28/08/2025
A fascinating paper on the global importance of Amazonian freshwaters, highlighting how the vast network of rivers, streams, wetlands, and floodplains that weave through the Amazon Basin are not merely a local marvel, but a system of global consequence.
This paper underscores that safeguarding Amazonian freshwater systems is imperative not only for regional well-being, but also for sustaining global ecological and hydrological stability.
Open-access - https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fee.2868
Covering roughly 6.9 million km² across nine countries, these freshwater systems account for about 15–18% of river discharge globally, delivering water, nutrients, and life from the Andes to the Atlantic Ocean, and is home to nearly 15% of the world’s freshwater fish species. For the approximately 47 million inhabitants of the Amazon Basin, these waters are vital—they support food security, transportation, clean water, soil fertility, and intricate cultural connections to nature.
Critically, their hydrological connectivity—linking headwaters, floodplains, forests, and the atmosphere—underpins ecosystem health, biodiversity, and climate regulation. Yet, this lifeline is under threat: dams, deforestation, mining, agriculture, and fragmentation are destabilising the basin's water flows, biodiversity, and ecological services.
𝗥𝗲𝘀𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝗧𝗶𝘁𝗹𝗲
Global importance of Amazonian freshwaters
𝗖𝗶𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻
Jenkins, C.N., Athayde, S., Beveridge, C.F., Correa, S.B., Espinoza, J.-C., Heilpern, S.A., Herrera-R, G.A., Victoria-Lacy, L., Olivas, P., Oliveira, A., Piland, N.C., Utsunomiya, R., and Anderson, E.P. (2025), Global importance of Amazonian freshwaters. Front Ecol Environ e2868. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2868
𝗔𝗯𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗰𝘁
Amazonian freshwaters have large influences on regional and global climate, harbor remarkable and unique species, and are vital to human society. Nevertheless, as compared to their terrestrial counterparts in the Amazon, these freshwaters have received less attention from the international conservation community.
There is an urgent need to better integrate Amazonian freshwaters into conservation strategies. To guide this integration, we suggest an approach built upon three foundational pillars: hydroclimate, biodiversity, and human dimensions. The hydroclimate pillar reflects the Amazon's role in regional and global climate, water cycling, and carbon storage. The biodiversity pillar reflects the unparalleled variety of freshwater species and their role in ecosystems, emphasizing endemism and ecological function. The human dimensions pillar reflects the rich biocultural heritage of the Amazonian peoples and their reliance on freshwaters for millennia. Heightened attention to these three pillars can help steer the way to a more sustainable future for Amazonian freshwaters.
𝗣𝗵𝗼𝘁𝗼 𝗖𝗿𝗲𝗱𝗶𝘁
Top - Main Amazon basin hydrologic and sediment fluxes. This includes sediment and nutrients from the Andes, streamflow discharge to the Atlantic, evapotranspiration from the Amazon forest, precipitation, and “aerial rivers”. Non-whitewater rivers include blackwater and clearwater rivers (see also Panel 1). Reproduced from Beveridge et al. (2024).
Bottom - Extent of freshwater ecosystems in the Amazon basin (dark outline). Because no comprehensive classification system exists for the whole Amazon, we mosaicked four datasets to estimate what could be termed freshwater ecosystems, depending on how one defines the term. Data are from Hess et al. (2015), Jaramillo Villa et al. (2023), Josse et al. (2007), and Prates et al. (2012). We excluded the Tocantins River, which is often considered part of the Amazon biome, although it is in a different watershed.
Copyright © 2025 Ecological Society of America. Published in the Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment journal. This paper is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/