Colibacillosis in calf

22/11/2022

Treating Colibacillosis
This disease requires an immediate response, centered on isolation and rehydration therapy. Parental antibiotics can be useful if given early, but not without rehydration therapy. In calves with diarrhea and no systemic illness (normal appetite and no fever) antimicrobials are not recommended (Constable et al., 1992). Multi-resistant (to antibiotics) strains of E. coli have been identified, and antibiotics should not be the main approach to treatment (Farris et al., 1979). One study has suggested that use of dried oregano leaves, which provides essential oils, may be effective as an oral treatment against colibacillosis (Bampidis et al., 2006). However, this is only experimental work and is, as yet not a commercial option.

22/11/2022

Three groups of E. coli bacteria have been associated with diarrhea in calves. The most common are enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). Enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic types are also common but are non-pathogenic to cattle, including the verocytotoxic (VTEC) forms that cause severe illness in humans such as E. coli 0157. The VTEC have been isolated from calves with diarrhea (10% of diarrhea calves less than 2 weeks old) but were also found in non-diseased calves (16% of animals tested), therefore although EHEC 0157 may be associated with neonatal diarrhea, it is also carried asymptomatically by many animals (Kang et al., 2004).

Dairy calf sucking from its mother
Passive transfer of maternal antibodies from the dam in the colostrum is really important in reducing risk of colibacillosis in young stock

ETEC cause diarrhea in very young calves, less than 3-4 days of age (typically less than 48 hours of age). Calves are depressed, do not drink or suckle, become dehydrated, and die rapidly. Very profuse and watery diarrhea is typical of ETEC scours.

Diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) occurs in outbreaks in herds where the pathogen has been introduced and susceptible calves are present. Inadequate intake of colostrum and absorption of antibodies is the main reason for susceptibility. ETEC diarrhea in calves has also been associated with the presence of viral scour pathogens, rotavirus and coronavirus ((LINK)).

Sepeticemic colibacillosis, caused by another serotype of ETEC, is an acute disease with very few diagnostic signs and is the most common cause of acute, fatal illness in neo-natal calves. Depressed, weak animals initially have a fever but become hypothermic rapidly. Mortality rates are high and survivors are often affected by post-septicemic localisation of infection in the form of arthritis, meningitis or pneumonia. Inadequate transfer of passive immunity from the dam is considered the main risk factor for colibacillosis

15/05/2022

Mastitis is a condition in which a woman’s breast tissue becomes abnormally swollen or inflamed. It is usually caused by an infection of the breast ducts. It occurs almost exclusively in women who are breast-feeding.
Mastitis can occur with or without the presence of infection. As it progresses, mastitis can cause the formation of a breast abscess.This is a localized collection of pus within breast tissue. Severe cases of mastitis can be fatal if left untreated.
Types of mastitis
Mastitis can occur either with or without infection. If the inflammation occurs without infection, it is usually caused by milk stasis. Milk stasis is the buildup of milk within the breast tissue of lactating women. However, inflammation caused by milk stasis typically progresses to inflammation with infection. This is because the stagnant milk provides an environment in which bacteria can grow. Mastitis caused by an infection is the most common form. Sometimes, a break in the skin or ni**le can develop. Bacteria, usually Staphylococcus aureus, enter this break and infect the breast tissue, according to the American Cancer SocietyTrusted Source. To fight the infection, the body releases a host of chemicals, which cause inflammation.
What are the symptoms of mastitis?
The most common symptoms of mastitis are:
swelling or breast enlargement
redness, swelling, tenderness, or a sensation of warmth on the breast
itching over the breast tissue
tenderness under your arm
a small cut or wound in the ni**le or on the skin of the breast
fever
What causes mastitis?
The causes of mastitis include:
Bacterial infection
Bacteria are normally found on the skin. Everyone has them, and they are normally harmless. But if bacteria are able to break through the skin, they can cause an infection. If bacteria enter the breast tissue, due to a break in the skin near or around the ni**le, they may cause mastitis.
Obstruction of a milk duct
Milk ducts carry milk from the breast glands to the ni**le. When these ducts are blocked, milk builds up within the breast and causes inflammation and may result in infection.
Who is at risk for mastitis?
The following may increase your risk of developing mastitis:
breastfeeding for the first few weeks after childbirth
sore or cracked ni**les
using only one position to breastfeed
wearing a tight fitting bra
previous episodes of mastitis
extreme tiredness or fatigue
In these situations, you are at risk of a milk buildup within one or both breasts, or at risk of infection of the breast tissue.
How is mastitis diagnosed?
Most cases of mastitis are diagnosed clinically. A doctor will ask you questions about the condition and then give you a physical exam. The doctor may ask when you first noticed the inflammation and how painful it is. They will also ask about other symptoms, whether you are lactating, and whether you are on any medications. After the physical exam, your doctor will probably be able to tell if you have mastitis. If you have a severe infection, or if the infection does not respond to treatment, then your doctor may ask for a sample of breast milk. The clinic will test the sample to identify the exact bacteria causing the infection. This will allow your physician to give you the best possible medication, according to an article in the American Family Physician. Inflammatory breast cancer can mimic the symptoms of mastitis. If you are being treated for mastitis and the symptoms do not improve, your doctor may test for cancer.
How is mastitis treated?
Treatment for mastitis ranges from antibiotics to a minor surgical procedure. Some common treatments for mastitis include:
Antibiotics: Certain antibiotics can eradicate the bacterial infection causing mastitis. You should not take any antibiotics that have not been prescribed by your physician.
Ibuprofen: Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter drug that can be used to decrease the pain, fever, and swelling associated with mastitis.
Acetaminophen: Acetaminophen can also be used to decrease pain and fever.
Antibiotic treatment usually completely resolves the infection. Breast-feeding mothers are still able to breast-feed during treatment. The infection is in the breast tissue and not in the milk. Breastfeeding may also help speed the treatment process. Your doctor may recommend that you undergo a surgical procedure called incision and drainage. During this procedure, the doctor will make a small incision to help drain any abscesses that have formed due to the infection.
Prevention
The following measures may help prevent mastitis:
taking care to prevent irritation and cracking of the ni**le
frequent breast-feeding
using a breast pump
using a proper breast-feeding technique that allows for good latching by the infant
weaning the baby over several weeks, instead of suddenly stopping breast-feeding

03/04/2022

https://fb.watch/c9qkhz2y3w/

04/03/2022

Colibacillosis in calves

04/03/2022

04/02/2022