Intellectual Equines

18/12/2025

It is going to be an uphill battle advocating for horse welfare.

*This weeks post was going to be on good horse keeping – grazing pasture with friends, and the repercussions of not doing so.
*I’d already been considering how hard it was even advocating for minimum standards, when so many fb replies to pasture grazing with friends posts claim * my horse loves being locked in her stable *my horse can’t have turnout as she may injure herself *my horse is happy in a small yard alone, she has neighbours she can see
*Then I considered a post on horses happiness and mental wellbeing-
Prompted by reading an online ad for what sounded like a very highly thought of pony, whose virtues in the ad were really highly praised.
But, heres the thing – the pony was for sale.
So many good points about the pony but they were selling her.
Added to that, there were 6 photos included in that ad- mixture of ridden, lead, shown in hand and being handled, the sad part was 5 of those 6 pictures the horse had a REALLY UNHAPPY expression on her face.
They loved the pony? were selling her, saying how wonderful she was, and didn’t have the where-withall to notice that the pony wasn’t happy. SO SAD.
Sounds like they loved what the pony could do for them more than they loved the real life pony.
*Then a really horrifyingly depressing post came up about some very bad horse care allegedly by a well known coach entity which I contemplated sharing.
The sort of thing that ANYONE should know wasn’t right, being done by a ‘well respected’ and generally often looked up to horse entity.

Somewhere while contemplating all this, the scale of the battle to educate overwhelmed me.

How do we keep going advocating for good horse keeping, minimum (what every horse should have) welfare standards, when there is SO MUCH information out there in the public domain that is WRONG.

Text books and google searches pretending to be factual, putting forth ‘you need to be boss’ or ‘your horse will dominate you’.

Instructors and coaches saying ‘kick him harder’ and ‘give him a smack with the whip’ when your horse doesn’t go forward.

SO MANY depictions of pain on horse faces. One look at ‘horses in art’ will show you that.
I googled ‘horse statues in Adelaide’ and came up with multiple pictures of mouth pain caused by riders hands on bits.

Canadian art gallery
‘Beauty, Strength and Grace: Horses in Art’ showed a racing picture, front horse ears back, scrunched nose unhappy expression, rear horse ears back, rider with whip raised above head ready to apply lash.

Oh – and I forgot the classic
“his ears are back because he’s concentrating, not because he’s in pain or unhappy”

Depressing –
Im going outside to my pasture pets, to get some gentle horse breath on my cheek, so I can heal and come back tomorrow and try again.

Written by Vicki Conroy for the PPGA Equine sub-committee

26/11/2025

A relationship based on MUTUAL enjoyment and cooperation, with a whole lot of feeling good for the horse - my kind of equine partnership

He’s only doing it for the food

Whoo hoo great! is my mental response to this statement. The horse finally gets something he wants from responding to the human! Compliance requires motivation.

Most horse owners don’t understand the consequence rule –
CONSEQUENCE DRIVES BEHAVIOUR
If the consequence is good, invariably the behaviour is repeated.
If the consequence is bad – the horse will try to AVOID repeating that behaviour.
Choosing to do behaviour that supplies good things and avoiding bad stuff seems eminently sensible to me!

Why are humans so entitled that they think everything in this world is for their benefit?
The horse should do it for them? Where is the consequence in that?

Why SHOULD horses do what we want them to?
Because we feed them daily when they should have a paddock full of grazing?
Misapplication!

Some common statements from people who don’t really understand how (R+) positve reinforcement OR RELATIONSHIPS work.

But he’s only doing it for the food;
At last the horse can obtain a benefit for complying with the human

I want him to like me, not just the food -
For this to happen the human needs to supply something the horse desires/ likes (it is often food!)
Why otherwise woud he like you? Because you’re a nice person? (Entitled much?)

Even human friends happen because you supply something good for them.
And it should go both ways.
Usually it is enjoying being together, doing things together, sharing and enjoying the same things. Sharing memories too.

For this to apply to horses, human/ horse interaction needs to be more of a PARTNERSHIP than a dictatorship.

Your human friends won’t last long if -
You are always TELLING THEM what to do, whether they want to do that thing or not.
Everything is always your decision - there should be give and take.

Horses don’t get that give and take. They often get do it or else.
When the or else is not good for the horse, they learn to comply to avoid the ‘or else’.

Once this is learnt they generally comply without showing irritation – because showing irritation hasn’t worked in the past – whats the point in showing it now?
Oh – no complaint from the horse – he must like doing this (sarcasm is mine!)

I prefer my friends and partners to say *oh lets do this together *this seems like fun, or *what would you like to do today?
Doesn’t that paint a better picture?

And the benefits – they tend to give you what you SHOULD have wanted in the first place.
A relationship based on MUTUAL enjoyment and cooperation.

People generally miss the effect of the classical conditioning going on in the background too. The positive conditioned emotional response. (+CER)

When the horse obtains something he wants from responding to the human – he benefits from the behaviour. So good things happen.

Good things happening make you feel good (oh Im so good at stating the obvious!)

A whole lot of feeling good – it may START with our horse ‘ony doing it for the food’
(and I don’t have a problem with that!)
but it evolves and morphs into our horse enjoying being with us; wanting to be with us;
choosing to work with us - often without the food that started it all!

Mutual enjoyment - Isn’t that the goal?

Written by Vicki Conroy of the PPGA Equine Sub-Committee

04/11/2025

Movement while grazing, and natural grazing posture is important

Most of us these days are hopefully aware that horses SHOULD NOT be confined to small spaces. They need room to move.

We’ve probably all heard “they move 20kms per day going to and from grazing and water”

What we may not have heard, and it is equally, if not MORE important, is how far horses move WHILST grazing. How far and HOW they move WHILE taking mouthfuls and chewing, which they do for 12 – 16 hrs per day.

When horses graze they place one foreleg forward, then do a sequence of ‘bite off grass, chew, move head, bite off grass, chew, repeat’ around the extended foreleg, then raise head, progress opposite foreleg, repeat above sequence around new leading leg.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ObrV64MgAo to watch a (better) video explanation

Preliminary findings of Lucy Rees/ Christina Salvany documented some 30 foreleg progressions per minute. When distance the foreleg moved was calculated, the figure came up to a possible 30km per day, with head down, stretched back and topline, grazing.

Grazing posture IS significantly important. It is how horses have evolved to eat after all - WITH HEAD LOWERED AND NECK AND BACK AND TOPLINE STRETCHED.

Consider the way humans often feed horses. Stationary piles. Small yards or stables. Chest height feed tins. Feeding regime where the food lasts for little more than 6hrs per day.

Lets look at the postural aspect of this behaviour alone -
Two separate studies on travel sickness pneumonia showed horses displaying early respiratory symptoms from having their heads tied at chest height, as per travel in a horse truck (yet with no travel involved) This is the SAME position as chest height horse feeders.

Respiratory symptoms developing from being unable to stretch topline and lower head to natural grazing position.
Add some feed based dust and pollen to the mix if you dare….

We know confinement and hence prevention of the ex*****on of normal behaviour can cause stereotypies and stress.

Ulcers, colic, choke, and respiratory compromise amongst other things should also be factored in.

We need to stop normalising incorrect and unsafe horse keeping, for our horses emotional AND physical welfare.

What else is happening that we are unaware of with this posturally changed grazing sequence?

Written By Vicki Conroy of the PPGA Equine Sub-Committee

19/10/2025

Training with horses is traditionally a one sided conversation. But if you're paying attention, you'll find your horse often has a lot to say.

20/09/2025

Horses maintaining harmony

A while ago a line in a facebook post jumped out at me – “Horses are bad at saying no”

Variations of this theme had been plaguing me for a while. A biggie is the old “but they are 600kgs, you can’t force them to if they don’t want to” (most of us know, or SHOULD know, that statement is inaccurate!)

And some observations of my herd.
Horses happily munching on hay piles. Occasionally a horse will move to a different pile, sometimes occupied. With no visible body language shown by the ‘encroacher’ the horse being approached will often just seem to ‘choose’ to move ‘happily’ to a different pile.

I understand there can be a hierarchy surrounding limited resources, but I expected yielding hay would be shown not voluntarily, but as a response to body language displayed by the incoming horse? That doesn’t always seem to be the case.

Another discrepancy – horses that appear to ‘love’ their job?
Before learning about ‘learning theory’ I too could have believed this. With traditional training, I have seen horses being lunged for 20mins, ridden horses performing half pass or flying changes. Horses performing often difficult behaviours that are clearly for the riders pleasure, and not benefitting the horse.

Sometimes the horses displeasure is apparent - The swishing tail, pigroot, or open mouth evasions. Then there are the more subtle signs, more noticeable once you learn how to ‘see’ – the facial tension, tight ears, triangulated eyes; so many horses though just appear to get on and do the job, seemingly without complaint. Why?

Its not like the horse is ‘paid’ for performing.
What does he get for this? Why does he comply? Traditional horse training is based heavily on negative reinforcement. The horse is reinforced for performing a behaviour, by the cessation of a cue that is generally not pleasant for the horse.
Why does he appear to enjoy this?

Some possible explanations I found while reading research papers – (apart from the fact that horses are such stoic, amenable, lovely, generous and giving creatures, that is!)

Drews 1993
Dominance is an attribute of the pattern of repeated, agonistic interactions between two individuals, characterized by a consistent outcome in favor of the same dyad member and a DEFAULT YIELDING RESPONSE of its opponent rather than escalation.

Dominance and Leadership: Useful Concepts in Human–Horse Interactions?
Elke Hartmann, Janne W. Christensen b, Paul D. McGreevy
Dominance hierarchies in horses primarily influence priority access to limited resources of
any kind, resulting in PREDICTABLE CONTEST OUTCOMES that potentially MINIMIZE aggressive encounters and ASSOCIATED RISK OF INJURY

So a survival mechanism.

A means of getting along, being cohesive, fitting in with the herd, which is safety for the herd animal. And avoidance of injury will always keep you alive longer.

This is often what we can see when we watch humans training horses.
Apparent compliance.

The horse has learnt how to avoid the unpleasant / aversive act by the human, learned how to comply to avoid/ escape the punishment. There are minimal OVERT body language signals to see.

Instead of appreciating the horse for the kind and sentient being that he is, we humans take advantage of this apparent compliance; this performing to avoid the aversive, and we anthropomorphise – we claim he ‘enjoys’ his work as we cannot see his unhappiness, neither physical nor emotional.

Written By Vicki Conroy of the PPGA Equine Sub-Committee

05/09/2025

Open space to roam with friends and sufficient resources for all herd members

“They do it to each other” and “they hurt each other more than we ever can” is used so many times as an excuse to punish or inflict pain upon a horse.

There are many arguments against this mis-information, and YES IT IS mis-information, but the biggest argument in my mind (which I don’t see argued enough) is – domestic horses that exist in stable herds, or free roaming wild horses, actually DON’T do it to each other.

Affiliative interactions and responses significantly out number aggressive ones {1}
Humans would do well to observe, practise, and USE, affiliative behaviours with their horses.

Horses have evolved to exist In stable social groups with enough space to roam freely, with access to sufficient grazing and water. How do you resource guard a big open grazing space? Instead of resource guarding the water supply, some horses will stand sentry while the others drink.

Horses have evolved to be herd members. There is safety belonging to a herd. More eyes to scout for predators, and more choice of target if the predators do come. Physical confrontations among horses can cost energy and risk injury. Instead of chasing each other away, some horses will stand guard while others in the herd sleep. When you are large and getting up takes time, this makes sense.

And importantly – no early weaning; no forced separation of herd mates; no isolated horses in solitary confinement; no housing in pocket handkerchief sized pieces of land; no enforced stabling; no feed that runs out; no limited resources. No people with aggressive scary practices.

Open space to roam with friends and sufficient resources for all herd members. The goal for all equines.

Basing human horse interactions on horses stressed by poor housing, is like basing your community development plan on behaviours exhibited by inmates in the local jail.
Not going to be the best role models!

Horses are pacifists, cohesive, harmonious, they get along; a goal for all humans!

1 1 {Affiliative interactions and responses significantly out number aggressive ones (p

02/09/2025

How well can you truly read what your horse is saying?

As we all know, horses evolved to be subtle in their cues to avoid conflict and stay safe within a herd as prey animals. But how subtle is "subtle"?

We as humans aren't hard-wired like horses and miss quite a few cues. By the time we understand, the horse has escalated several times into more obvious communication to us. These come in the forms of displacement behaviors and calming behaviors. It's important while observing these that we take into account the context, nuance, and overall behavioral analysis to create a clear picture of what the horse is saying and doing.

1️⃣ Displacement behavior: actions a horse will perform when experiencing emotional conflict or high stress to attempt to regulate

2️⃣ Calming behavior: actions taken to minimize the high emotional states of distress, excitement, etc. they or others are in, to try to create a more soothing or peaceful environment/ interaction

Subtle signs can be as small as slow, methodical blinks as a calming behavior or a release of tension or stress such as with neck shaking or jaw stretching. The causes can range from trying to calm an intimidating trainer, regulate themselves in a new environment, or communication in herd dynamics to avoid conflict.

Below, some subtle signs coming from the eyes, mouth, and neck are listed. How many are you able to identify from your own horse?

➡️ Blinking - blinking and then repeating as a calming signal is typically in a pattern if you take the time to observe. It many times also accompanies other signals such as head or neck turning.

➡️ Half closing eyes - ex: blink, close for a second, half closing eyes for 2-10 seconds to help avoid conflict. This is also common to see in horses in pain, depressed, or in a stage of learned helplessness.

➡️ Looking away - this mostly happens when standing still. Looking away as a calming signal involves taking a break from a specific stimulus. The horse may move their head, but often beginning signals are just through the eyes while the head stays in place - looking to change the viewing direction, or even turning more "inward" with dull eyes similar to what we can see in learned helplessness.

➡️ Licking / Chewing - chewing without food or licking and chewing are both also calming signals. By this point you may also see other subtle signs of calming behaviors such as blinking, looking away, tense facial features, etc. This can happen after a stressful training situation as they try to calm themselves, or even when staring into the distance quietly, and then when they "come back to reality". It's important to know licking and chewing does NOT mean a horse is learning, processing, or has digested information: just that they recently experienced tension and are trying to release it to move back into a state of rest & digest.

➡️ Yawning - along with the obvious reasons for yawning, it can also be a calming signal. It's important here to look for other calming signals to understand context here. A jaw stretch may accompany it, which looks very much like a yawn or the ending to a yawn: the tongue stays in the mouth, and the jaw may move a bit (think their mouth may look a bit misaligned - top and bottom jaw are moving in different directions to stretch out).

➡️ Neck turn - this is a more dramatic form of the head turn or looking away. Just as it seems, the horse will be moving their head and/or neck away while keeping their body relatively still. Sometimes horses may also turn to look at something interesting or when ahead of you turn to look and see if you are following - while it's possible to look off into the distance as additional displacement signals, the context here again is needed and can be determined by observing other signals

➡️ Neck shake - a neck shake will only involve the head and neck, and is typically to help shake off any tension they may have had recently

Next time you go to see your horse, see if you can notice any of these behaviors from them or their herd mates!

25/08/2025

How light are your cues?
Or
The myth of non-escalating pressure

Positive reinforcement (R+) is so different to the normal way most people interact with horses.

It is often so hard to know where to start – what do you do? How does it work? How does it all go together? Often we ponder this question after interacting with our existing horse.

It is always a great thing to ponder, and ultimately enact!
There are so many benefits to switching from traditional horse training (negative reinforcement) to R+. SO MANY. It is more than the sum of its parts.

Often when doing initial research we may find a method of adding R+ on to traditional training. This is often referred to as ‘piggybacking’

This can provide many benefits.
Your cues can become lighter, you focus on what you want the horse to do, you learn how to write training plans, you learn how to break behaviour down into smaller pieces, all good things that benefit the horse (usually) You also add click and reward. The click tells the horse which behaviour we are working on, the reward tells him he got it right.

A lot of horses seem to be really happy with this training approach, and it is far better than the alternative traditional training. But….

Prior to starting R+ knowing how your horse has been trained in the past is also relevant. Knowing if he carries any baggage. Knowing his triggers and what he struggles with.

Traditional training IS Negative reinforcement.
Negative as we take something away, reinforcement as it makes the behaviour stronger.
So – if the behaviour becomes stronger after something is taken away, it stands to reason that the horse DIDN’T LIKE that which was taken away.

Traditional training is often labelled ‘pressure and release’ The pressure (say heels in the horses side) causes the horse to move away, to try to escape the discomfort. When he moves the pressure is removed, that removal makes the horse feel better, so the behaviour of moving is reinforced by the pressure being taken off.

Horses are amazingly stoic animals.
The only thing they gain from complying with the human, is the discomfort the human applied is now taken away. Yet they perform, and they often appear to do so willingly. So many riders and owners claim that their horses enjoy their jobs. Yet their training works because it makes the discomfort go away.

Now on to ‘non-escalating pressure’
I think this method /terminology arose as people struggled with how to get away from traditional training, they struggled with how to get the horse to perform a behaviour without pressure. They wanted the pressure to be ‘non-aversive’ (good aim but incorrect application!)

How do you get a horse to move forward without adding that uncomfortable leg pressure? Actually – if that leg pressure doesn’t work, what do you do? The majority of answers here traditionally is ‘make the pressure stronger’ if a little bit worked, then a little stronger will work better? ‘Tap with the whip’ is also often an answer. No response to leg cue, tap with a whip (more aversive pressure) will often get you the result.

By the way – what happened here isn’t the horse knowing the answer but refusing, and when he feels the whip replying with ‘oops I’d better do what they want, they are serious’ The response occurs because the whip HURTS more, so he moves to get away from it.
Vicious cycle starts here.

Except for non-escalating pressure of course. Good effort trying to find a non-aversive way to get the behaviour, but here is where we get to the myth part of ‘non-escalating’.

People think they can apply a light cue - good thought except it may already be associated with an aversive when it was taught previously. If you are in the lucky position of teaching it ‘new’ you can apply a light pressure. If that pressure is not aversive to the horse you may not get a response.

The recommendation here for ‘non-escalating’ is to maintain the light cue and just wait. I wonder what part of ‘maintaining pressure’ people think is not escalating? It goes on longer! Time escalates!

As a non-contact person, let me tell you that a stranger touching my arm is going to get a squirm and a move-away. Might be a light touch, but it is still aversive - the learner here decides what is deemed aversive and what isn’t – NOT the teacher!

If that touch comes from someone I know, I may ignore if for 30seconds. The touch may not become harder, but it DEFINITELY escalates. It is subject to DURATION. It stays there, the longer it stays the more I squirm, the more that touch BECOMES aversive, even if still very light.

DURATION needs to be factored in here – if you add duration you ARE escalating.

If the stimulus remains neutral to the receiver then no response will be elicited. Clue here is ‘neutral’!

If the stimulus causes a reaction (movement) then the stimulus WAS aversive. If it was neutral, nothing happens. LIGHT stimulus can still be aversive.

So just think what is driving this behaviour and be truthful – was the horse working to make that cue (however light) go away? Or was he working to obtain an appetitive??

BIG DIFFERENCE

Was your horse previously taught with traditional training? If yes then chances are high that he will have some bad memories of what happens if he doesn’t respond. Implied threat.

Much better to teach movement with R+, then when behaviour is solid add a verbal cue, then later add a light touch cue (that will look like a traditional cue)

Then you can be sure that your horse is working for the appetitive, not to avoid discomfort.

04/08/2025

Honouring our horses communication

My horse is hard to catch is a common problem we hear.

There are many solutions put forward, or suggestions as remedies to fix this ‘problem’. ALL are geared to helping you catch your horse, so you can then continue with enjoying what you wanted to catch them for in the first place. Like riding for example.

None (or rare) are the suggestions on questioning WHY your horse doesn’t want to be caught in the first place? Generally it is because he doesn’t like what happens after he is caught.

I’ll repeat that.
Hard to catch horses generally DON’T LIKE what happens to them after they are caught.
Behaviour is driven by consequences. Horse behaviour in avoiding being caught is clearly expressing unhappiness about the consequence - what happens after they are caught.

Why aren’t we taught to respect that?
Taught to address the cause of the horses’ dislike, instead of how to manipulate the effect?
We are taught tricks to help catch our horse, but not WHY they don’t want to be caught, and how to change that association for them, into ‘good things happen’ after you are caught?

Why aren’t we taught how to help our horse like things we do to them, and with them?
Actually, why aren’t we taught to interact with horses in a way that horses like to be interacted with in the first place, instead of teaching horses how to accept what humans want, even when horses dont??

We need to respect our horses feelings and behaviours. We need to listen to their (body language) communication and respond accordingly. Horses too are sentient beings with needs and feelings and emotions, and their choices (or not) need to be honoured.

Changing the way we train can have a profound effect on how our horses view our interactions.

Switching from traditional training (negative reinforcement) to positive reinforcement training
changes the motivation for our horse. He is no longer working purely to avoid an aversive, he is now working to gain an appetitive, to gain something he wants.

The consequence to his behaviour is now good.

Good consequences not only change behaviour, they also change perception and attitude about the process. The feelings change from ‘do I have to?’ to ‘I WANT TO’ – to active happy participation.

Suddenly your horse will be catching you at the gate.
He will be nickering with pleasure when you start a ‘training’ session, which he will now view as a fun shared activity rather than a ‘schooling’ session. Sound better?

Soon your problem will be - how can you end your session without disappointing your horse!

Written By Vicki Conroy of the Equine Sub-Committee

26/07/2025

Soliciting - performing a behaviour uncued, in the hope it will generate reinforcement!!

Sneaking my head around the corner for a pony peak while getting hays ready (during a drought with no available grazing) I spotted my gelding Dustin interacting with a coil of poly pipe, that was out on the ground ready for running out to a trough later.
Human emotions – but Dustin comes across as a cheeky adolescent boy. Always investigating, often seeming to get in to things he shouldn’t. He often mouths things and picks them up.
Initially it looked like investigative behaviour; I watched a little longer –
I assume what he was actually doing was what I refer to as “soliciting,” which in my house means performing an un-cued behaviour, in the hope it will make reinforcement appear!
I often teach ‘stand on a mat’ as part of training.
It is helpful for teaching country (paddocked) ponies about a change in floor surfaces, it can be a step in the preparation for loading, walking into a crush, and many other behaviours.
My soliciting assumption is based on Dustin looking straight at me whilst performing the behaviour – as if to say ‘look I'm doing it – where is my reward?’
Would you agree that could be his motivation?

Written By Vicki Conroy of the Equine Sub-Committee

25/07/2025

21/07/2025

Again, that's what horses naturally need to have a serene life, as they deserve 💚

Picture credit: Equine Behavior 2016