All Trades Jack Russell Terriers

11/09/2023

What’s in a name? Don’t be fooled!
There are many different breeds of dogs. Most were originally bred for a specific purpose, whether herding, pointing birds or simply as lap dogs. The “real” Jack Russell Terrier was bred to work an English Fox underground. Not only do these terriers need the correct structure to enable them to venture into a dark, deep hole and face a very formidable quarry; they need the heart, intelligence and courage to do so. Breeders of true working Jack Russell Terriers did NOT want kennel club recognition. Why? There are two main reasons. The first is the "almighty dollar" factor. Simply put, the more dogs registered with the AKC, the richer the organization gets. While the AKC once prioritized the protection and quality of purebred dogs, it now doesn’t care how those dogs are bred and cared for. AKC papers guarantee nothing in terms of animal care—nothing about a dog’s health, quality, behavior or even whether the pup’s parents were bred early, or repeatedly or kept in humane conditions. Many AKC-registered pups sold at pet stores and online (even ROM "Register of Merit" Breeders) later turn out to be sick or have expensive, painful genetic defects. The same is true for other dog registries. But because the AKC and its member clubs sponsor many Best in Show competitions such as Westminster, many puppy buyers are duped into thinking AKC papers denote a healthy, well-treated animal.

Secondly, the Kennel Club has a long history of show ring breeders changing the majority of breeds to a dog that can no longer perform its original purpose. One only has to look at all the gun shy and/or stupid Sporting breeds, the unsound Working breeds or the pitiful brachycephalic breeds that cannot breathe or even breed properly! A prime example is the Kennel Club Fox Terrier. When they were first recognized in England in the late 1800’s, they looked very similar to today’s Jack Russell Terrier. Show ring fads led to a dog with extremely straight shoulder angulation, a deep, un-spannable chest and a ridiculously long muzzle. Show Fox Terriers no longer have the conformation to work underground; even less the desire to do so! So the breed itself has mutated away from it's working base. Many of us did not want to see that happen to the Jack Russell Terrier.

The Jack Russell Terrier was developed in England over two hundred years ago. The JRTCA, founded in 1976, is the oldest and largest breed club for the Jack Russell Terrier. It’s Registry is unique in the dog world as it requires each dog to be registered individually, at one year of age and after a Veterinarian’s certification, etc. Moreover, the JRTCA Registry will not accept Terriers with genetic faults or close inbreeding. This is opposed to the Kennel Club’s registering entire litters at birth without any critical health documentation! The JRTCA is affiliated to the Jack Russell Club of Great Britain (JRTCGB), the breed club for the Jack Russell Terrier in England, its country of origin.

So how did we get to the point where there are now Jack Russell Terriers, Parson Russell Terriers, and Russell Terriers? Some years ago there was a lawsuit. In a very oversimplified explanation, our trademarked name "Parson Terrier" was sold to the American Kennel Club and stipulations put on that the breed standard and name must be different. The JRTCA standard allows for terriers between 10" and 15" recognizing that there is a need for different sized terriers for different jobs and terrain. The Parson Standard only allows for terriers that are between 12"-15". Now, many of the current “winning” Parsons are un-spannable, partly due to the fact that many KC Judges are licensed to judge different breeds, and the vast majority of them have never worked a terrier and don’t appreciate the importance of chest size, etc. Sadly, they don’t even know how to properly span a terrier. There are also a lot of 16”+ AKC Parsons around as a result of such a narrow height standard! It should also be noted that the Parson was recognized with a very small number of terriers in their initial gene pool and is now showing the effects of inbreeding and the introduction of other breeds.

Now we come to the Russell Terrier. This breed originated in Australia and bears little resemblance physically and mentally to a real Jack Russell Terrier. They are short legged, standing between 10"-12" and are rectangular in shape rather than the squarer stance of the Jack Russell and Parson Russells. Sure, they can be cute but, in my opinion, they are a bad imitation of both! They are the “stuffed, plush toy” version of a JRT. It’s like they took out all the “terrier” in them. And again, they have all the same problems associated with Kennel Club registrations as the Parson Russells.

So...there are three breeds stemming from all of this. 5 if you consider the Smooth and Wire-coated Fox Terriers; even more if you add in the mongrel aberrations of “Irish” Jack Russells and “Mini” Jack Russells you’ll sometimes see advertised. This is not to say that there are no Russell or Parson Terriers that hunt underground. Just as this is not to say that every JRTCA Jack Russell Terrier hunts or is able to fit. There may even be a few Fox Terriers that still hunt. And I do not mean ratting or chasing rabbits and squirrels above ground.... I mean legitimate earthwork. To completely ignore the core purpose for a breed is to risk losing the very traits that make it what it is. Yes, the JRTCA has terrier trials where many dogs are judged solely on their conformation. Yes, people will argue that those shows are also taking the focus away from the purpose of the breed. However, many of our conformation judges are also working judges who have spent many hours in the field hunting with terriers and understand the priorities within our breed standard. All JRTCA Conformation Judges are required to have in-depth, first-hand experience of terrier work.

The bottom line is that there are three “Breeds” now and many times social media, articles and TV shows lump the JRT in with the other two or make it sound like they are all one in the same. The Jack Russell Terrier is registered and recognized by the Jack Russell Terrier Club of America and has been for decades prior to either the Parson or the Russell being recognized by the AKC. There are three different breeds that look similar but do your homework and choose wisely if you want a REAL Jack Russell Terrier!


Carlisle Tack (Fox Terrier born 1884)

12/08/2023

09/03/2023

BRAIN UNDER CONSTRUCTION!
The challenges of teenage dogs
There’s a saying that parents who have gone through the teenage years with their off spring will relate to - “Parents with teenagers understand why some animals eat their young!”

Many dog owners are unaware that dogs also go through a teenage stage and are frustrated and unprepared for the changes this brings. It’s a sad reality that this is the age that many dogs are surrendered to shelters as their owners no longer “like” the way their dogs behave, can’t handle them and give up on them.

The teenage brain is going through many changes. Think of it as being “rewired”. The rewiring process can cause some parts not to work at all or only work sometimes. Some parts work too much with too much current and new wires cause unexpected results.

There are many similarities to the changing human teenage brain. There’s a valid scientific reason why car insurance premiums for young adults under 25 are more expensive. The brain is not fully matured – irrational decisions, risk taking, poor choices and accidents are more likely to happen.

Be patient, understanding and most of all consistent with your teenage dog. Don’t give up on them. They are feeling just as frustrated as we are. Being aware of what is happening in their brain as it develops to full maturity helps us to be more accepting. Remember that this is just a phase and it will get better.

02/03/2023

So true

Dog trainers often get messages about aggressive dogs people want to rehome, hoping we can take their dog or maybe we have some magic place for aggressive dogs to go and live happily ever after.

We don't.

I have often heard "this dog needs to live on a farm". No it doesn't. There is not a farmer in their right mind that wants your aggressive dog on their farm to terrorize their animals and their very slim profit margin.

None.

I have also heard, "he needs to be a police or personal protection dog". No he doesn't. Working K9s shouldn't be aggressive toward everything that moves. That would be a huge liability. There isn't a municipality that wants that.

At all.

Then there's the guilt trip.... "I think he would thrive with someone like you or if you know another trainer that wants a dog... he's really smart"... no thank you. Been there, done that, got the shirt, and so have most of my trainer friends.

At the end of the day we want to enjoy our own dogs just as much as you do. We work all day with dogs with various issues and we don't necessarily want to always have to manage our own dogs in a way that keeps them and everyone else safe... it's not easy and it certainly isn't fun.

It's one reason I no longer take large human aggressive dogs even for training. Because I know how hard it is to have that lifestyle and most people will slip up at some point and I don't want my name on a dog that mauls someone or kills someone's child.

The good news is that if you start training and proper socialization early, and continue to build the relationship with your dog as they go through adolescence and early adulthood, you have a much better chance at preventing aggression (barring genetics).

14/08/2022

Sportdogs: Rest and regeneration.

As sport dog handlers, our focus is mainly on how and how much our dogs should be active. We think about and discuss with other handlers and trainers how many activities our sport dog needs, how much training, how many walks, fitness sessions etc. While this is necessary and important, I felt like the subject of activity is widely explored, while another key part, which I learned is crucial for human athletes as a physiotherapist, is left out. That other vital part we are missing in our sport dog training program is... rest and regeneration.

Rest however, does not appear to be a fun topic for social media. As I am part of the canine influencer community, discussions mainly center around the more exciting things you do with your dog such as showing, training, competitions, tricks, travel and other fun stuff. And while that's all super important, I wanted to put a spotlight on rest and show how important it is for our dogs’ performance. Let’s start off with how much our dogs need to sleep... and surprisingly, they need A LOT!

According to researchers, dogs sleep between 16 to 20 hours per day! This is mostly because dogs do not enter REM sleep (deep sleep phase) as easily as humans do.

“All day long, electrical activity is happening in our brain, and random, disorganized data gets stored in various places,” says Dr. Nicholas Dodman, professor emeritus at Tufts University. “We organize that in our sleep, and dogs do too. It’s very therapeutic, and if you deny dogs that, they’ll kind of lose it.”

During my 11 years of training dogs in various sports, mainly agility, I was often asked "Have you tried giving your dog a break from this exercise? It might help them to understand what you want later." When I followed this suggestion, I observed many times in all 9 of my own dogs, and in many of my student’s dogs, that giving a break actually worked! Why? Exactly because of what Dr Dodman said. Data gets stored and organized during sleep so it's" easier to find" by a dog after a rest. I’ve often joked that it "seems my dog had time to re-think that last bit of training and gets it now", is seemingly true!

"Dr. Joan C. Hendricks, VMD, PhD, Dip ACVIM, adds that sleep helps a dog’s brain with development, memory, and learning capacity, as well as their immune system. According to Dr. Hendricks “Sleep-deprived animals and people are more prone to infections."

Lack of rest and sleep in sport dogs can cause problems with learning, memorization, lack of motivation, increased risk of injury and illness, which in turn can make their overall performance worse. It's just like when we haven't slept enough. When we're tired or nervous, everything just seems to go wrong and we forget easy things, making us just want to go back to bed, not show how amazing we are. Right?

Let's dig into what sport dog experts in the fields of orthopedics, physiotherapy and neurology, have to say about it!

As a physiotherapist, I learned that for human athlete’s, rest is as important as training and performance. Rest is just as important as adding load to locomotor systems is, by allowing it to regenerate and rebuild. The best regeneration happens when we sleep, and it's the same for our canine athletes, and what's even more surprising, is that it takes almost the same amount of energy to train and perform, as it does to rebuild and regenerate. Which seems to be impossible because hey, our dog is "getting tired" while resting? Kind of. While we watch our dogs sleep after training, their bodies are being regenerated and rebuilt. What we are doing to gain muscle mass in training, is letting our body know that there are activities that are hard for it right now and it needs to adjust to that. Training is a signal to create new nerve paths and build more muscle which improves the ability to perform, and while all that starts happening during training, it continues even during rest! Newly created nerve paths are being saved and the body rebuilds itself to adjust to the latest activity, and step by step, training by training, rest time by rest time, the body gets better adjusted to what the task is. This is why rest time needs to be much longer than the actual activity itself.

"When you are doing an exercise in agility which is taking 30 seconds, your dog will need recovery time of 10 times that amount (300 sec = 5 min at least). In my opinion, this lesson is the most important one for agility handlers and trainers. Besides during training rests, recovery time after training is also very important. An average agility training session will require a recovery time around 36 to 48 hours" says Ronald Mouwen, veterinarian, chiropractor, agility competitor and creator of the FitDogProgram.

Now, imagine if you do more than just agility! Our dogs need long walks, have fitness activities, before activities warm up and cool down sessions, maybe some trick performances too, and then they also have little everyday things like their excitement before eating, or when you come home, following you around house, playing with other dogs, and so on. This makes 16 - 20 hours of sleep seem quite justified!

Okay, so what is regeneration really about? For that we received a perfect explanation by Agnieszka Biały, canine physiotherapist and functional trainer. "Regeneration is a complex process and each organism has its’ own self-healing potential. Yet only in optimized conditions can that organism regenerate well enough to reach its full function again.” For that we need to meet these conditions.
1) NO EXCESSIVE ENERGY LOSS which includes loss through coping with chronic pain, persistent mental stress (in addition to that which is sometimes given by the owner!), incomplete and inconsistent diet, emaciation or excessive weight, chronic systemic disease, repetitive physical stress (overload), violent physical stress, as well as oxidative stress, incorrect rehabilitation, excessive load on the liver, and not enough exercise.
2) DELIVERY OF ENERGY, VIA APPROPRIATE QUALITY AND QUANTITY of moderate exercise, sunlight, complete and correct diet, manual and physical therapies, adequate sleep length, mental relaxation, targeted supplementation, suitable physical movement and energizing activity.
When all of these energy-depriving and energy-supplying ingredients remain in balance, or are more on the positive side, our dogs’ body will be able to carry out its’ full regenerative processes. However, when the opposite out of balance, energy-deprived situation occurs, regeneration will be faulty and take much more time to run its course.
Dogs as a species, should be resting 60-80% of the day. Which equates to 15 to 20 hours a day! But what is a ‘state of relaxation’? Is it only sleeping? No, the activities considered to relax the body and mind of our dog include lying on the couch, or their owners lap, stretching, rolling on their back, shaking off, scratching, wandering around their home to rest in another location, drinking water, changing sleeping positions, cleaning their fur and body, cuddles and massages.
Okay, so what is NOT resting or relaxing to a dog? Anything where a dog gets busy and involved such as running around the house with a toy, getting ready for a walk, performing tasks, playing with other dogs, being outside in the garden, barking at the fence, training, walks, sports, eating and bodily functions.

However, it should be noted that while some of these can be relaxing for a dog, we should not consider them as a "physiologically required state of relaxation". There are many factors influencing what physiologically relaxes a dog and what does not, observing your pet will be the most valuable way to spot them.

For active, sports and working dogs, the regeneration process is additionally conditioned by the issue of using them as specific, specialized ‘tools’. Our awareness, as their handlers, must therefore be even higher, not only for clear overload trauma or violent injury, but also for less obvious symptoms indicating a lack of adequate regeneration time.

On ‘rest days’ we need to thoughtfully plan our dog’s schedule so that regeneration activities occupy most of the day and minimalize activities which make our dogs busy.

So now it should be quite clear for us what is resting and relaxing for our dogs, and what isn't! However there are some possible exceptions that were mentioned to me from one of my amazing followers. It can be hard for a dog to rest and relax, and it can even be stressful for some, to have guests visit their home, visit the pet shop or go on errands, visit with someone away from home and other similar activities. While these events often seem simple for us, these activities often make our dog more busy than relaxed and are probably best avoided on ‘rest days’.

Okay, so, we want our dogs rest days to be... boring? Kind of. Though if we consider how much activity and fun our dogs get throughout the week, a boring day seems to be exactly what our dogs need from time to time. So, how to plan a rest day? First, we can't avoid daily stress that affects our dog sometimes and I wouldn't put too much emphasis on that. What I do know from various behaviorists, is that our dogs benefit from time apart from us, of course when they are properly trained to stay home alone. Kennel training is also very important for allowing good regeneration and rest for those dogs which are more active, because sometimes dogs have problems settling. Again, only when properly trained, a kennel helps them to settle, relax and rest, when your dog is otherwise too excited to rest on its own.

It all comes down to taking time to observe your dog to see if they can relax correctly around you, as well as being able to sleep well when you are away (most dogs do!) or realizing they need a kennel to help them settle in either or both cases. Sometimes covering the kennel with a blanket can create that ‘den’ feeling, which caters to their instincts, as dogs are descended from animals who felt safest in their dens, which allowed them to get the sleep and relaxation they needed.

Once you know how your dog relaxes best, you can plan your day accordingly. Your dog might need a few hours alone in a kennel, or maybe sleeping at your feet. You can watch Netflix together, cuddle while you read, or you can go out and leave your dog to chill alone. Or a bit of both? We need to know how they relax, as well as we know what motivates them and we need to teach dogs to rest and settle, the same as we teach them to be active and motivated.

Yay! Now we know that our dogs need to relax, as well as why and how... so how do we balance training and rest days, for week or for a year? That varies for each dog and the best plan is to consult with an orthopedist or physiotherapist for your own dog, which we highly recommend. But I also asked specialists what their vision is of a week and a year of active training and competition for a sport dog.

One of the most famous polish vets, when it comes to care for sport dogs, is Dr. Aneta Bocheńska, orthopedist and neurologist, who cares for sport dogs all over Poland. Her advice when it comes to agility dogs, is to keep training to 2-4 times per week, with one day of full rest, in which you can either do a shorter walk (up to 20 min), if the week wasn't too active, or do a full day of rest, going out only for potty, when the dog had a very active week. Other days are for long walks where the dog can move naturally, ideally off leash, but without any forced movement, like playing fetch. We want the dog to walk, sniff, relax and explore. To this schedule we can add fitness workouts 1-3 times per week, based on the orthopedic vet or physiotherapist consultation of what the dog needs to work on.
Sport dogs need at least once every year, a longer break from sports specific training and competing, which should also be based on the consultation results of the individual dog, and for a healthy dog this can be about 4-8 weeks of time off. The dog should still be active during this time, by taking long walks and doing other activities such as swimming or fitness exercises in place of specific sport training.

Another well-known Polish physiotherapist, canine conditioning instructor and sport dog trainer Paula Gumińska, agrees with this system. In her opinion, one rest day per week is needed which consists of a full day of rest if the week was very intense, or with a 40-60 minute walk if it wasn't that intense. A sport specific training schedule of 2-4 sessions per week is the right amount, as well as a 4-6 week scheduled break per year for a healthy sport dog. She also mentioned that getting back to regular training after a break, should take two weeks if the break was planned, and twice amount of time that was spent on break if the break was caused by an injury.

Another similar approach is suggested by Debora Severo, osteopath, human and dog physiotherapist, and official therapist of the Czech agility team. It's very important in her opinion, to plan the whole week for a working dog and split training sessions, for example for an agility dog we would do 1-2 times running a full course, plus about two sequences or technical trainings per week, ideally with one or two days of fitness training and a day off when the dog only goes for off leash walking. She also pointed out how important it is to take a longer break every year from sports specific training for working dogs. She advised 1-2 months without agility training, although the dog still needs to stay active with more relaxing activities such as long walks, hikes and swimming. What is also crucial is to avoid competition with agility dogs every weekend. It's too much for both the body and mind, so even during competition and training season, weekends without competition events are very important to keep your dogs’ body and mind relaxed.

In Belgium, sport dog training plans are created by Ellen Martens Het Waterhof, physiotherapist and sport dog trainer from Het Waterhof Animal Rehabilitation Center. She states that "rest is equally as important as training." She also advises to keep training goals different during the week, with at least one or two days when the dog only does off leash walks, without any training or tasks. She also made a point, that after the main competition season is over, her client’s dogs are set to a lower activity time, mostly consisting of a few weeks without sport specific training, yet still kept active with long walks, fitness training and swimming.

Veterinary doctor, physiotherapist, canine conditioning instructor and agility trainer and competitor Beata Luchowska, places a great deal of importance on rest by writing "There's no progress without regeneration." She prefers active rest, which is off leash walks, as a dogs’ body is well prepared to walk miles without much effort. When it comes to longer and intense agility training, such as during seminars, rest time can take up to three days without any sprinting, turns, jumping and other sports-specific activities. Beata also pointed out that when it comes to rest, it's important to not only plan it for a week or a year, but also during each training session. After each intense session a dog should have ten to fifteen minutes of free movement (trotting or galloping) and if a leash is unavoidable, use a long line. She also noted that once a year, sport dogs need a longer break from training and competing, for dogs up to 3 years old it should be 3-4 weeks since they usually have quick regeneration, for older dogs it's good to take a longer break of 5-6 weeks. During the break, you don't do sport specific training or any movements that can mimic that - so for agility dogs this means no sprinting, turns and jumping. However, dogs should stay active by taking long walks and trying new activities.

Summing up all of these approaches, developed by multiple experienced specialists who take care of numerous sport dogs around the world, we can see how important it is to integrate rest and regeneration into the daily life of our canine athletes. In fact, all these specialists agree that we should pay as much attention to our dog’s rest and relaxation time, as we put into training time. Without balance between action and rest, we risk injuries, behavioral problems, lack of progress, poor memorization and much more! Our dogs give us their best when it comes to training and performing by our side and I believe we should give them our best too, not only on the field, but in every aspect of their life. That's why I've put so much effort into this article, along with all of these great specialists, who have agreed to take part in it. I hope, their valuable insight will make many dogs’ lives happier, as well as their handlers.

For taking part in creating this article and sharing their knowledge thanks to:
Agnieszka Biały - canine physiotherapist and functional trainer.
dr Aneta Bocheńska - veterinarian, neurologist, canine physiotherapist and orthopedist
Paula Gumińska - canine and human physiotherapist, canine conditioning instructor and dog trainer, dogfrisbee and agility competitor
Ellen Martens Het Waterhof - canine physiotherapist and sportdog trainer
dr Roland Mouwen - veterinarian, chiropractor and agility competitor
dr Beata Luchowska - veterinarian, canine physiotherapist, canine conditioning instructor, agility trainer and competitor
Debora Severo - human and animal osteopath and physiotherapist and official therapist of Czech Agility Team

Main author
Krystyna Cisak - human physiotherapist, agility trainer and competitor.

Correction and help in translation
Celeste Pongracz

Sources:
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