causes mortality. During the first week the temperature should be 95°F (35°C) which may be reduced by 5°F per week during each successive week till 70°F (21·10C). The brooder should be switched on for at least 24 hours before the chicks arrive. As a rule of thumb the temperature inside the brooder house should be approximately 20°F (-6·7°C) below the brooder temperature Hanging of a maximum and minimum thermometer in each house is recommended to have a guide to control over the differences in the house temperature. The behavior of chicks provides better indication of whether they are getting the desired amount of heat. . When the temperature is less than required, the chicks try to get closer to the source of heat and huddle down under the brooder. When the temperature is too high, the chicks will get away from the source of heat and may even pant or gasp. When temperature is right, the chicks will be found evenly scattered. In hot weather, brooders are not necessary after the chicks are about 3 weeks old. Several devices can be used for providing artificial heat. Hover type electric brooders are by far the most common and practical these days. The temperature in these brooders is thermostatically controlled. Many a times the heat in the brooder house is provided by use of electric bulbs of different intensities. Regulation of temperature in such cases is difficult although not impossible. Infra­red lamps are also very good for brooding. The height and number of infra-red lamps can be adjusted as per temperature requirement in the brooder house.

Brooder space:

Brooder space of 7 to 10 sq inch (45-65 cm2) is recommended per chick. Thus a 1·80 m hover can hold 500 chicks. When small pens are used for brooding, dimension of the house must be taken into consideration as overcrowding results in starve-outs, culls and increase in disease problems.

Brooder guard:

To prevent the straying of baby chicks from the source of heat, hover guards are placed 1·05 to 1·50 m from the edge of hover. Hover guard is not necessary after 1 week.

Floor space:

Floor space of 0·05 m2 should be provided per chick to start with, which should be increased by 0·05 m2 after every 4 weeks until the pullets are about 20 weeks of age. For broilers at least 0·1 m2 of floor space for female chicks and 0·15 m2 for male chicks should be provided till 8 weeks of age. Raising broiler pullets and cockerel chicks in the separate pens may be beneficial.

Water space:

Plentiful of clean and fresh water is very much essential. A provision of 50 linear cm of water space per 100 chicks for first two weeks has to be increased to 152-190 linear cm at 6 to 8 weeks. When changing from chick fountain to water trough the fountains are to be left in for several days till the chicks have located the new water source. Height of the waterers should be maintained at 2·5 cm above the back height of the chicks to reduce spoilage. Antibiotics or other stress medications may be added to water if desired. All waterers should be cleaned daily. It may be desirable to hold a few chicks one at a time and teach them to drink.

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Poultry Diseases in Rainy Season:**********************************Common Poultry Diseases During the Rainy Season – Sig...
15/01/2023

Poultry Diseases in Rainy Season:
**********************************

Common Poultry Diseases During the Rainy Season – Signs, Prevention, and Treatment

The rainy season is usually synonymous with an increase in relative humidity and a reduction in temperature; rainfall affects both the quality and quantity of feeding, while wind speed has an impact on the outbreak of diseases.

Poultry birds and poultry production are generally affected by seasonal climatic or weather changes. For instance, in the wet or cold season, chickens eat more feed, drink less water and huddle together to generate heat and keep themselves warm. On the other hand, chickens and other livestock birds consume less feed and drink more water in the hot season or weather in order to cool their body. These changes affect the production of birds, most especially laying birds, as the egg production is reduced in extremely cold or hot weather. This reduction in egg production occurs because when there are extreme cold or hot conditions, these birds are stressed, and their ability to withstand diseases or immune system is seriously affected.

Some certain poultry diseases are rampant in the wet, rainy or cold seasons i.e. the onset of rain favors the propagation and spread of the causative organisms of these diseases and parasites. Hence, most poultry farmers experience high morbidity and mortality rate during this period.

Some of the diseases common during the rainy season will be discussed below.

Fowl Pox

Fowl pox is a highly contagious disease that affects poultry birds at any age. It is caused by poxvirus transmitted by mostly mosquitoes and other blood-sucking insects. The reason why fowl pox is prevalent during the wet season is that mosquitoes, being the vector, breed well in this season due to the abundance of stagnant water. Also, the incidence of wet litter becomes apparent when poultry houses are not adequately shielded from rain. This leads to the development of wet liter which then predisposes to fly problems in the pen.

How to Recognize Fowl Pox in Chickens

There are some visible things you will notice, which are proofs that your chickens or turkeys have come down with fowlpox disease. Fowl pox leads to the development of round lesions with scabby centers on the skin of the birds. The majority of the skin lesions are located on the wattle, face, comb, and some are occasionally located on the legs. This disease also affects the mouth and windpipe linings. The lesions that are formed in the throat can develop to the extent of blocking the throat and it could eventually lead to death as a result of suffocation. Lesions on the face can extend to the eyes, causing temporary or permanent blindness of the affected bird.

How to Prevent Fowlpox in Chickens

The mechanical carriers of fowl pox are mosquitoes. So it is advisable to reduce the mosquitoes around your farm or environment.
Ordinary sanitation and management practices will not avert this disease, so vaccination is often the solution. It is recommended to vaccinate chickens and turkeys such as breeders, egg layers, and those that are highly susceptible to fowl pox.
Live fowlpox vaccine is administered in the wing web of birds within age 6 and 10 weeks..
If aggressive pecking is controlled among birds, skin damage which fowl pox causes is reduced.

How to Treat Fowlpox in Chickens

Unfortunately, fowlpox has no treatment once the fowlpox virus has affected a bird. But as long as a diseased bird is eating and drinking, it will recover from the disease in about two weeks or more with low mortality rate. When a bird recovers successfully from fowlpox, it is immune to the disease permanently.

Fowl Cholera

Fowl Cholera is a bacterial disease that affects birds of age 6 weeks old and above. The bacterium responsible for this is Pasteurella multocida. It is highly contagious and mortality in acute cases is high. The causative organism is spread readily during the rainy season because wet liter serves as an abode of numerous microorganisms.

How to Recognize Fowl Cholera in Chickens

In acute cases, birds that appear healthy die suddenly while in chronic cases the affected birds show the following:

Yellow, green or grey diarrhoea
Loss of appetite
Laboured breathing
Drooped wings and tail feathersRuffled feathers
Swelling of the leg joints, sinuses, wattle and foot pad
Twisting of the neck (torticolis)
Discharge from the nostril or beak

Note: The above signs are also similar to those of fowl typhoid.

How to Treat, Prevent, and Control Fowl Cholera in Chickens

Fowl cholera can be treated using sulfa drugs, tetracycline, and erythromycin.
Poultry birds can be vaccinated against fowl cholera by administering a fowl cholera vaccine.
Maintain proper hygiene and sanitation.
Practice a high level of biosecurity and prevent rodents, wild birds, and other animals.

Salmonellosis, Escherichia coli, Pullorum Disease (Bacillary White Diarrhoea)

These bacterial diseases affect birds of all ages. They are endemic in farms or pens with poor sanitation, such as is seen when wet liter is allowed to stay for a long time. They affect the digestive system of the infected birds.

How to Recognize Salmonellosis, Escherichia coli, Pullorum in Chickens
Severe diarrhoeaLoss of appetite
Depression and emaciation
Chicks suffer omphalitis
White pasty diarrhoea in pullorum disease
Huddling together and laboured breathing

How to Treat, Prevent, and Control Salmonellosis, Escherichia coli, Pullorum

Salmonellosis, E. coli and Pullorum diseases can be treated by administering a broad-spectrum antibioticto the flock.
High-level farm/pen hygiene and sanitation must be maintained.
Biosecurity measures should be in place.
Avoid feeding birds with contaminated feeds.

Aspergillosis

Aspergillosis is the disease caused by Aspergillus fumigatus in poultry. Due to the high humidity during the cold season, feeds or litter dampens, thus creating a favourable environment for fungus to grow and thrive. The birds also inhale Aspergillus spores and these spores develop into lesions filling the lungs causing respiratory problems or discomforts. Birds under intensive management systems would experience high disease spread if the stocking density is high and ventilation is inadequate or poor.

How to Recognize Aspergillosis in Chickens

There are a wide range of clinical signs presented in birds with aspergillosis. This is because they vary depending on how the chicken became infected, where lesions develop in their body, organ(s) involved, and their overall health status (immune system). Aspergillosis may be acute or chronic in nature.

Acute form: This generally occurs in young chicks and results in high morbidity and mortality. Onset is very quick and usually develops within a week. Most affected birds will die within a few days without emergency veterinary care. The most common signs include; Lethargy, depression, loss of appetite, difficulty in breathing, and cyanosis (bluish/purplish comb).Chronic form: This is usually very subtle in onset, and it may take several weeks or months to develop. It is most common in older birds, many with a history of malnutrition, stress, concurrent illness, or prolonged antibiotic/corticosteroid use. The entire course of the disease ranges from less than 1 week to over 6 weeks in duration. The most common clinical signs observed include: Weight loss, reduced appetite, exercise intolerance, increased respiratory rate, changes in vocalization (voice), often more apparent in roosters, audible respiratory sounds, tail bobbing, open-mouthed breathing.

A presumptive diagnosis of aspergillosis can usually be made based on the history of the flock, clinical signs, and physical examination. In order for your veterinarian to obtain a definite diagnosis of aspergillosis, they will need to collect some samples and send to a diagnostic laboratory, to confirm the presence of Aspergillus in the bird.

How to Prevent Aspergillosis in Chickens

Dry, good quality litter and feed and hygiene will help in the prevention of aspergillosis. Antifungal drugs such as Thiabendazole or Nystatin can be used in feed.

How to Treat Aspergillosis in Chickens

Usually none. Environmental spraying with effective antifungal antiseptic may help reduce the challenge. Amphotericin B and Nystatin have been used in high-value birds.

Coccidiosis

Coccidiosis is caused by protozoan Eimeria sp in poultry, most species infect various sites in the intestine. The infectious process is rapid (4–7 days) and is characterized by parasite replication in host cells with extensive damage to the intestinal mucosa. Poultry coccidia are generally host-specific, and the different species parasitize specific parts of the intestine. However, in game birds, including quail, the coccidia may parasitize the entire intestinal tract. Coccidia are distributed worldwide in poultry, game birds reared in captivity, and wild birds.

The wet litter and the hot pen temperature commonly observed in the rainy season favours the sporulation of the coccidian oocyst and therefore, the outbreak of coccidiosis.

How to Recognize Coccidiosis in Chickens

Clinically, bloody faeces, ruffled feathers, anaemia, and somnolence are observed. Other signs of coccidiosis range from decreased growth rate to a high percentage of visibly sick birds, severe diarrhea, and high mortality. Feed and water consumption are depressed. Weight loss, development of culls, decreased egg production, and increased mortality may accompany outbreaks. Mild infections of intestinal species, which would otherwise be classed as subclinical, may cause depigmentation and potentially lead to secondary infection, particularly Clostridium spp infection. Survivors of severe infections recover in 10–14 days but may never recover lost performance.

The lesions are almost entirely in the intestinal tract and often have a distinctive location and appearance that is useful in diagnosis.

How to Prevent Coccidiosis in Chickens

Basic hygiene is your first step for prevention. It is good to ensure that the poultry house is generally clean and dry.

Ensure water is clean and fresh. Keep feeding areas clean and dry.Ensure the birds have enough space i.e. overcrowding should be prevented as it is a predisposing factor for coccidiosis. Chickens need an average of a square meter for 3-5 birds.If your chicks have not been vaccinated against coccidiosis, provide medicated starter feed for them. Anticoccidial medication should be given to the chicks at around 12 days of age (this might vary depending on the vaccination schedule being followed).An all-in all-out method should be employed on the farm in order to prevent a horizontal transfer of infection. If this method is not feasible, keep the new batch quarantined for a minimum of two weeks, for the protection of the current stock.How to Treat Coccidiosis in Chickens

Once coccidiosis is diagnosed in a flock, all the birds need to be treated. Also, the litter needs to be changed so that birds do not pick up the sporulated oocyst from the droppings of affected birds. Common anticoccidial drugs include; Amprolium, toltrazuril, sulfaquinoxaline etc.

How to Manage Poultry Birds Optimally in the Rainy Season

To manage poultry such as chickens, turkeys, quails, duck, and pheasants during cold or rainy periods, poultry farmers have to do the following:

Add oil or fat to the diet of the birds or reduce the level of nutrients that are not required by the birds to generate heat.
This is necessary to avoid wastage and reduce feed production costs, since birds consume more feed to generate heat.
Install electric bulbs or heater in the pen to serve as a secondary source of heat for the birds. This would help the birds drink enough water and stay warm without getting the reserved energy used up in the process.
Though very rare in an intensive system but rampant in a free-range system, birds drink from the stagnant water around, thus pick up eggs of parasitic organisms such as intestinal worms. That is why it is important to deworm poultry birds bi-monthly with effective dewormers such as piperazine. A broad-spectrum antibiotic like oxytetracycline should be administered to the birds every month.
Construct a generous roof overhang over the entrance and sides of pens to prevent rainwater from getting into the pen whenever it rains.
Construct a foot dip at the entrances of the pens and a strong disinfectant solution should be in the foot dip always.
Vaccinate birds at the right time.

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