Science Of Motion

06/01/2025

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01/01/2025

Stamp collecting
“Physics is the only science; all else is stamp collecting.” (Ernest Rutherford)
The statement is a little absolute and arrogant but it underlines an important point. There is always a fundamental problem engendering secondary issues. Focusing on the secondary issues does not resolve the fundamental problem.

Riding techniques as well as therapies concentrate on secondary issues instead of identifying and correcting the root cause, which is the fundamental problem. For instance, rushing a horse forward is not going to create forward movement. In respect of equine biomechanics, forward movement is not how much the body moves forward but instead, how well the thrust generated by the hind legs is efficiently converted forward through the spine, into horizontal forces, forward movement, and vertical forces, balance control. The idea that urging the horse forward is going to create forward movement is at the level of stamp collecting.

A concept as simple as the horse natural frequency raises pertinent questions. “Our entire biological system the brain and the earth itself work on the same frequencies.” (Nikola telsa) Back muscles create speed stiffening the thoracolumbar spine. Rushing the horse at a cadence exceeding the horse’s natural frequency, stiffens the back muscles, altering their precise orchestration and therefore, forwardness and balance control. Down to microscopic level, the horse frequency is a fundamental component of efficiency and soundness. “Because the muscle is composed of both muscle fibers and tendinous materials, all of these structures must be collectively ‘tuned’ to the spring properties for the muscle-tendon system to store and recover elastic strain energy during locomotion.” (Paul C. LaStayo, PT, PhD. John M. Woolf, PT, MS, ATC. Michael D. Lewek, PT. Lynn Snyde-Mackler, PT, ScD. Trugo Relch, BS. Stan L. Lindstedt, PhD. Eccentric Muscle Contractions: Their contribution to injury, prevention, rehabilitation, and sport. Journal of Orthopaedic & sports physical therapy. 557-571. Volume 33, NUMBER 10, October 2003)

Injecting the hocks provides transient relief but does not correct the kinematics abnormality stressing the hock on a first place. Repeated injections are not harmless, over a period of time, Hyaluronic acid and synovial fluid undergoes a chemical transformation altering the efficiency of the synovial fluid. For decades, the general consensus has been that hock problems were the root cause of back issues. Further understanding of the whole mechanism suggested that at the contrary, thoracolumbar dysfunction is the root cause of hock problems. By correcting the thoracolumbar dysfunction, it is possible to correct the kinematics abnormality inducing excessive stress on the hock. In fact, the kinematics abnormality causing hack damage will never be corrected without identifying and correcting the thoracolumbar dysfunction that is the source of the problem. The work has to be done in correlation with proper hoof balance, as there are always two set of forces involved, the forces going up from the hoof onto the legs and the forces going down from the back onto the hoof.

Identifying the fundamental problem evolves with the advance of scientific knowledge. Quite often, what appeared as fundamental years ago, is secondary in the light of new knowledge. Inverted dynamics, for instance, was a progress allowing to understand equine gaits and performances at a deeper level than kinematics analysis. Forward dynamics is the measurement of movement through the production of force. Inverted dynamics is a mathematical calculation allowing to measure force from the amplitude of movement. Inverted dynamics permitted identifying phenomenon that were not observed through kinematics analysis even when coupled with plate form measurements. For instance, inverted dynamics demonstrated that, “A visually identical hind limb extension in late stance may be accomplished by only hip extensor muscles, only knee extensor muscles or any combination of these.” (Liduin S. Meershoek and Anton J. van den Bogert. Mechanical Analysis of Locomotion.) The knowledge is directly applied in the science of motion, when we explain that efficiency in locomotion demands deep involvement of the horse mental processing. It is not about stimulating muscles that create movements. It is instead about guiding the horse’s brain toward the most efficient coordination of the muscular system. The horse’s brain process the most efficient coordination of the physique as long as the education is encouraging the horse’s brain to explore efficiency, which is more movement for less muscular work. The horse is designed to reduce the metabolic cost of locomotion and, when encourage to do so, the horse intrinsically as well as rationally looks for the most efficient way to use his physique.

In terms of the practical application for therapy inverted dynamics calculations open new perspectives. The study “Mechanical Analysis of Locomotion”, talks about stifle extension but the principle applies to many other muscles and movements. Even if one muscle is injured, the horse can functions using other muscles and can be encouraged to do so. The rider’s knowledge is necessary as the horse will initially elect to protect a damaged muscle and quite often needs to be guided toward using another muscle. This can be done through the science of motion.

“The separate analysis of either movements or forces, kinematics or kinetics respectively, can enhance our understanding of equine gaits. However, an even more powerful method is to analyze movements and forces simultaneously using Newton’s laws of dynamics.” (Anton van den Bogert and all, Mechanical analysis of locomotion). Models are often used in research, but even at this advanced level of research, yesterday’s fundamental looks like stamp collecting in respect of today’s fundamental. “These more sophisticated dynamic optimization models, as opposed to static optimizations that do not consider muscle properties, have not been used other than in research, presumably because more complicated calculations are required. However, they will result in more realistic estimates of muscle force.” (Mechanical analysis of locomotion)

The practical application questions every dressage formulas. One can believe in driving the horse onto the bit, long and low, side reins, as long as one does not consider muscles properties. “The discovery of how things work is intrinsically rewarding, and developing the practical applications of discoveries is no less so.” (Thomas W. Clark) The development of greater knowledge, better tools, new findings demand refinements, changes, or even discarding previously held theories and concepts. “The result is excitement and exhilaration in open inquiry.” (Gerald Larue) There is an infinite pleasure in further understanding how the horse physique and mind effectively functions. The initial move is not very difficult. It is about regarding progresses as an opportunity to better ride and train and teach, instead of a challenge to one’s ego.

Jean Luc Cornille https://www.scienceofmotion.com/documents/mechno_24_stamp_collecting.html

30/12/2024

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29/12/2024

Sometime, I watch kids, at the gate of the hunter show ring, waiting on a horse standing still. They talk with others or watch their cellular phone. The horse may stay standing still for five and sometime even ten minutes and then, enters the ring and in a matter of seconds, passes from standing still half way sleeping to executing a jumping course. There is no concept of athleticism, no understanding of the muscular work required by athletic performances, there is no knowledge and as always when knowledge lacks, there is no respect. Whatever the performance is a jumping course, a dressage test or any other athletic activity, it is about the subtle orchestration of a complex biological mechanism. A horse is an athlete and needs to be treated and educated and maintained as an athlete.



The benefits of mechanical stresses (exercise) are involved at all levels of the horse’s structural hierarchy. For instance, skeletal muscles possess two main types of monocarboxylate transporters, MCT 1, which facilitates the extraction of lactate from extracellular fluid, and MCT 4 that facilitates the next efflux of lactate. Lactate is the metabolic fuel of muscles, but excessive accumulation of lactate poisons the muscle. Equine performances can be improved when the glycolytic muscle enhances its ability to remove lactate from within contracting cells. This is significant because intracellular lactate accumulation does have a negative effect on muscle acidosis and fatigue process. By contrast, enhanced rates of lactate removal are associated with a slowing of muscle fatigue and improved performance. “What is important is that these characteristics are enhanced with appropriated training.” (Michael I. Linger, Lactate: metabolic fuel or poison for racehorses? 2011)



Traditionally, anaerobic work is associated to intense physical activity. The concept is very well known from three-day event riders as it is part of the horse’s conditioning. However, the metabolism of horses that are not fit resorts to anaerobic energy earlier than traditionally expected. Some breeds also are prone to anaerobic work earlier than others. A study completes on Andalusian horses estimated that, “The oxygen supply to the active muscles in Andalusian horses seem to be limited at velocities higher than 7meters per second” (A. Munoz, R. Santisteban, M. D. Rubio, C. Riber, E. I. Agüera, F. M. Castejon. Locomotor response to exercise in relation to plasma lactate accumulation and heart rate in Andalusian and Anglo-Arabian horses. 1999). 420 meters per minute is not fast at all. For reference, the time usually allowed during a jumping course is traditionally based on a speed of 450 meters per minute. The study does not discredit the breed. The point is simply emphasizing the fact that efflux and extraction of lactate within muscles is not exclusively a problem of high speed.



Any athletic activity, including dressage and even trial riding, can easily create situations where efflux and extraction of lactate are feeding the muscles. Efflux of lactate is not the problem; the problem is proper extraction. When MCT 1 monocarboxylate transporters fail proper extraction of lactate from contracting cells, soreness occurs as muscles are basically poisoned. Michael Linger emphasizes the need for “appropriated training”. Whatever the specialty, a horse, including a dressage horse, should be under a fitness conditioning program. A dressage horse does not need fast canter work like a three-day event horse, but long and slow trotting as well as slow canter work. Each horse coming at the center for performance, is placed on a conditioning program. It is very well known that once they are used to one type of exercise, muscles no longer develop. Different activities are necessary. The problem with different activities, is that they can stimulates transient muscle soreness. If one hikes regularly up and down hills, one is not at risk of muscular soreness. By contrast, if one hikes up and down hill without progressive training, one will experience great muscle soreness the day after. Walking downhill, one’s leading leg resists attraction of gravity pulling one’s body toward the bottom of the hill. Knee extensor muscles work eccentrically, which is a powerful type of muscle contraction. Eccentric contractions are often referred to as “high power contractions.” During normal locomotion, 50% of the horse’s muscles work eccentrically at one moment or the other of the stride. A trial horse used to flat trial will experience muscle soreness after a walk up and down hill or unstable footing.



Whatever the specialty, equine activities are athletic performances that have to be approached as athletic achievements. Straightening the horse between a pole and the wall is a primitive form of training that exploits the horse talent but let the horse athletically unprepared for the physical demand of the move. This is just an example. Many training techniques only focus on appearances without understanding the underlying biomechanics factors. Real education is about developing and coordinating efficiently the horse for the athletic demand of the move.



Respecting the horse as an athlete should be the fundamental principle of equine athletic training but it is not. Our ancestors were limited by available scientific knowledge and interpreted their feeling in respect of their logic. The picture illustrates an experiment where we recorded vertical forces created by the hind and front limbs and vertebral column mechanism. Knowing through previous experiments that the horse thoracolumbar spine does have a very limited range of motion in the dorso-ventral direction, it is easy to understand that the considerable amount of vertical forces recorded by the sensors and illustrated by the elevation of the dots on the computer screen, are created by the hind and front legs. The two sensors placed under the rider’s seat were the ones recording the greatest amount of vertical forces. The rider is seat exactly where vertical forces created by the hind and front legs meet. Our ancestors believed that the large amplitude of forces moving their back were the movements of the horse’s vertebral column. Based on this belief, they advised following the movements relaxing the rider’s back muscles. This was a misinterpretation creating exactly the opposite effect. The main function of the back muscles is precisely resisting movements that would exceed the thoracolumbar spine possible range of motion.



Harmony between the rider’s back and the horse back cannot be created increasing the range of movement of the rider’s vertebral column but at the contrary reducing the movements induced on the rider’s back by the horse’s hind and front legs, to an amplitude of movement that does not exceed the horse thoracolumbar spine possible range of motion. Leo Jeffcott measured the amplitude of thoracolumbar spine in the dorso-ventral direction and found that the total range of movement was extremely limited, 53,1mm which is about two inches and a quarter.



Harmony cannot be created through relaxation of the rider’s back but at the contrary through variations in muscle tone. It is about reducing forces through controlled movements. Every riding and training techniques use this type of phrases but when they are based on a range of motion of the rider’s vertebral column exceeding the possible range of motion of the horse’s thoracolumbar spine, the phrase is meaningless and the horse has to protect his thoracolumbar structure stiffening the surrounding muscles. Basically, the more relaxed the rider’s vertebral column, the stiffer the horse’s thoracolumbar spine.



Before jumping on your key board commenting that stiffening of the back does not happen if the horse is barefoot or the saddle is properly fitted, remember the fundamental point of this series, living organisms are constructed from tiers of systems within a system within a system. Soundness and excellence of the performance relies on proper coordination of many systems. Proper hoof balance and proper fitting of the saddle are only elements of numerous systems. They are necessary but they are not enough. Respect for the horse is not about reducing the understanding of the horse’s physique to one system or belief. Respect for the horse is at the contrary furthering knowledge and our capacity of adapting our riding and training techniques to new knowledge. Jean Luc Cornille
https://www.scienceofmotion.com/documents/mechanoresponsiveness_pt_4.html

27/12/2024

Synergistic
Synergistic relates to the interaction or cooperation of two or more organizations, substances, or other agents to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects. When something is synergistic, it means various parts work together to produce an enhanced result. The musicians must have played very well together if you’ve just heard a synergistic symphony.
We all have experienced these instants of divine harmony when the horse and we perform in great understanding. Previously, the common term was “The Zone.” Books have been written about alimentation creating the zone, hoof trimming, etc. Nutrition and hoof balance are part of excellence, but to produce performances beyond the studious obedience to well-applied aids, the horse has to coordinate closed kinematics chains and other systems that are not influenced by the rider’s aids.
If we coordinate the horse’s physique for the athletic demand of the performance, the horse develops muscle synergies, refining the ex*****on of the move. Berti did, and I was necessary to refine our suggestions to let him explore a synergetic trot. Traditional equitation is at the level of “one muscle, one movement” ideology. Forces generated in the fibers of any muscle are shared throughout the entire biotensegrity locally and globally via the softest and hardest fasciae. Motion is finely tuned through a synergistic facilitated by the multidimensional fascial fabric.
Obedience can make a talented horse execute every movement, but a horse instinctively protects his athletic imperfection or other issues; the horse performs out of his talent but protecting his body state, and the dysfunction keeps the performance below the horse’s potential and leads to pathology. Knowledge of equine biomechanics helps to understand the dysfunction and prepare the horse’s physique more efficiently for the athletic demands of the performance. Biotensegrity enhances soundness and excellence, refining how the parts work together. Better performances result from the horse’s willing initiative and our capacity to assist the horse’s mental processing. We need enough knowledge of the performance athletic demand and the horse’s body function to know where the horse is mentally processing at each instant. We need to suggest a different direction if the horse’s processing is trapped in an old habit. We also need to understand the performance’s athletic demand enough to consider and even support the horse’s initiative if the horse’s solution is more efficient than our original thought.
We also need salience, which is the capacity to focus on what is important now and accept the compromise on secondary issues. Leading the horse to a better performance than the proper function of the different body parts demands intellectual modesty and an advanced understanding of the horse’s body function. For centuries, the horse has done a lot more than obey the rider’s aids. Few Masters have understood and respected the horse’s initiatives. Instead, the general consensus punishes the horse for his initiatives.
To process efficiently, the horse needs our respect and appreciation in the ring and all our interactions with the horse. If the horse genuinely enjoys physical contact, the time spent grooming or hugging him is part of our partnership and does not demean our leadership. Not every horse enjoys this type of contact; if they don’t, we need to respect who they are.
The bond that the Science of Motion’s work in hand develops between the horse and the trainer reaches higher when the tensegrity relation is created. Walking by the horse’s side is obedience. Matching the horse’s body tone and frequency raises the relationship with the horse above traditional beliefs. During a training session. Lafayette stepped on my toe. He immediately lifted his hoof when he felt the contact of my feet.
Jean Luc

26/12/2024

The Middle Finger
Yesterday, Betsy broke her middle finger. We talked this morning, and Betsy said it has not been painful so far. We joked a little about using the middle finger, and Betsy remarked that it was not the finger we used the most when riding. As I rode after our conversation, I thought about how I used my middle finger riding. The thumb and index hold the reins; the small and annular fingers ensure contact and elasticity. I noticed that the middle fingers feel the variation in contact with the horse’s mouth. It is almost as if the small and annular fingers feel the contact and the medium finger feels the energy.
I ride as much as possible with soft hands and light contact with the bit. The fingers are sensors feeling the contact given by the horse. They are not closed nor totally open. The greater level of perception is when they are halfway flexed and the forearms are soft. If the horse’s pressure on the bit increases. I don’t close my fingers but filter the increased pressure with my body.
Maybe because I concentrated on the middle finger, I felt small variations in contact even if the rein barely touched the finger. The perception was numbed when I increased the tension of the forearms, and the same if I increased the tension of the fingers. It was easy to feel riding Devina and Berti as they both work with a light contact. With Pascalina, it was clear when she was very light.
The softness of our fingers is part of the tensegrity of our whole physique; If we contract our shoulders of forearms, our fingers tense up a little. Same if we increase the pressure of our calves. Biotensegrity is the coordination of our whole physique, which is a great part of our efficiency. As long as we think of relaxation, we are not effective. The more efficient we became in refining muscle tone in our whole physique, the more subtle our conversation with the horse became. The horses respond as they are liberated from the need for protection. Their mental processing refines, leading to very subtle body control. The horses react as if finally we meet them in their comfort zone. It takes time as our physical intelligence gradually develops muscle synergies and refines closed kinematic chains. The fascinating aspect is that we became capable of feeling nuances that we never felt before, and the refinement never ends.
Through our physical intelligence, we better understand the horse’s intelligence. They don’t process as we do; their umwelt is different, and the way they respond to our touch and contact allows our mind to understand how they process.
Jean Luc

24/12/2024

Chazot and Jean Luc Thoughts
(Jean Luc). While a great defender of the French school, General Decarpentry knew that a school of thought is a limitation, an obstacle to something bigger. As president of the only International dressage jury in 1949, Decarpentry compared skilled riders from different schools. He dreamed about a broader equestrian art and art without frontier, but competition is not about the horse and competition divided. The General was aware of the many blanks in the different schools of thought. He attributed the ability to fill up the blanks to the riders’ skill. “The officer who decides to prepare a horse for international dressage tests is going beyond the limits of his equestrian education.” (Academic Equitation, 1949). The scientific knowledge was elementary, and he could not have understood that the ones who filled up the blanks were, indeed, the horses.

(Chazot) Willingness is part of our Umwelt, but also part of our Umwelt is our will to survive. The combination has led to the most dramatic misunderstanding between humans and equines. Humans have approached us through their myopic lens of self-importance. We are tall and powerful, and by fear, humans resorted to submission. We were willing to do what humans asked but protecting our actual muscle imbalance or other issues. With the mindset on submission. Humans interpreted our errors or protective reflexes, as unwillingness, and instead of analyzing our difficulties and providing solutions, humans reinforced submission. Some of us revolted, as I did, but it was hell until you came and rescued me. Many horses accept slavery as a survival choice.

(Jean Luc) Another reason for the deep-misunderstanding between humans and equines is our naïve belief that you naturally have the solution. Decarpentry defined the aim of academic equitation as restoring to the mounted horse the gracefulness of attitudes and movements which he possessed when he was free. There is a fundamental difference between a move that a horse executes during play and the stylized version of the move required in the show ring while carrying a rider. The natural reflexes are ill-adapted. The evolution of knowledge also exposes more efficient use of your physique. Impact forces, for instance, are traditionally absorbed by eccentric contraction. Propulsive forces are created by concentric contraction. Science has demonstrated that focusing on the cadence and the balance it was possible and more energy-efficient for a horse to use for the propulsion, the elastic energy produced by the eccentric contraction. “The ability of the muscle-tendon units to recover elastic strain energy is apparently energetically so advantageous that the most economical stride frequency in the running may be set by this key component alone.” (Paul C. LaStayo, PT, Ph.D. and all)

(Chazot) When you taught me this technique at the lunge line and riding, I was surprise how easy and comfortable the trot was when I let the elastic energy do the job. It was a valuable lesson. I should say lessons as it demanded practice for me to figure the balance and the cadence where I could optimize storage and reuse of elastic energy. Mentally it was even more important. You showed me that it was a more efficient and easier way. This entered my mind, and I started to look for greater ease and efficiency.

(Jean Luc) I did not teach you how to use greater elastic energy. There is no PLEASE CLICK TO READ ON https://www.scienceofmotion.com/chazot_and_jean_luc_thoughts.html

22/12/2024

17/12/2024

Slow Down
For decades, human athletes have understood the benefits of slowing down. The complex orchestration of muscles, fascia, closed kinematic and kinetic chains, involved in gaits and performances is easier to coordinate slowly. Our equestrian linear concepts of forwardness and balance are simplistic and false. Scott Grafton (Physical Intelligence) discusses ordinary people trying to walk on a balancing beam versus ballet dancers. The ballet dancers perform better because their education has developed muscle synergies that are not specific to the problem of walking on a balancing beam but allow them better balance control. Just stay still for a few seconds on a balancing beam. You will make numerous and minute muscle adjustments, maintaining the forces above your center of mass. You will remain in balance as long as your physique controls minute shifts. You will be off balance as soon as the shifts become larger movements. You might give yourself an illusion of balance running through the beam. You will be off balance and crash at the end, but if the video is edited to show only the run, you will show the same illusion of balance as a horse rushed on the forehand, leaning heavily on the bit.
Now, go back on the balancing beam and walk slowly. You will not be able to control your balance on the first day. For each leg moving forward, your whole physique will have to complete minute and numerous adjustments as does the horse walking slowly in balance. Indeed, it is more difficult than rushing through the beam with a hand supporting you, but your mind and physical intelligence will identify and develop muscle synergies and fascia work, improving your balance. The horse needs to do this when performing in balance while carrying a rider. For each leg movement, the back muscles need to center the forces above the center of mass. This education demands that we create an atmosphere that gives confidence to the horse to explore further. The horse must feel respected, encouraged to explore, and given the time to process. Concentrating the forces above the center of mass is complex and involves the whole physique. The education is easier if the horse performs slowly and we work at the level of minute shifts that we channel between our upper thighs. The second we bend the horse’s neck or shift our body weight back to front or from one seat bone over the other, we alter the horse’s mastery of balance.
We can go fast and inject or slow and educate. Teaching the horse to master balance does a lot more than balance control. Mastering balance reduces the intensity of the forces stressing the lower front legs and cervical and thoracic vertebrae at impact. We can lead the horse to better hoof placement as we do by controlling our back on the balancing beam. Better joints’ placement at impact includes knee and hip joints. At a slower frequency, our physical intelligence can reach mastery of forces that our consciousness cannot master. Tai chi and other martial arts further the capacities of the human physique. The science of slow motion furthers the capacities of the horse’s physique.
Dressage boot camps will urge you to go fast because a boot camp aims to numb critical thinkers and make them obey stupid orders. When dressage returns to its original function, which is to educate and coordinate the horse’s physique for the athletic demand of the performance, the horse’s mental processing is the primary asset. The horse needs to process questions and have the time to explore solutions. Our understanding of the horse’s body function and the performance’s athletic demands allows us to assist and eventually redirect the horse’s processing.
Jean Luc

16/12/2024

Relearning to See and Think.
Technical explanations are helpful but can be interpreted and applied using riding and training techniques contradicted by actual knowledge. When I started posting daily short videos showing how I apply new knowledge, many realized that they were integrating new knowledge into outdated equitation. Everyone noticed the horses’ gentle participation: the young horses thought about the question overnight and came the next day with a solution, and the older horses explored solutions away from their familiar patterns.
Even if the aids are polite, submission limits efficiency, as performances demand coordination of systems and forces not influenced by the rider’s touches and shifts. When the horse’s education goes beyond making the horse do it and focuses on the athletic demand, the capacity and importance of the horse’s mental processing reach a dimension previously underestimated. We are intellectually comfortable with the thought that a horse can execute the same movement using different muscles, but we expect the feeling described by literature, unaware of the complexity and sophistication of the muscle group involved, their interaction with fascia, close kinematics, and kinetic chains. Balance does not feel like a weight transfer; the linear description of the weight shifting over the haunches is false. Authentic balance feels soft. For equines, as for humans, balance is the capacity to center the forces around the center of mass. Balance is efficient body control. Balance is incredibly complex, and the simplistic linear theory does not prepare us to think efficiently. When I explained in the daily video why I addressed Devina’s tendency to push horizontally on the bit early in her education, I did not discuss neck posture and other details. I explained why her tendency would alter her ability to refine the coordination of her thoracic spine muscles, which is where the balance of forward movement are created.
We need to learn to think differently. We are conditioned to think in terms that are contradicted by actual knowledge. Our physical intelligence is how our physique coordinates muscles and other functions for greater efficiency. Our physical intelligence refines our feelings, giving us perceptions that direct our intelligence in the right processing. The feeling is important, but our perception keeps us in antiquated theories when interpreted with the wrong understanding of the horse’s body function.
Learning and refining our equitation is a journey. Learning is a process we cannot finish, but it is a journey we can enjoy. The daily short videos are effective as they attract your eye or mind to a detail. You would not have thought of doing it this way, but the horse appears to process efficiently and comfortably. Through numerous different situations, you are painlessly learning to think differently.
Jean Luc Click link for online courses https://www.scienceofmotion.com/documents/science_of_motion_25_courses.html