Merit Dog Project

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Merit Dog Project PhD, IAABC-ADT, CDBC, CPDT-KA, CANZ-ABC I am passionate about teaching humans about the human-dog bond, and what we can do as to strengthen our bond.

At Merit Dog Project, my aim is to provide education and the science of dog behaviour to everyone through applied methods and research. I believe in a positive, science based method of teaching that shows kindness and understanding toward our canine companions. My hands-off, consent-based approach to teaching allows dogs to trust their humans without the use force and correction, but instead uses

motivation and understanding. My area of expertise is helping fearful, anxious and aggressive dogs learn the skills needed to cope with their environment and improve their well-being. I also hold a PhD in Animal Studies, MSc. degree in Anthrozoology and B.Sc. in Psychology/Anthropology. Additionally, I have a Post Graduate Certificate in Animal Welfare. I have 12 years of experience working as a behaviour consultant and I am a Certified Professional Dog Trainer-Knowledge Assessed with the Certification Council of Professional Dog Trainers, a Certified Dog Behaviour Consultant and Accredited Dog Trainer with the International Association of Animal Behaviour Consultants and an Accredited Dog Behaviour Consultant with Companion Animals New Zealand.

One of my favourite behaviours I’ve ever taught Juno is “with me.”It’s simple, it’s reliable, and it does so much more t...
11/04/2025

One of my favourite behaviours I’ve ever taught Juno is “with me.”

It’s simple, it’s reliable, and it does so much more than it appears to on the surface.

Whenever we’re walking on a shared path, sidewalk, or trail—whether she’s on lead or off—Juno automatically moves to walk beside me as soon as she sees another person approaching. I don’t have to cue her; it’s just something she does now, out of habit and confidence, and the reinforcement value it offers.

This small behaviour offers everyone something valuable:

**For Juno, it provides predictability and a sense of safety. She used to worry when people appeared suddenly or moved unpredictably. Knowing where she should be, and what to do, helps her feel calm and secure.

**For the people we’re sharing space with, it signals intention and awareness.They see her move beside me and often thank us or smile. It takes the pressure off—there’s no guesswork about whether the dog is going to dart, bark, or approach.

And for me? It’s peace of mind. A small, shared ritual that makes the world easier for all of us to navigate together.

Excellent speakers and free to attend!
09/04/2025

Excellent speakers and free to attend!

Free seminar coming up next week - what have we achieved in 25 years and where are we headed next? Join the Animal Welfare Science Centre on the 16th April, in-person (Melbourne, Australia) or online. Details: https://bit.ly/AWSC25

The other day, I wrote about how competency is a vital part of agency, and how developing skills like problem-solving an...
03/04/2025

The other day, I wrote about how competency is a vital part of agency, and how developing skills like problem-solving and learning concepts is a big part of that. Today, I saw a lovely example in real time.

Juno and I were in the playground area when a small dog darted toward us from across the field, barking. Juno isn't particularly worried by small, shouty dogs, but she's also not the most greety-social type. Right next to her was a large stump—too tall for the other dog, but perfectly accessible for her. She glanced at the dog, looked at the stump, and jumped up.

No prompting from me. No cues or direction. Just Juno using her well-practised understanding of the environment—how to go over, under, around, and through things—and her understanding of size, to navigate the space in a way that benefited her. The small dog came over, looked up, couldn’t follow, and moved on. Juno hopped down, and we carried on our way.

These are the kinds of moments that show me how much conceptual learning and environmental competence support dogs in making choices that reflect both awareness and autonomy. Agency is sometimes just as quiet and graceful as a dog choosing elevation.

This picture is obviously not from today, but "up" is a behaviour she knows well as you can see!

I’ve always found it funny—and a little telling—how humans can chatter, shout, sigh, hum, sing, groan, and laugh all day...
02/04/2025

I’ve always found it funny—and a little telling—how humans can chatter, shout, sigh, hum, sing, groan, and laugh all day long without question. But when a dog uses their voice to communicate, it’s often met with irritation or scolding.

Vocalisation is communication. Just because it sounds different from ours doesn’t make it any less valid. Instead of jumping straight to "quiet!" or "no barking!", what if we paused to ask: What are they trying to say?

Understanding starts when we stop treating communication as a nuisance.

(PS: To be clear, this is not me suggesting dogs should bark all day! Quite the opposite, in fact. I am suggesting we listen instead of being dismissive.)

Agency is more than having the ability to make choices. It encompasses the capacity to control one’s actions, navigate c...
02/04/2025

Agency is more than having the ability to make choices. It encompasses the capacity to control one’s actions, navigate challenges, and engage with the environment meaningfully. Agency, as described by Littlewood et al. (2023), involves the interplay of control, competency, choice, challenge, and umwelt (their subjective experience of the world) and affordance (the opportunities the environment offers). When we teach dogs with this framework in mind, we see that it is not only about acquiring new skills but also allows dogs tp perceive themselves as active participants in their learning journey.

Now, a dog’s sense of agency is intricately tied to their level of competency. A dog that feels confident in their ability to solve problems and understand their environment is more likely to exhibit proactive behaviours and decision-making. Competency supports agency, and agency, in turn, reinforces the development of further competency. This cycle can be intentionally nurtured through training practices that emphasise problem-solving and conceptual understanding.

Concept learning involves teaching broader ideas that go beyond specific behaviours and rote learning. For example, we might teach a dog to recognise and understand the concepts of bigger/smaller, same/different, or directional cues like left and right. These aren’t just isolated cues; they can help dogs generalise skills across various situations and with increasing cognitive flexibility and a sense of control.

For instance, teaching a dog the concept of "bigger" and "smaller" allows them to make decisions based on size differentials—this could relate to choosing between objects of varying sizes for a game, or even making choices about where to navigate based on spatial reasoning. Similarly, the concept of same/different helps a dog understand patterns and predict outcomes, which is crucial for effective decision-making in dynamic environments.

Another excellent example of concept learning is the "Do As I Do" method, proposed by Claudia Fugazza. This method teaches dogs to imitate human behaviours, a skill that requires understanding not just individual actions but the broader concept of imitation itself. Claudia has several academic articles and a book if you want to learn more.

By providing problem-solving opportunities, we allow dogs to practice executive functioning skills. For example, when a dog learns how to solve a puzzle, they’re not just learning to manipulate an object—they are developing the cognitive flexibility to adjust their actions based on feedback from the environment, testing different solutions, and understanding cause and effect.

This type of learning helps them internalise concepts like 'trial and error', 'strategic thinking', and 'situational awareness', all of which are key components of a dog’s agency.

It’s important to note that competency should be built gradually and at the dog’s pace. Agency cannot be thrust upon a dog if they lack the skills to navigate the world confidently. A well-rounded training approach involves providing adequate challenges that allow the dog to fail safely (and not unfairly becasue we have tasked them with something above their skill level) and learn from mistakes, rather than overwhelming them with tasks that are too difficult or that rely too heavily on external control.

Key take-aways:

🐾Competency is essential for agency. A dog that feels confident in their abilities will be more likely to engage in proactive, thoughtful behaviour.

🔎Problem-solving and concept learning promote cognitive development and give dogs the tools to navigate complex situations with confidence.

🧩Ethical training involves providing challenges that are appropriate for the dog’s skill level and that encourage autonomy in the learning process.

🤓Agency fosters emotional wellness. Empowered dogs are emotionally healthier, and emotionally healthy dogs are more capable learners.
Competency is the foundation of agency. A competent dog is one that feels capable of navigating the world with confidence and control.

***

Littlewood, K. E., Heslop, M. V., & Cobb, M. L. (2023). The agency domain and behavioral interactions: assessing positive animal welfare using the Five Domains Model. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10, 1284869.

28/03/2025

I have two NEW and exciting upcoming presentations.

Available both in person (Colorado Springs) or attend virtually!

Bear with me here, it's a bit of heavy a read. But a perspective I care deeply about and want to share.I heard someone s...
27/03/2025

Bear with me here, it's a bit of heavy a read. But a perspective I care deeply about and want to share.

I heard someone suggest, again, that the term consent doesn’t apply to nonhuman animals because it’s a legal concept. But this claim, to me, exposes a deeper, more insidious issue: the way we define nonhuman animals as non-persons in order to justify their exclusion from moral and legal consideration in the first place.

Consent, at its core, is about agency—the ability to grant or withhold permission in a way that others can recognise and respect. While legal frameworks have historically restricted the concept to human persons, that is not a reflection of any inherent incapacity in those excluded, but rather a function of who society is willing to acknowledge as a rights-bearing individual. Throughout history, various human groups were denied legal personhood—not because they lacked the ability to make decisions about their own bodies and lives, but because it was politically and socially convenient to dismiss their agency. The same logic is applied to nonhuman animals. The claim that consent is a human-only, legal-only concept and not applicable to nonhuman animals is not a neutral observation; it is an insidious speciesist assertion designed to maintain human control.

One thing for sure is that consent is a complex issue when considering nonhuman animals in our moral worldview. It is so complex there are no right and wrongs, no consensus on its use and who may be granted agency. And while traditional conceptions of agency and moral status have often excluded other animals, recent developments in philosophy and psychology suggest a need for more nuanced approaches (Sebo, 2017). But undeniably, consent is a human-centric term, I don't disagree, and it poses limitations with its use. This is what I explore in my book.

Some prefer to use the term assent rather than consent to avoid its legal connotations, and that distinction is useful in some contexts. I am not denying that "consent" isn't problematic, quite the opposite. However, my argument is not about rejecting these terminological nuances but about examining the broader moral framework in which both assent and dissent fit. If we recognise that nonhuman animals can meaningfully communicate their willingness or refusal, then we must acknowledge their agency within an ethical system that respects their lived experiences.

The idea of expanding consent to nonhuman animals presents challenges and contradictions. On one hand, Korsgaard (2011) argues that since nonhuman animals cannot give consent in the way humans do, we should adopt norms of mutually beneficial and fair interactions that allow animals to live their own sort of life. On the other hand, Patter and Blattner (2020) propose the concept of mediated informed consent and ongoing embodied assent as part of ethical principles for research with animals, indicating that some form of consent-like process might be applicable to nonhuman animals.

The real issue is not whether nonhuman animals can consent, but whether we are willing to reimagine a type of consent that recognises their capacity for agency. My book pushes these boundaries; it doesn't try to pigeonhole dogs into a human concept of consent. The discomfort people feel when confronted with this idea is not due to any genuine conceptual difficulty—it is due to the threat it poses to entrenched hierarchies. If dogs, horses, or fish can meaningfully express consent or refusal, then we must ask uncomfortable questions about the ways we control them, train them, and justify our impositions on their lives. Recognising nonhuman animals as capable of consent forces us to confront the power structures that have long allowed us to disregard their autonomy.

This is why I advocate for a canine-indexed definition of consent—one that does not simply impose a human legal or philosophical model onto dogs but instead considers consent from their perspective. If we define consent in a way that is grounded in canine cognition, communication, and social behaviour, we move beyond speciesist constraints and into a framework that genuinely acknowledges their agency. And there are lots of people who are on this same plane and I love hearing these discussions! But rather than excluding nonhuman animals from moral consideration because they do not fit human-centric criteria, we should refine our ethical frameworks to include them in a way that respects their lived experience.

So, while traditional notions of consent may not directly apply to nonhuman animals, incorporating them into our moral worldview requires considering alternative frameworks. This could involve recognising different forms of agency (Sebo, 2017), adopting principles of non-maleficence and beneficence (Patter & Blattner, 2020), or focusing on mutually beneficial interactions (Korsgaard, 2011), or maybe a more multifaceted approach that is context dependent (Jones, 2024). The key is to acknowledge the moral status of animals and develop ethical approaches that respect their well-being and autonomy, even if these differ from human-centric models of consent.

I don't want to reinforce human exceptionalism or just maintain the status quo. If we are serious about moving beyond speciesism, we must stop defining nonhuman animals out of personhood simply because it is convenient for us. Instead, we must ask: What does consent look like for them? And are we willing to listen?

Here is a picture of Juno on the beach.

I’ve been walking Juno on leash much more than usual this week as her toe continues to heal. Normally, we spend a lot of...
24/03/2025

I’ve been walking Juno on leash much more than usual this week as her toe continues to heal. Normally, we spend a lot of time off-leash, and like many people, I’ve always seen that as the ultimate form of freedom. But this morning, something struck me.

As Juno led me in a direction I wouldn’t have normally chosen, I realised that if she wasn’t on leash, I probably would have just kept going my way. She might have wandered that direction briefly, but she inevitably would have run back to follow me on MY chosen path.

It made me wonder: do we assume off-leash always means more choice, when really, it’s just a different kind of choice? And I'm not just talking about direction because that is just ONE consideration. On leash, we’re physically connected, which makes us more attuned to our dog’s movement, pace, and decisions. Off-leash, they may have more range, but does that always translate to more meaningful choice?

I’m not saying off-leash time isn’t important—it absolutely is, whenever it’s safe for everyone. And anyone who knows me and Juno know she spends a great deal of her time untied. But this got me thinking about how agency and choice shift in public spaces, where both are naturally more restricted, especially when a leash is required.

We need to consider the choices we provide (or don’t) in both contexts, ensuring there are real options and open, reciprocal communication.

I’ll be exploring this more in my upcoming talk on agency and choice in shared spaces, particularly where leashes are involved. But for now, I’d love to hear your thoughts:

Do you notice differences in how your dog expresses choice on vs. off leash?

Kanzi, the bonobo who captivated the world with his linguistic and cognitive abilities, has passed away. His life was ex...
22/03/2025

Kanzi, the bonobo who captivated the world with his linguistic and cognitive abilities, has passed away. His life was extraordinary—but not because he was an experiment. He was extraordinary because he was Kanzi. A person in his own right. A bonobo with a rich and important emotional and social life, an individual who forged relationships, expressed preferences, and navigated a world shaped by human hands.

Kanzi became famous for his ability to communicate using lexigrams, demonstrating comprehension of spoken English, engaging in problem-solving, and even showing glimpses of cultural learning. But these abilities should never have been the reason we valued him. Kanzi mattered not because he could "prove" intelligence in ways that fit human standards, but because he was an individual with inherent worth.

Kanzi’s life was also a reminder of the deep ethical tensions in the study of nonhuman animals. He was born in captivity and taken from his mother and raised in human-dominated environments—his life shaped by captivity, by the demands of research, by the expectations placed upon him to perform. He adapted, as so many nonhuman animals do, displaying resilience in the face of an existence that was never of his choosing.

His death should prompt reflection, not only on his brilliance but on what it means to study beings who do not volunteer for our scrutiny. What do we owe them? What would a scientific world look like that does not extract knowledge at the cost of autonomy, that does not demand justification for valuing nonhuman animals beyond their utility to us?

Thank you, Kanzi. May you rest peacefully. And my condolences to the many people who loved Kanzi deeply.

What we learned about ape and human cognition from Kanzi the bonobo, who died this week

We tend to think about behaviour in terms of reinforcement and other consequence, but what about the underlying forces t...
21/03/2025

We tend to think about behaviour in terms of reinforcement and other consequence, but what about the underlying forces that shape an someone's ability to engage with learning in the first place?

Juno recently injured her dew claw quite badly. While the pain itself has surely been a factor, what stood out was how much other elements of her experience shaped her responses to the world. The cone limited her movement and comfort, her routine changed, she had to endure minor surgery and recovery, and ultimetaly she became more sensitised to a lot of things in her environment this week, especially noises. Things that once felt neutral or even exciting have induced panic.

This isn’t just about injury; it’s about how restrictions—whether physical, emotional, or environmental—can change how an individual processes the world. A dog struggling with reactive behaviours might not just be "over threshold" in the moment but dealing with a cumulative load of stressors that make learning difficult in the moment. A horse who suddenly resists her halter being put on may not be "stubborn," but responding to overlooked discomforts.

When we think about learning, we need to think beyond the immediate reinforcement history and look at capacity. Is the learner able to engage with the world in the way they normally would? If not, what needs to change?

Because sometimes, it’s not that they won’t—it’s that, right now, they can’t.

I'll be teaching the next Animal Behavior Consulting: Principles & Practice course for the IAABC Foundation, starting Ju...
20/03/2025

I'll be teaching the next Animal Behavior Consulting: Principles & Practice course for the IAABC Foundation, starting June 5th. This 12-week course is one of the IAABC Foundation’s flagship programmes, designed to provide a solid foundation in behaviour consulting for professionals working with nonhuman animals.

Live sessions will be held every week on Thursdays at 8:00 PM EST. Weekly lectures will dive into key principles, case studies, and practical applications for ethical, evidence-based behaviour consulting. The assignment is an indepth FAID lead by Dr. Susan Friedman and her lovely team.

If you're looking to deepen your understanding and refine your approach to working with nonhuman animals, this course is for you!

Learn more and sign up here:

https://iaabcfoundation.org/courses/principles-and-practice/

I’m incredibly proud to share my first IAABC Foundation Journal issue publication as the Director! When I stepped into t...
19/03/2025

I’m incredibly proud to share my first IAABC Foundation Journal issue publication as the Director! When I stepped into this role, I knew I had big shoes to fill—following in our former Director's footsteps felt like an impossible task. While I may not have fully filled those shoes, I am honoured to continue this work and contribute to a journal that brings valuable discussions to the animal behaviour community.

This publication means a lot to me, and I hope it resonates with those who are passionate about ethical, evidence-based approaches to behaviour, human-animal studies, and ethics. Whether you're deeply immersed in this field or simply curious about the ways we can better understand and support nonhuman animals, I’d love for you to check it out!

https://journal.iaabcfoundation.org/issue-30-table-of-contents/

Thank you to everyone who has supported me and my team in this journey—I’m excited for what’s ahead!

Issue 30 of The IAABC Foundation Journal, with articles from across the world of animal training and behavior consulting.

Today is publication day for our new book Exploring Topics in Non/Human Coexistence with co-editors Sarah Tomasello, Nat...
12/03/2025

Today is publication day for our new book Exploring Topics in Non/Human Coexistence with co-editors Sarah Tomasello, Nathan Porier, and Mark Suchyta (Lantern Publication, 2025)!!

❤️❤️❤️

Available at all online retailers (looks like a bit of a delay here in NZ and Australia but hopefully they will be back in stock soon!)

https://lanternpm.org/book/exploring-topics-in-non-human-coexistence/

Grant Shannon from Dogs Connect and I have a new publication out today in the Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work Journal! ...
09/03/2025

Grant Shannon from Dogs Connect and I have a new publication out today in the Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work Journal! It's open access, so you can easily download the PDF here:
https://anzswjournal.nz/anzsw/article/view/1168

Your Dog Owes You Nothing—And That’s the Point!We bring dogs into our homes. We decide what they eat, where they sleep, ...
06/03/2025

Your Dog Owes You Nothing—And That’s the Point!

We bring dogs into our homes. We decide what they eat, where they sleep, how they spend their time. We are the ones who are empowered and it is humans who decide the rules—rules they never agreed to, in a life they didn’t choose.

Your dog doesn’t owe you a perfect recall.
They don’t owe you a sit on cue.
They don’t owe you affection, compliance, or some predetermined idea of “loyalty.”

And yet, every single day, they give. They show up. They communicate in the ways they know how. They exist in a world that often demands their unwavering obedience without question, their patience without reciprocation, and their love without condition.

But here’s the thing—relationships don’t work like that. A good relationship isn’t built on debt; it’s built on trust, understanding, and mutual respect.

So instead of assuming they owe you perfection, let’s rephrase the question: "What can I do to make life better for them?"

Maybe that means giving them more choices—more agency.
Maybe that means meeting them where they are instead of where we think they should be.
Maybe that means recognising that their behaviour isn’t about us—it’s about their needs, emotions, and experience of the world.

Because at the end of the day, our dogs don’t owe us anything. But what they give is something far more valuable than ounwavering compliance.

They give us trust. And that’s worth everything.

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Our Story

I am a researcher, dog behaviourist and educator in Christchurch, New Zealand.

My qualifications include:


  • Certified Dog Behaviour Consultant and Accredited Dog Trainer with the IAABC

  • Certified Professional Dog Trainer with the Certification Council for Professional Dog Trainers