18/01/2025
Gastric Dilation and Volvulus in Small Animals
(Bloat)
ByThomas W. G. Gibson, BSc, BEd, DVM, DVSc, DACVSMR, Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph
Reviewed/Revised Jun 2020
Gastric dilation and volvulus (GDV) is an enlargement of the stomach associated with rotation on the mesenteric axis. GDV is an acute, life-threatening condition that primarily affects large- and giant-breed dogs, with a mortality rate of 20%–45% in treated animals. Immediate medical and surgical intervention is required to optimize survival in patients with GDV.
Gastric dilation and volvulus (GDV) is an acute, life-threatening condition that primarily affects large- and giant-breed dogs. Immediate medical and surgical intervention is required to optimize chance of survival.
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Gastric Dilation and Volvulus in Small Animals
The etiology of gastric dilation and volvulus is unknown, but several phenotypic and environmental risk factors have been identified for developing GDV. Breeds at risk of GDV include the Great Dane, German Shepherd, Irish Setter, Gordon Setter, Weimaraner, Saint Bernard, Standard Poodle, and Bassett Hound. No s*x predisposition exists, and dogs appear to be at increased risk with advancing age. Other reported predisposing factors include lean body condition, deep/narrow thoracic conformation, a first-degree relative with a history of GDV, stress, aggressive or fearful behavior, once daily feeding, dry food, rapid consumption of food, previous splenic disease, and increased gastric ligament laxity.
Recommendations for owners of dogs with high risk breeds include:
feeding multiple small meals rather than one large meal
restriction of exercise before and after meals
reducing stress at mealtime
avoiding elevated feed bowls
not breeding dogs with a first-degree relative with a history of GDV
