Vet ronoh

28/09/2022

Bloat in cattle:

Bloat is simply the build up of gas in the rumen.
This gas is produced as part of the normal process of digestion, and is normally lost by belching (eructation).
Bloat occurs when this loss of gas is prevented.

There are two sorts of bloat:

The least common type is gassy bloat, which occurs when the gullet is obstructed (often by foreign objects such as potatoes) or when the animal can’t burp (such as with milk fever or tetanus).

The second type of bloat is frothy bloat, which happens as the result of a stable foam developing on top of the rumen liquid, which blocks the release of the gas.
This is by far the most common form of bloat, and unlike gassy bloat, it is highly seasonal with peaks in the spring and autumn.
This is because the foam is formed by breakdown products from rapidly growing forages (particularly legumes such as clover and alfalfa).
These increase the viscosity (stickiness) of the rumen fluid and prevent the small bubbles of gas formed by rumen fermentation from coming together to form free gas that can be belched off

𝘾𝙡𝙞𝙣𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙡 𝙎𝙞𝙜𝙣𝙨

Distended left abdomen is the most obvious sign
Usually associated with pain, discomfort, and bellowing.

Death can occur within 15 minutes after the development of bloat.
Gaseous bloat is usually seen in one or two animals.
Frothy bloat can affect up to 25% of cases.
In some cases sudden death may be the first sign seen by the stockman, although in such cases it is likely that there will be other cattle with bloat that are still alive.

𝘿𝙄𝘼𝙂𝙉𝙊𝙎𝙄𝙎

History of what ruminants have fed on is key
Auscultation and Palpation
The use of a stomach tube help to distinguish between Gassy and Frothy Bloat. If is Gassy Bloat, the gas will escape through the tube.
However in Frothy Bloat, no gas will escape.

𝙏𝙍𝙀𝘼𝙏𝙈𝙀𝙉𝙏

The passage of a stomach tube is the best treatment for a Gassy Bloat.
Should a stomach tube fail, a Trochar and Cannula can be used to punch the side o

16/08/2022

👉Antibiotics of veterinary importance:

💉1)Tetracycline🐄
🔶Examples👇
🚩Oxytetracycline
🚩chlortetracycline
🚩doxycycline
🚩methacycline

💉2)Sulfanomides🐄
🔶Examples👇
🚩sulfadiazine
🚩sulfamethoxazole
🚩sulfadoxine

💉3)Beta lactam antibiotics🐄
🔶Examples👇
1)🚩Penicillins has three types🔻🔻
🐎Natural :👇
🔹penicillin G
🔹penicillin V
🐎Pencillinase resistant penicillin:👇
🔹methicillin
🔹oxacillin
🔹nafcillin
🐎Extended spectrum penicillin :👇
🔹ampicillin
🔹amoxicillin
🔹carbenicillin

2)🚩Cephalosporins 🔻🔻
🐎cephalothin
🐎cefamandole

💉4)Macrolides🐄
🔶Examples👇
🚩Erythromycin
🚩Tylosin
🚩Tilmicosin
🚩spiramycin

💉4)Diaminopyrimidines(Trimethoprim)🐄
🔶Examples👇
🚩Trimethoprim

💉5)Lincosamides🐄
🔶Examples👇
🚩Lincomycin

💉6)Rifamycins
🔶Examples
🚩Rifampin

💉7)Fluroquinolones🐄
🔶Examples
🚩Enrofloxacin
🚩ciprofloxacin
🚩Donofloxacin
🚩Difloxacin
🚩Ibafloxacin
🚩Marbofloxacin
🚩pradofloxacin
🚩orbifloxacin

💉8)Lincosamides
🔶Examples
🚩Lincomycin

💉9)Aminoglycosides
🔶Examples
🚩gentamicin
🚩Neomycin
🚩streptomycin
🚩amikacin
🚩Kanamycin
🚩tobramycin

💉10)polymixins
🔶Examples
🚩polymixin B
🚩colistin (polymixin E)

🪱 Hydatid cyst found in which cestode?

Echinococcus granulosus

🪱Coenurus larval stage found in which cestode?

T. multiceps

🪱Dwarf tapeworm of horse-
Paranoplocephala mamillana

🪱Dwarf tapeworm of rodents, simian primates and man
Hymenolepis nana

🪱Dwarf tapeworm of poultry -

Davainea proglottina

🪱Dwarf tapeworm of dog -
Echinococcus granulosus

🪱 Double-pored tapeworm of ruminants-
Moniezia

🪱 Double-pored tapeworm of poultry-
Cotugnia dignopora
🪱 Double-pored tapeworm of dog-
Dipylidium caninum

🪱Lappetted cestode of equine-
Anoplocephala perfoliata

🪱Fringed tapeworm of ruminants-
Thysanosoma

🪱Beef tapeworm -
Taenia saginata

🪱 Pork tapeworm -
Taenia solium

🪱Broad tapeworm or fish tapeworm -
Diphyllobothrium latum

🪱 Largest and commonest poultry tapeworm-
Raillietina tetragona

🪱 Most pathogenic and nodular tapeworm of poultry -
Raillietina echinobothridia

🪱Triangular poultry tapeworm-
Amoebotaenia

1. Disease caused lameness

− Bruised foot
− Chlamydia
− Erysipelas
− Foot abscess
− Foot and Mouth Disease
− Foot infection
− Foot Rot
− Foreign body
− Fractures
− Hoof defects
− Laminitis
− Malignant edema
− Muscle abscess
− Mycoplasma
− Osteomyelitis
− Over grown feet
− Previous acidosis
− Septic arthritis
− Sprain
− Tetanus
− Trauma / injury—laceration, puncture
− Vesicular Stomatitis
− Vitamin D deficiency
− White muscle disease
− Zinc deficiency

____
2. Disease caused Diarrhea

− Campylobacter
− Cathartics / laxatives
− Clostridium perfringens Type B
− Cobalt deficiency
− Coccidiosis
− Cryptosporidium
− E. coli
− Failure of passive transfer
− Grain overload / Acidosis
− Intussusception
− Listeria
− Molybdenosis / copper deficiency
− Nitrate poisoning
− Parasitic gastroenteritis
− Polioencephalomalacia / thiamine deficiency
− Rotavirus
− Salmonella
− Sepsis / toxemia / enterotoxemia
− Toxins / Poisonous plants
− Uremia / renal failure

____
3. Disease caused Dermatitis

− Chemical burns
− Chorioptic mange
− Dermatophilosis
− Dermatophytosis
− Frost bite
− Lice
− Parelaphostrongylus migration
− Photosensitization
− Sarcoptic mange
− Staph Dermatitis
− Vitamin A deficiency
− Vitamin E deficiency
− Zinc deficiency

04/02/2022

Heartwater (Hydropericardium):

Called “Black dung” when affecting African cattle and buffalo

“Sheep fever” when seen in sheep Heartwater is an acute, non contagious disease of cattle, sheep, goats, antelopes and wild ruminants. It is caused by the rickettsial organism Cowdria (Rickettsia) ruminantium.

1.Transmission:

Heartwater is transmitted by various species of Amblyomma ticks. Transstadial
transmission of the organism occur in vector ticks.

Antemortem findings :

Peracute form

1. Incubation 14–28 days
2. Fever
3. Diarrhoea
4. Convulsions and death
Acute form
5. Fever up to 41.7°C
6. Rapid breathing
7. Lack of appetite, depression and listlessness

Nervous signs include:

8. Twitching of the eyelids
9. Protrusion of the tongue
10. Champing of the jaw
11. Walking in circles
12. Paddling with legs in recumbent animals
13. Opisthotonos and convulsions

Postmortem findings:

1. Hydropericardium
2. Hydrothorax
3. Pulmonary edema and ascites
4. Haemorrhagic gastroenteritis
5. Enlarged liver, spleen and lymph nodes
6. Haemorrhage in the abomasum and intestine
7. Edema and haemorrhage of the brain

Judgement:

Carcass of an animal affected with heartwater is condemned in the acute stage of the disease. In a chronic case, the carcass may be approved if adequately bled and muscles are wholesome in colour and texture.

The affected organs are condemned.

2.Differential diagnosis:

Peracute form of heartwater should be differentiated from

👉anthrax

The acute nervous form of the disease is differentiated from

👉tetanus
👉rabies
👉cerebral
👉trypanosomiasis
👉strychnine poisoning
👉piroplasmosis
👉theileriosis
👉lead and organophosphate poisoning
👉parasitism
👉arsenical poisoning and poisoning with certain plants.

3.Treatment, Control, and Prevention:

Oxytetracycline at 10 mg/kg/day, IM, or doxycycline at 2 mg/kg/day will usually effect a cure if administered early in the course of heartwater infection.

A higher dosage of oxytetracycline (20 mg/kg) is usually required if treatment begins late during the febrile reaction or when clinical signs are evident. In such cases, the first treatment should preferably be given slowly IV. A minimum of three daily doses should be given regardless of temperature;

If fever persists, oxytetracycline treatment should continue for a fourth and fifth day. If the fever still does not abate, a potentiated sulfonamide at 15 mg/kg/day, IM, has been successful.

The withdrawal times for milk and meat after treatment with doxycycline, short- or long-acting oxytetracycline, and sulfonamides must be observed based on local regulations.

Corticosteroids have been used as supportive therapy (prednisolone 1 mg/kg, IM), although there is debate as to the effectiveness and rationale for their use.

Diazepam may be required to control convulsions.

Affected animals must be kept quiet in a cool area with soft bedding and be totally undisturbed; any stimulation can preempt a convulsive episode and subsequent death.

Vaccination can help with the control of heartwater; however, it is neither easily administered nor monitored and gives variable to no cross-protection to the various E ruminantium stocks.

Young calves (

21/01/2022