Sheep farming

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Sheep farming

Sheep farming or sheep husbandry is the raising and breeding of domestic sheep. It is a branch of an Most lambs are born outdoors.

Ewes can be made to give birth in fall, winter, or spring months, either by artificial insemination or by facilitating natural mating.[5] Fall lambing is generally not done as the lamb crop percentage is likely to be low; ewes often need hormone therapy to induce estrus and ovulation, and farm labor is often busy elsewhere during fall lambing. Furthermore, fall-born lambs can be weak and small bec

ause of heat stress during the summer gestation period. Spring lambing has the advantage of coinciding with the natural breeding and lambing seasons, but supplemental feed is often needed. The advantage of winter lambing is that the lambs are weaned in spring when pastures are most fertile. This allows the lambs to grow more quickly, and to be sold for slaughter during the summer (when prices are generally high), but it results in roughly one in every four newborn lambs dying within a few days of birth due to malnutrition, disease, or exposure to the harsh cold. In the UK, it results in around 4 million newborn lamb deaths.[6] 'Accelerated lambing' is the practice of lambing more than once a year, typically every 6 to 8 months. The advantages of accelerated lambing include increased lamb production, having lambs available for slaughter at different seasons, year-round use of labor and facilities, and increased income per ewe. It requires intensive management, early weaning, exogenous hormones, and artificial impregnation. It is often used to make old or soon-to-be infertile ewes give birth one more time before they are slaughtered.[5]

Lamb marking
Main article: Lamb marking
After lambs are several weeks old, lamb marking is carried out.[7] This involves ear tagging, docking, mulesing, and castrating. Ear tags with numbers are attached, or ear marks are applied, for ease of later identification of sheep. Tail docking is commonly done for welfare, having been shown to reduce risk of flystrike when compared to the alternative of letting sheep collect waste around their buttocks.[8] The Merino breed, accounting for around 80% of the wool produced in Australia, have been selectively bred to have wrinkled skin resulting in excessive amounts of wool while making them much more prone to flystrike.[9][10][11] To reduce the risk of flystrike caused by soiling for the lambs who make it to summer, Merino lambs are often mulesed at the same time, which involves cutting off the skin around their buttocks and the base of their tail with metal shears. If the lambs are younger than 6 months, it is legal to do this in Australia without any pain relief.[12] Male lambs are typically castrated. Castration is performed on ram lambs not intended for breeding, although some shepherds choose to omit this for ethical, economic or practical reasons.[7] A common castration technique is 'elastration,' which involves a thick rubber band being placed around the base of the infant's sc***um, obstructing the blood supply and causing atrophy. This method causes severe pain to the lambs who are provided no pain relief during the process.[13] Elastration is also commonly used for docking. Though no laws mandate this practice, depending on the preference of the shepherd, docking and castration are commonly done after 24 hours (to avoid interference with maternal bonding and consumption of colostrum) and are often done not later than one week after birth to minimize pain, stress, recovery time, and complications.[14][15] Ram lambs that will either be slaughtered or separated from ewes before s*xual maturity are not usually castrated.[16] Objections to all these procedures have been raised by animal rights groups, but farmers defend them by saying they save money, and inflict only temporary pain.[

29/07/2022

There are many types of extensive sheep production systems in the world, but some shared characteristics of extensive systems are that they rely mainly on pasture feeding as animals are managed outdoors all year round, or at least for most of their lives, with limited monitoring and human intervention [1]. These are typical production systems in the UK and the southern hemisphere, including Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Argentina, Chile and Uruguay [1]. ..... There are many types of extensive sheep production systems in the world, but some shared characteristics of extensive systems are that they rely mainly on pasture feeding as animals are managed outdoors all year round, or at least for most of their lives, with limited monitoring and human intervention . These are typical production systems in the UK and the southern hemisphere, including Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Argentina, Chile and Uruguay [1]. Extensive sheep farming systems create opportunities for sheep to live a 'natural life'

29/07/2022

Electric fencing is implemented in sheep production to intensify grazing management systems, such as subpaddock grazing, cell-grazing and techno-grazing (an intensive grazing system that uses paddock subdivision; Morris 2009Morris , 2017. The ability to create subpaddocks by using temporary fencing is particularly of use in mixed farming systems, although electric fencing is often not used because of cost and labour requirements (Bell et al. 2014;Llewellyn et al. 2017). ..... The implementation of virtual fencing in intensive grazing systems can address the high costs associated with the labour of erecting and moving temporary barriers such as electric fencing. Intensive grazing management of sheep is often implemented as part of mixed cropping systems (Francia et al. 2006;Morris 2017), as it allows producers to diversify income (Llewellyn et al. 2017), improve productivity (Bell et al. 2014), control w**ds (Nie et al. 2016) and improve pasture utilisation. When rotation is included in intensive grazing systems, there are also additional benefits for the livestock, such as improvement in gastrointestinal parasite control (Colvin et al. 2008) and mitigation of methane emissions

29/07/2022

There are an estimated 1000 million sheep in the world. The major sheep farming areas are located within the latitudes 35-55 degree north in Europe and Asia and between 30 and 45 degree south in South America, Australia and New Zealand. The current world consumption of sheep meat stands at about 2.5 kg per person annually out of an annual meat consumption of 41.6 kg per person. There are three major management systems for sheep production that exist in the world, namely extensive production for wool and meat, intensive dairy production and traditional pastoralism. Generally, the different farming systems have the capacity to provide good welfare outcomes for the animals, provided adequate resources and husbandry (e.g. supplementary feed, labour veterinary care) are given when required.The main risk to traditional pastoralism systems is the unpredictability of the climate. This has an impact on the growing season of plants and hence the forage that is available to sheep. The risks are particularly acute mid-winter when sheep are in their poorest condition. High losses of newborn lambs can be especially damaging as it limits the supply of new females to enable flock rebuilding. With extensive systems a major issue is financial pressures on farm labour and the trend over recent times has been towards a higher sheep:stockperson ratio. Overall, the welfare risks are potentially higher in these lower input systems. There remain some specific welfare issues in some countries for example in some Australian sheep production systems surgical husbandry practices such as mulesing and long-distance land transport and live animal sea transport can create welfare issues The major issue with in dairy sheep systems is the early weaning of lambs. The practice of removing lambs from dairy sheep and artificially rearing them can be stressful for both dams and offspring and can lead to reduced lamb growth rates.The need for flexibility in modern and traditional sheep systems is undeniable as the climate variation within and between seasons on pasture supply will be exaggerated if climate change continues at predicted rates. Sheep systems will need to be designed to cope with these greater fluctuations by building flexibility.

20/07/2022

Why do you want to raise sheep?
There are many reasons to raise sheep. The reasons are important, as they will have a significant impact on the breed(s) that are raised and the manner in which the sheep are fed, managed, and marketed.
Economic
Traditionally, sheep have been raised on farms and ranches for the purpose of generating an income for the farm and family. While some farms make a majority of their income from raising sheep, sheep production is more often a secondary or tertiary enterprise on a farm. In fact, sheep-raising compliments many other agricultural enterprises. It is a popular enterprise for many part-time and lifestyle farmers. Sheep production is a good activity for youth and retirees.
There can be numerous tax advantages to raising sheep or engaging in similar agricultural activities. Some people raise sheep for the primary purpose of having their properly taxed at (lower) agricultural rates. The legal definition of a farm (for real estate tax purposes) varies by state and country.
While all agricultural enterprises are expected to eventually generate a profit and pay taxes, many people raise sheep (and other livestock) as a "tax write-off." Farm expenditures, including capital purchases, can be written off against ordinary income. Most sheep-related purchases are exempt from sales tax.
Environmental
Some people keep sheep to improve and/or maintain their landscapes. Due to their small size, upland grazing preferences, and preference for many w**ds, sheep are ideal for vegetation control, especially where the primary vegetation is grass and forbs. Their small hooves minimize soil compaction and erosion. They shy away from fragile riparian areas.
In fact, opportunities for fee-based grazing by sheep (and goats) are expanding as society seeks more environmentally-friendly ways to control invasive w**ds and other unwanted vegetation. But even when they're not being used to clean up a landscape, sheep (and other livestock) help to keep land in open space and preserve rural landscapes

20/07/2022

What is supplementary feeding?
Supplementary feeding is the supply of additional feed (usually grain, hay or silage) to sheep grazing a pasture or stubble that is lacking in energy or protein. In Western Australia later in summer and autumn, supplementary feeding often becomes substitution feeding where sheep choose to eat the added feed rather than that available in the paddock.
Where pasture or stubble ground cover is less than 50%, where wind erosion is likely, we recommend feeding in stable confined areas or in feedlots. In this case, the 'supplementary' feed becomes the full ration.
Supplementary feeding aims to meet the nutritional requirements of different classes of sheep. It is especially important to prevent excessive liveweight loss during the dry pasture phase in weaners and pregnant ewes.
If you are growing sheep for meat production, seek professional advice regarding ration quality and the energy-to-protein ratios in the supplement. See the sheep feed value guide for more information on nutrient values of different feedstuffs.
Why supplementary feed?
Sheep are commonly supplementary fed during late summer, autumn and early winter to:
reduce grazing pressure on pastures that are near to minimum groundcover levels for erosion control
improve utilisation of existing dry pasture where dry pasture is nonlimiting
meet the sheep's energy and protein requirements
improve production of meat or wool to achieve targets
reduce the grazing pressure on establishing pastures to ensure that pasture growth rates are optimised in winter.
Improving utilisation of dry pasture
Improve utilisation of dry pasture or stubble – which is low in protein and high in fibre – by supplementary feeding with 20–50 grams per head per day of a supplement high in protein, such as lupins.
For this to work:
the amount of dry pasture should be nonlimiting, at least of 1500 kilograms of dry matter per hectare (kgDM/ha) of feed on offer (FOO)
digestibility needs to be at least 50 to 55%.
Where this will not work:
Providing high rates of feed (more than 100 grams per head per day) will lead to substitution, where the sheep choose the supplementary feed over pasture, leading to reduced pasture utilisation.
When pasture digestibility falls to less than 50%, energy becomes limiting for maintenance for all classes of sheep, and feeding protein will not aid further utilisation of dry pasture. Use high-energy supplements to maintain sheep once pasture digestibility and quantity have fallen below 50% and 1500 kgDM/ha FOO, respectively.
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Meeting sheep requirements and feed budgeting
The general rules for feed budgeting at any time of the year are:
calculate the projected feed requirements for a given period
estimate the projected feed availability for that period
if feed availability is less than feed requirements, determine how much supplementary feed is needed.
Watch the video below for an introduction to all aspects of feed budgeting. We recommend watching the video in YouTube to see the tables.

20/07/2022

The poultry industry creates animal waste from excreta/manure together with waste from poultry and egg processing. These represent a series of environmental problems together with a loss from no producing potential co-products instead of waste products. The topics covered attempt to reveal some of the possibilities available for non-food uses of poultry waste, while at the same time reducing the acute environmental problems. This chapter presents methods for treating and storing poultry waste: stacking method (depot), drying of manure, and ensiling chicken manure. There is scope to use poultry waste to produce value-added products such as fertilizer, biodiesel, animal feed, electricity, biogas, bone powder, and biodegradable plastics. Poultry bones, skin and, feet can be processed to poultry and/or bone meal or can considered as poultry waste. Poultry feet (duck and chicken) are another potential source of gelatin production from poultry waste.

20/07/2022

Poultry by-product meal is one of the most important source of animal protein used to feed domestic animals, along with meat and bone meal, blood meal, feather meal and fish meal (Meeker et al., 2006). It is made by combining the by-products coming from poultry slaughterhouses or poultry processing plants. The AAFCO (USA) defines poultry by-product meal as the ground, rendered, clean parts of the carcass of slaughtered poultry such as necks, heads, feet, undeveloped eggs, gizzards and intestines (provided their content is removed), exclusive of feathers (except in such amounts as might occur unavoidably in good processing practices) (AAFCO cited by Watson, 2006). Whole poultry carcass meal can also be obtained from culled laying hens (spent hen meal), notably in areas where there is no market for culled hens (Kersey et al., 1997; Hertrampf et al., 2000).
The nutrient content of poultry by-product meal can be quite variable and depends on the substrate that is being processed (Watson, 2006; Dale et al., 1993). It is generally a palatable and high-quality feed ingredient due to its content in essential amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals. In addition to its use in livestock, it is in high demand from the pet food and aquaculture industries (Meeker et al., 2006).
Poultry by-product meal is golden to medium brown in colour with a fresh poultry odour (Hertrampf et al., 2000).
Distribution
Worldwide, more than 55.5 billion broilers were slaughtered in 2009 and yielded about 16.5% offals. Assuming an average weight at slaughter of 1.8 kg, it may be inferred that each broiler gives 0.3 kg offal (Hertrampf et al., 2000). The total production of broiler offal can then be estimated at about 17 million tons/year. This estimation does not take spent laying hens into account (FAO, 2011; Hertrampf et al., 2000).
The use of poultry by-product meal for livestock feeding was banned in 2002 in the European Union (Regulation (EC) No 1774/2002) (European Community, 2002).
Processes
Processing poultry offals into poultry by-product meal requires several steps. Poultry offals are primarily collected in containers where they can be stabilized through fermentation with molasses or brewer's grain. This operation reduces pH and stops bacterial and viral development (Cai et al., 1994). Stabilization may also be achieved with acid or basic treatments. Mineral acids such as sulfuric or phosphoric acids are effective in preserving poultry wastes. Organic acids are also potential preservative treatments. Among chemical bases, NaOH treatment is also a potential preservative (Blake, 2000). The traditional way of processing offals used to be wet-rendering (cooking under steam pressure) but it was replaced by dry-rendering, which resulted in meals of higher quality (Allbright, 1931). The stabilized (or not) poultry offal is cooked/sterilized and dried down to 8% moisture. When the resulting meal appears to be too fat (above 16% fat), rancidity problems may occur during storage. Fat extraction is therefore recommended and yields a 10-12% fat content poultry by-product meal (El Boushy et al., 2000). The overall process is described in the figure above.
High-fat whole poultry meal can also be obtained by alkaline hydroxide treatment of whole poultry carcasses followed by freeze-drying (lyophilisation). Freeze-drying is an interesting way of stabilizing poultry carcasses before transformation into meal in places where odours are not tolerated by the neighbourhood. The resulting meal was found to be free of pathogens. It has a higher fat content and a lower crude protein than poultry by-product meal (Shafer et al., 2001; Gillies, 1979). Whole poultry meal (spent hen meal) can also be obtained by classical rendering (Kersey et al., 1997).
Environmental impact
Processing poultry by-products into feed is a good way to mitigate the environmental problems caused by poultry processing. If not properly managed poultry offals released in the environment are vectors for insects, vermin, bacteria and viruses, which may result in water contamination (leaching of nutrients and pathogenic microorganisms) and air pollution (noxious gases and nuisance odorants) (FAO, 2011).

20/07/2022

28/06/2022

3 Things Which Can Make or Break Your Sheep Farm Plan
While there are many variables involved when planning and operating a business, some matter more than others. The 3 primary variables you should pay special attention to when creating and executing a sheep farming business plan are:
feed costs,
market prices, and the
percent lamb crop.
Cost of Feeding Your Flock
As you probably know if you’re considering raising sheep for profit, the cost of feeding your flock will be your primary expense. This is particularly true for the cost of feeding your ewes.
While there are many strategies for determining your annual feed cost, including determining in advance how many sheep per acre your farmland can support, there is no one-size-fits-all solution when it comes to feeding a flock of sheep.
Early on you may have to estimate your annual feed costs. After a few years you will be able to average your historical spending to obtain an accurate cost projection.

28/06/2022

A business plan can help, even if you already have sheep on your property. Even if you have been raising stock for a few years. If you want to start running your farm like a business, creating an organized and informed plan can help. Not only can you get your farm out of the red, making a plan will also help you focus on your primary goals.
The basic components of a business plan for sheep farming may include the following 6 items:

11/04/2022

How to Create a Business Plan for Sheep Farming
Getting Started
If you plan to raise sheep for profit or at least try to break even while raising sheep, one of the most important steps you can take to set yourself up for success is to develop a business plan for sheep farming. A well-considered business plan is an essential part of operating any business, and sheep production is no different.
Your sheep farm plan should include a clear set of goals, a firm grasp of flock management fundamentals, and the marketplace in which you plan to sell your breeding stock, meat, wool, and (if applicable) dairy products.
In this article we’ll cover the basics to help you develop a successful business plan for sheep farming.
Sheep Farm Business Plan Preparation
Putting together a business plan for your sheep farming operation isn’t so different from putting together a plan to launch any other business.

08/01/2022

Sheep farming

13/10/2021

Sheep Farming Business Plan with Low Investment. How to Start a Business Sheep Farm with Low Investment and High Profit. Sheep meat is obtained from tasty and have high nutrition value, because of which is famous amongst the peoples throughout the world. Business Plan with Sheep farming is a very profitable business in the world. Sheep Farm business involves breeding, raising sheep and selling wool, lamb and mutton. Start a Business Sheep farming can be a great source of income and employment. Students and unemployed youths can easily start a Sheep rearing business with less capital and less labor. Sheep animal are a hardy flock that adapts easily to varied conditions and are generally easy to handle. Sheep raising reasons coupled with the increasing demand for sheep products have turned into a lucrative business. Sheep farming is a profitable business if you can plan and take care of it properly with training.

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09/10/2021

SHEEP REARING

Sheep can be reared as free range (where there is no shortage of land) or under housing inside a shed. It is a very important component in dry land farming system. With very low investments can be made in to a profitable venture for small, marginal farmers and landless labours.

Introduction

Sheep with its multi-facet utility for wool, meat, milk, skins and manure, form an important component of rural economy particularly in the arid, semi-arid and mountainous areas of the country. It provides a dependable source of income to the shepherds through sale of wool and animals.

The advantages of sheep farming are:

Sheep do not need expensive buildings to house them and on the other hand require less labour than other kinds of livestock. The foundation stock is relatively cheap and the flock can be multiplied rapidly.
Sheep are economical converter of grass into meat and wool.
Sheep will eat varied kinds of plants compared to other kind of livestock. This makes them excellent w**d destroyer.
Unlike goats, sheep hardly damage any tree.
The production of wool, meat and manure provides three different sources of income to the shepherd.
The structure of their lips helps them to clean grains lost at harvest time and thus convert waste feed into profitable products.
Mutton is one kind of meat towards, which there is no prejudice by any community in India and further development of superior breeds for mutton production will have a great scope in the developing economy of India.

31/07/2021

Sarcocystosis is parasitic infection by Sarcocystis, affecting mammals, specifically humans and livestock. The parasite typically gets ingested with raw or undercooked meat, such as beef and pork
Sarcocystosis is a versatile and prevalent parasitic infection. It is most common in Europe, Asia, and North and South America
The parasite works via a two host mechanism - the definitive and intermediate hosts
The definitive host of Sarcocystosis, the host that is responsible for s*xual replication of the parasite, is humans
The intermediate host, the host that allows facilitated infection of the definitive host, is livestock, most often cattle and swine
In most cases, the infection is asymptomatic. However, some individuals may develop symptoms very rapidly upon infection. Nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea and vomiting are the most common symptoms; these may occur as little as six hours after infection
Sarcocystosis infection can be diagnosed via confirmation of eggs in a stool sample upon examination, along-with observation of the presenting symptoms
There are no known medical or therapeutic treatments for Sarcocystosis, although anti-parasitic drugs have been shown to shorten the duration of infection in some cases
Cooking meat thoroughly may help prevent infection by Sarcocystis. If infection occurs, it generally resolves spontaneously, in a majority of cases

31/07/2021

Presumptive diagnosis of human intestinal sarcocystosis is based on symptoms and a history of recently having eaten raw or undercooked meat. However, the definitive diagnosis requires the identification of oocysts/sporocysts in a patient’s faeces. Intestinal sarcocystosis in immunocompetent individuals is often asymptomatic, very mild or subclinical, and is self‐limiting (Fayer, 2004).

This case represents an unusual presentation of intestinal S. hominis infection in an otherwise healthy adult. From the history of the patient, the source of infection was traced back to eating undercooked beef meat in several shawarma sandwiches (donairs). The short incubation period of approximately 4 h and the severity of symptoms might be explained by ingesting large numbers of Sarcocystis tissue sarcocysts in the undercooked beef.

The early clinical signs of intestinal sarcocystis have been reported previously to occur as early as 3–6 h after ingestion in human volunteers (Acha & Szyfres, 2003), which is similar to this case.

A study found that 100 % of raw kibbe samples from local restaurants in Sao Paulo were positive for Sarcocystis infection (Pena et al., 2001). Kibbe is the national dish in Lebanon and consists of freshly minced raw meat (lamb or beef) served with spices. The symptoms of intestinal infection reported by volunteers who consumed raw kibbe support the fact that intestinal Sarcocystis infections occur in areas where ingestion of raw or undercooked meat is common.

Infections with Sarcocystis spp. can be prevented by thorough cooking or freezing meat to kill bradyzoites in the tissue cysts.

In conclusion, the diagnosis of gastrointestinal pathogens from stools of patients with severe diarrhoea requires not only culture for bacterial pathogens but the routine inclusion of concentration techniques and microscopy to identify possible parasites. This case will increase awareness in clinical laboratories of the fact that Sarcocystis spp. can induce severe diarrhoea, even in otherwise healthy individuals.

31/07/2021

Based on the history of the patient, symptoms started approximately 4 h after eating undercooked beef meat in shawarma sandwiches, which is a very unusual short incubation period. The symptoms, which lasted for 6 weeks from their first appearance, were resolved after a 10‐day course of trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (co‐trimoxazole), and stool specimens tested negative for the sporocysts after treatment.

31/03/2021

Creating a polished, professional-looking video doesn’t have to mean spending on expensive videography equipment and filmmaking workshops. You can become a good videographer just by paying attention to a few key details that may not be obvious at first, and practicing your craft. These video filming basics will prove to be very useful, whether you’re shooting a more high-end production or simply creating a vlog that your viewers will love watching.

Videography Tips for Beginners
videographer monitoring scene on LCD viewfinder
Image via Shutterstock
Many of these tips and techniques are timeless, which means you can still refer to these as your guide when you decide to pursue a career in videography and become a cinematographer. Try them out and learn them by heart. Along the way, not only would these help you produce more professional-looking videos that will impress your audience but they will also help you realize your potential and own creative filmmaking style.

Gather Your Equipment
Fortunately for beginners, we live in a time where high-quality digital cameras are made to be affordable for personal and recreational use. You can practice videography with gadgets that you may already have, like your smartphone, as long as you keep these simple things in mind:

Use the back camera for better quality footage
Shoot in landscape mode (horizontally instead of vertically)
Turn on the overlay grid on your screen, if you have it, so you have a guide for keeping your phone level
If you have the budget for it, we definitely recommend purchasing a gimbal stabilizer for your camera for steadier handheld shots, an external microphone for better audio, and a reliable video tripod.

Plan Your Shoot
If you’re going to shoot a music video, commercial, or short film, you’ll have much more freedom to plan it from start to finish. To really do it like the pros, create your own storyboard with illustrations of your scenes in sequence. This will help you pre-visualize your final footage and outline your desired shots. It will serve as your guide during shooting and editing, plus it can help you determine the perfect time of day for shooting, your desired venues, and the right cameras to be used (in case you have several options) prior to filming.

On the other hand, if you’re covering an event, you’re going to want to be as ready as you possibly you can. For instance, in wedding videography, the wedding videographer should have a good idea about when and how to take videos of the bride, groom, and the wedding party.

A few helpful wedding videography tips to remember:

Make sure that you know the timeline for the entire wedding day like the back of your hand — from the ceremony to reception program.
Have a shot list prepared. This list should include the first kiss, the cake cutting, and other key moments that the couple would want to be immortalized.
Just as there are wedding photography styles, there are also certain shooting styles for wedding videography. Stick to a specific style. Be consistent and use the right one that fits the couple and their event for the perfect cinematic wedding video.
Have Good Lighting
One of the biggest secrets to achieving professional-looking videos is to use lighting for your storytelling. During conceptualization, try to be intentional about your lighting. Determine the types of lights that you need and where you will place them to achieve the effect that you want. Or if you’re on a budget and are working with existing lights (like lamps and the sun), think of how you can make it work for your particular scene.

For example, if you want a dramatic-looking scene, you’ll want shadows in the right places. On the contrary, having plenty of light can add cheer and create an ethereal feel, depending on your light placement.

For more tips, learn about cinematic lighting techniques.

woman recording herself in minimalist office space
Image via Shutterstock
Keep the Background Simple
Don’t just film anywhere. Make an effort to use a simple background or improve it by removing as much clutter as you can. Many use solid-colored backgrounds — be it a wall, a bedsheet, or backdrop paper — and place themselves (or their subjects) a few feet away from it to avoid casting a shadow.

The key is to minimize elements that will make the scene look cluttered and take attention away from your subject. Although there are themes and storylines that benefit from having a cluttered scene, you may want to focus on improving your videography with the basics and then level up and experiment from there.

Improve Your Composition
A true pro may be able to spot the work of an amateur during the first few seconds of a video project, even if high-end camera equipment was used. So what gives them away? It’s their lack of proper framing and composition.

What many beginners don’t realize is that good videography (especially cinematography) involves more than just aiming your camera at your scene or subject. It involves arranging and allowing visual elements to tell your story and changing your camera’s framing in order to make the scene look aesthetically pleasing.

Among the most important cinematic videography tips and compositional rules is the Rule of Thirds, where you place your subject’s head a little higher (not at the center) of the frame and give them visual breathing or walking space when facing the sides. Another is to remain on the same side of two people talking when taking over-the-shoulder shots, as well as having a foreground and a background to create depth within a scene.

Some of these are similar to basic photography compositional techniques, so you may want to read up on those.

Observe Proper Camera Placement
A common mistake that beginners make is not minding how the lens’ focal length and the camera’s relative distance from the subject are affecting the look of the scene. For close-up shots, never place your camera close to your subject as this can create unattractive facial distortions and make it more challenging for you to crop out the edges of the scene. It’s much easier to place your camera a couple of feet away and carefully zoom in with your camera lens.

But before you go and zoom with your camera, know that you should do this optically (with the lens) instead of digitally (by pinch-zooming your screen) as the latter will degrade the quality of your video clips and possibly make them look pixellated.

Use Manual Focus
While the autofocus feature on your camera can be very handy, it can ruin your recording when it goes in and out of focus while trying to locate your subject in dimly lit scenes. The key is to use the exposure/focus lock on your smartphone or switch to manual focus on your standalone camera, so you can use your own eyes and set the focus yourself.

Setting the focus also allows you to add cool effects to your video, such as with the use of the rack focus technique where you can focus on different objects successively (with the help of a shallow depth of field blurring everything else out) to direct your viewer’s attention. When used properly, it can be a very powerful tool for storytelling.

Set Your White Balance
A real challenge that many professionals go through is temperature and color correction. If you’re using more than one camera to record the same scene, it’s possible for the cameras to have different default color temperatures. Can you imagine how distracting it would be to see alternating bluish and warm yellow clips? Set the white balance on all cameras before recording to produce more consistent, professional-looking clips. This will help speed up the editing process and reduce post-production costs in the future.

Bonus Tip: The “correct” white balance is subjective and can depend on your desired output. For example, you could intentionally set it to look even colder to give the scene a more chilly or scary vibe. Use it to work for your story, as long as you practice consistency in each unique scene.

man carefully adjusting lens while recording with tripod
Image via Shutterstock
Evenly Expose Scenes
Another problem that you may encounter when using multiple video cameras to film a scene is ending up with clips that don’t look the same in terms of exposure. The same scene can look darker in one camera and brighter on the other if you don’t set the same exposure settings, like your frame rate, ISO levels, and aperture. This is why dedicated cine lenses have t-stops, which stand for exact aperture values, instead of the more theoretical f-stop value on regular photography lenses.

For beginners, it may be easier to shoot in controlled settings where you can have the same lighting no matter the time of day and use the same camera with the exposure locked. It may take longer to record, but at least it will save you the headache of correcting your exposure during post-production.

Bonus Tip: If you have to shoot outdoors, do it quickly and on a clear day so the sun doesn’t end up setting on you and the clouds don’t get in the way of your lighting.

Apply Cinematic Techniques
A truly professional-looking video project incorporates a mix of basic camera movements that will not only enhance the storytelling but will also keep your viewers interested. If you want to bring your videography to the next level and really impress your audiences, you may want to apply a few cinematography techniques.

The techniques you choose to use will greatly depend on your level of creativity and how you want to present the scenes, but it’s always ideal to choose just the essential few that will best tell your story. You don’t want to overdo them and end up overwhelming your viewers with the visuals rather than with your story.

Avoid Shaky Shots
Whether you’re panning, doing a crane shot, or dollying from side to side, you don’t want your shots to look shaky. Aside from possibly making your footage look like home videos, it could make your viewers feel seasick. Keeping your camera on a tripod or any steady surface is key.

Once your camera is set up, try not to move your camera unless you have to. When you do have to start panning or zooming, treat your camera as a full cup of coffee — keep your speed consistent and don’t make sudden stops.

Time Your Shots
Here are a few tips from professional cinematographers that you may not find in many how-to articles: keep your shots longer than 5 seconds but not longer than 10 seconds to effectively hold your viewers’ attention. At the same time, remember to keep your shots steady for at least 10 seconds, which means no panning or zooming before then. Many beginners find these to be extremely helpful in minimizing camera movements, reducing recording time, and keeping their sequences simple during post-production.

Shoot to Edit
This particular “pro tip” simply means that you should think like an editor when filming. When recording a scene, you’ll want to capture several angles and a few “safety shots” so you’ll have choices for later. This will save you time and effort that you might otherwise spend on refilming and prevent you from settling for subpar shots that will make your work look unprofessional.

And when you edit, use a simple video editing software that you can get used to before moving on to more complicated programs. You can learn from our video editing tips, which includes simple yet professional techniques aside from the simple cutting, clipping, and correction of video clips and audio levels.

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There are many types of extensive sheep production systems in the world, but some shared characteristics of extensive systems are that they rely mainly on pasture feeding as animals are managed outdoors all year round, or at least for most of their lives, with limited monitoring and human intervention [1]. These are typical production systems in the UK and the southern hemisphere, including Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Argentina, Chile and Uruguay [1]. ... ... There are many types of extensive sheep production systems in the world, but some shared characteristics of extensive systems are that they rely mainly on pasture feeding as animals are managed outdoors all year round, or at least for most of their lives, with limited monitoring and human intervention . These are typical production systems in the UK and the southern hemisphere, including Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Argentina, Chile and Uruguay [1]. Extensive sheep farming systems create opportunities for sheep to live a 'natural life'

Electric fencing is implemented in sheep production to intensify grazing management systems, such as subpaddock grazing, cell-grazing and techno-grazing (an intensive grazing system that uses paddock subdivision; Morris 2009Morris , 2017. The ability to create subpaddocks by using temporary fencing is particularly of use in mixed farming systems, although electric fencing is often not used because of cost and labour requirements (Bell et al. 2014;Llewellyn et al. 2017). ... ... The implementation of virtual fencing in intensive grazing systems can address the high costs associated with the labour of erecting and moving temporary barriers such as electric fencing. Intensive grazing management of sheep is often implemented as part of mixed cropping systems (Francia et al. 2006;Morris 2017), as it allows producers to diversify income (Llewellyn et al. 2017), improve productivity (Bell et al. 2014), control weeds (Nie et al. 2016) and improve pasture utilisation. When rotation is included in intensive grazing systems, there are also additional benefits for the livestock, such as improvement in gastrointestinal parasite control (Colvin et al. 2008) and mitigation of methane emissions

Why do you want to raise sheep? There are many reasons to raise sheep. The reasons are important, as they will have a significant impact on the breed(s) that are raised and the manner in which the sheep are fed, managed, and marketed. Economic Traditionally, sheep have been raised on farms and ranches for the purpose of generating an income for the farm and family. While some farms make a majority of their income from raising sheep, sheep production is more often a secondary or tertiary enterprise on a farm. In fact, sheep-raising compliments many other agricultural enterprises. It is a popular enterprise for many part-time and lifestyle farmers. Sheep production is a good activity for youth and retirees. There can be numerous tax advantages to raising sheep or engaging in similar agricultural activities. Some people raise sheep for the primary purpose of having their properly taxed at (lower) agricultural rates. The legal definition of a farm (for real estate tax purposes) varies by state and country. While all agricultural enterprises are expected to eventually generate a profit and pay taxes, many people raise sheep (and other livestock) as a "tax write-off." Farm expenditures, including capital purchases, can be written off against ordinary income. Most sheep-related purchases are exempt from sales tax. Environmental Some people keep sheep to improve and/or maintain their landscapes. Due to their small size, upland grazing preferences, and preference for many weeds, sheep are ideal for vegetation control, especially where the primary vegetation is grass and forbs. Their small hooves minimize soil compaction and erosion. They shy away from fragile riparian areas. In fact, opportunities for fee-based grazing by sheep (and goats) are expanding as society seeks more environmentally-friendly ways to control invasive weeds and other unwanted vegetation. But even when they're not being used to clean up a landscape, sheep (and other livestock) help to keep land in open

Poultry by-product meal (PBM) was examined as a substitute for soybean meal (SBM) in the diets of tropical hair sheep lambs fed fresh whole chopped sugarcane (WCS). Forty-eight growing crossbred (Barbados Blackbelly x Blackhead Persian) intact ram lambs with a mean initial BW of 13.8 ( ± SD, 0.8) kg were utilized. There were three lambs per pen, group fed and four treatments A, B, C and D where PBM nitrogen replaced 0, 33, 67 and 100% of the nitrogen from SBM in the diet, respectively. All diets were formulated to be iso-nitrogenous (16.0% CP, NPN supplied 28% of the total CP) and iso-caloric 13.9 MJ DE/kg DM. Dry matter intake was (P>0.05) (A) 0.825, (B) 0.788, (C) 0.743 and (D) 0.800 kg/d/lamb or 3.98, 3.76, 3.79 and 3.72 g/100 g BW; average daily gain (P<0.05) was 142, 171, 148 and 161 g/d/lamb and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) was 5.86, 4.62, 5.02 and 4.97 kg/kg BW gain, respectively. Lambs fed the 100% SBM diet (A) had lower daily gain (P<0.05) than those fed the 100% PBM diet (D). Feed cost decreased and income over feed cost increased with increasing levels of PBM nitrogen in the diet. It was concluded that PBM was a useful and cheaper protein substitute for SBM in a WCS-based ration.

Advantages of sheep rearing Well adopted to environment and poor management practices. The meat rate is increasing day by day. Sheep are suitable for wool and meat. Average of 1-2 kids per sheep per delivery. Average meat recovery of 22-30 kg/goat. Penning leads to manurial value to land.

Sheep farming

Sheep Farming Business Plan with Low Investment. How to Start a Business Sheep Farm with Low Investment and High Profit. Sheep meat is obtained from tasty and have high nutrition value, because of which is famous amongst the peoples throughout the world. Business Plan with Sheep farming is a very profitable business in the world. Sheep Farm business involves breeding, raising sheep and selling wool, lamb and mutton. Start a Business Sheep farming can be a great source of income and employment. Students and unemployed youths can easily start a Sheep rearing business with less capital and less labor. Sheep animal are a hardy flock that adapts easily to varied conditions and are generally easy to handle. Sheep raising reasons coupled with the increasing demand for sheep products have turned into a lucrative business. Sheep farming is a profitable business if you can plan and take care of it properly with training. Watch More: Quail Farming - Small Business Ideas with Low Investment and High Profit - Quail Farm Home Business: https://youtu.be/ysuDAAfqP4A 1. Goat Farming Business Plan - Home Business Ideas Raising Goats with Low Investment and High Profit: https://youtu.be/W1x2BRLGd6w 2. How to Start a Business Silkie Chicken Farm - Business Ideas with Low Investment and High Profit: https://youtu.be/cjmy8tDBrsg 3. How to Grow Broccoli - Agriculture Farming Business Ideas with Low Investment and High Profit: https://youtu.be/NSXxN6vSPXI 4. Growing Vegetables - Spine Gourd Farming is Profitable Agriculture Business with Low Investment: https://youtu.be/Sj5AzPqpzQc 5. How to Grow Bottle Gourd - Bottle Gourd Farming is a Profitable Business: https://youtu.be/bRUmU9pGCwc 6. How To Grow Vegetables Malabar Spinach - Low Cost Business Ideas with High Profit: https://youtu.be/40-3DAthCSQ 7. Banana Farm Business Plan with Low Investment and High Profit: https://youtu.be/QlCTV52N5Fc 8. Papaya Farm Business Plan with Low Investment: https://youtu.be/nps0SjC4 ZbU 9. P