01/08/2023
Exam Time: Tuesday, 1st August 2023
Human and Regional Geography (Essay) 3:00pm – 5:00pm
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SECTION A
(Answer Any TWO Questions)
(1a)
Rural Settlements:
(i) Agriculture: The primary function of rural settlements is to support agriculture. These settlements serve as centers for farming activities and related support services.
(ii) Resource Extraction: Many rural settlements are located in areas rich in natural resources like minerals, forests, and water. They function as centers for resource extraction industries, such as mining and logging.
(iii) Social and Community Life: Rural settlements play a vital role in fostering close-knit communities and social bonds. They offer a sense of community belonging, where people often know each other and participate in communal activities and events.
(iv) Environmental Preservation: Some rural settlements may have a focus on environmental preservation and sustainable practices. They can serve as models for eco-friendly living and responsible use of natural resources.
Urban Settlements:
(i) Economic Hub: Urban settlements are essential economic centers, providing opportunities for employment, business, and trade. They attract various industries and services, driving economic growth.
(ii) Infrastructure and Services: Urban settlements offer a higher level of infrastructure and services, including healthcare, education, transportation, communication, and utilities, which are critical for supporting a large population.
(iii) Cultural and Educational Centers: Urban areas often become cultural and educational hubs with museums, universities, theaters, and diverse communities that promote the exchange of ideas, knowledge, and cultural practices.
(iv) Government and Administration: Cities serve as administrative and political centers, housing government offices, city councils, and other institutions that govern and manage the region.
(1b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Employment Opportunities: Urban areas generally offer a wider range of job opportunities compared to rural regions, attracting individuals seeking better career prospects and higher wages.
(ii) Higher Standard of Living: Urban areas often provide a higher standard of living with improved access to education, healthcare, recreational facilities, and a variety of consumer goods and services.
(iii) Education and Training: Urban centers have more educational institutions, including universities, specialized training centers, and research facilities, attracting students and professionals seeking advanced education and skill development.
(iv) Cultural and Social Attraction: Urban areas often have diverse cultures, entertainment options, and social activities that appeal to individuals seeking a more cosmopolitan lifestyle and a sense of belonging to a vibrant community.
(v) Access to Better Infrastructure: Urban areas typically have better transportation systems, modern communication facilities, and reliable utilities, making life more convenient for residents.
(vi) Networking and Connectivity: Urban centers offer extensive networking opportunities for career growth, collaboration, and business partnerships, making them attractive to entrepreneurs and professionals.
(1c)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Migration can lead to a more competitive labour market in the destination region. An influx of skilled workers may improve productivity, while an influx of low-skilled workers may exert downward pressure on wages in certain sectors.
(ii) Migration brings cultural diversity to the destination region, enriching the local culture with new traditions, languages, and cuisines.
(iii) A growing population due to migration can bring about increase in demand for services like housing, healthcare, education, and other services, putting pressure on local infrastructure.
(iv) Migration can contribute to economic growth in the destination region by increasing the workforce and consumer base, leading to higher demand for goods and services.
(v) Increased demand for housing due to migration may lead to rising property prices and, in some cases, housing shortages.
(vi) The influx of migrants may create social integration challenges in the destination region, requiring efforts to foster inclusion and understanding among diverse communities.
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(2a)
HUMAN FACTORS:
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Hospitality and Services: The warmth and hospitality of the local population can significantly influence a tourist's experience. Friendly and helpful interactions with residents create a positive impression and encourage tourists to revisit or recommend the destination.
(ii) Cultural Heritage and Events: Rich cultural heritage, traditions, festivals, and events attract tourists who are eager to explore and immerse themselves in the local customs and traditions. Cultural attractions, such as museums, art galleries, and historical sites, can be major draws for tourists.
(iii) Tourism Promotion and Marketing: Effective tourism promotion by governments and tourism boards, as well as marketing campaigns by tour operators and travel agencies, play a crucial role in attracting tourists to a destination. Strategic advertising and showcasing unique attractions can capture the interest of potential travelers.
(iv) Tourism Infrastructure: The presence of well-developed tourism infrastructure, including hotels, resorts, transportation facilities, restaurants, and recreational activities, enhances the overall experience for tourists, making the destination more attractive.
PHYSICAL FACTORS:
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Topography: Stunning natural landscapes such as beaches, mountains, waterfalls, forests, and wildlife reserves have a significant allure for tourists seeking natural beauty and outdoor activities.
(ii) Climate and Weather: Favorable climate conditions can be a significant factor in attracting tourists. Destinations with pleasant weather, mild temperatures, and clear skies are often preferred by travelers.
(iii) Geographical Location: Proximity to popular tourist destinations, accessibility by air or road, and connectivity to major cities or international hubs can increase the attractiveness of a location for tourists.
(iv) Biodiversity and Ecotourism: Unique flora and fauna, biodiversity hotspots, and opportunities for ecotourism and wildlife experiences attract nature enthusiasts and eco-conscious travelers.
(2b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Tourism can lead to environmental degradation, including deforestation, pollution, habitat destruction, and damage to ecosystems, particularly in popular and sensitive destinations.
(ii) Over-tourism and excessive commercialization of cultural attractions may lead to the loss of authentic cultural experiences, traditions, and practices.
(iii) In some cases, a significant portion of tourist spending may not directly benefit the local economy due to international ownership of hotels, tour operators, and other tourism-related businesses.
(iv) Tourism often relies heavily on seasonal employment, leading to employment instability and dependency on tourism revenues during peak seasons.
(v) Tourism can put pressure on local infrastructure, leading to overcrowding, traffic congestion, and strain on resources such as water and waste management.
(vi) The presence of tourists can lead to social tensions, conflicts, or misunderstandings between tourists and local communities, particularly in areas with cultural differences or sensitive religious practices.
(2c)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Governments and tourism boards can actively promote the destination through marketing campaigns, social media, and participation in international travel fairs and events.
(ii) Developing and upgrading tourism-related infrastructure, including transportation, accommodation, and recreational facilities, can attract more tourists and enhance the visitor experience.
(iii) Encouraging the preservation of cultural heritage and traditions can make the destination more attractive to tourists seeking authentic cultural experiences.
(iv) Adopting sustainable tourism practices, such as eco-friendly initiatives, responsible wildlife tourism, and community-based tourism, can appeal to environmentally conscious travelers.
(v) Governments can collaborate with the private sector, including tour operators and hospitality businesses, to create innovative travel packages and experiences.
(vi) Encouraging and supporting local businesses and entrepreneurs in the tourism sector can boost the local economy and provide a more authentic experience for tourists.
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(3a)
Industrialization refers to the process by which an economy undergoes a significant shift from primarily agrarian and rural-based production to a more diversified and industrial-based economy. It involves the establishment and growth of industries that use modern technology, machinery, and specialized labor to produce goods and services on a larger scale.
(3bi)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Proximity to Raw Materials: Industries often locate near the source of raw materials to minimize transportation costs and ensure a steady supply of inputs. This is particularly important for industries that rely heavily on bulky or perishable raw materials.
(ii) Market Access: Access to a large and accessible market is crucial for industries, especially those producing consumer goods. Industries prefer locations close to their target consumers to reduce distribution costs and respond quickly to changing market demands.
(iii) Availability of Labor: The availability of skilled and unskilled labor is a significant consideration for industry location. Industries may seek regions with a skilled workforce to meet their specific needs or areas with abundant labor supply to support labor-intensive production.
(iv) Infrastructure and Utilities: Industries require reliable infrastructure, such as transportation networks, power supply, and water resources. Proximity to major transportation routes and access to utilities can lower production costs and enhance efficiency.
(v) Government Policies and Incentives: Government policies, tax incentives, and investment-friendly regulations can influence industry location decisions. Industries may be attracted to regions offering favorable business conditions and support for economic development.
(vi) Climatic Conditions: Some industries, such as agriculture, may be influenced by climatic conditions. For example, agricultural industries tend to locate in regions with suitable climates for specific crops.
(3bii)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Infrastructure deficiency can hinder industrial growth and productivity.
(ii) Lack of financial support can constrain the establishment and expansion of industries.
(iii) Insufficient education and training opportunities lead to a mismatch between the skills required by industries and the available workforce.
(iv) Political instability, conflicts, and corruption in some African countries create an unfavorable environment for industrial development.
(3biii)
(PICK ANY TWO; IT SHOULD BE SAME NUMBERS YOU PICKED IN 3bii)
(i) Governments should prioritize investment in infrastructure development, including improving transportation networks, upgrading power generation and distribution, and providing reliable access to utilities.
(ii) Governments and private sectors should collaborate to enhance skills development programs and vocational training to create a skilled workforce that meets the demands of industries.
(iii) Governments can work with financial institutions to facilitate access to finance for industrial projects through targeted lending programs and incentives for private investors.
(iv) Addressing political instability and promoting good governance are essential for attracting foreign investments and encouraging industrial growth.
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SECTION B
(Answer Any TWO Questions)
(4a)
(i) Relief:
The Sokoto Plain is characterized by a generally flat and low-lying terrain. It is relatively level, with elevations gradually rising from about 200 meters in the southwest to around 300 meters in the northeast. The plain is part of the extensive Sudan Savannah landscape, characterized by vast grasslands and sparse vegetation. Rivers and seasonal watercourses meander through the plain, supporting agricultural activities and providing water resources.
(ii) Climate:
The Sokoto Plain experiences a typical Sudan Savannah climate, characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons. The region has a semi-arid climate with an annual rainfall ranging from 600mm to 1,000mm. The rainy season usually lasts from May to October, with the heaviest rainfall occurring in August and September. During the dry season, which lasts from November to April, temperatures can be quite high, often exceeding 30°C. The hot and dry harmattan winds, originating from the Sahara Desert, may blow across the region during the dry season, further contributing to aridity.
(iii) Vegetation:
The vegetation of the Sokoto Plain is predominantly grassland, with some scattered trees and shrubs. The region falls within the Sudan Savannah vegetation zone, characterized by short grasses and drought-resistant plants. Trees like acacia and baobab are commonly found in the area. The sparse vegetation is adapted to the semi-arid conditions and is capable of withstanding extended periods of drought.
(4bi) Mangrove Swamp Forest:
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Found along the coastal regions of the Niger Delta and parts of Cross River State.
(ii) Characterized by salt-tolerant trees like mangroves and palms.
(iii) Subject to tidal influences and flooding during high tides and heavy rains.
(iv) Provides habitat for various aquatic species and serves as a protective barrier against coastal erosion and storms.
(4bii) Rainforest Vegetation:
(i) Located in the southern part of Nigeria, especially in Cross River, Akwa Ibom, and Ondo states.
(ii) Characterized by dense and lush tropical forests with a wide variety of plant and animal species.
(iii) Receives high annual rainfall, often exceeding 2,000mm.
(iv) Home to diverse wildlife, including primates, birds, and reptiles.
(4biii) Sudan Savanna:
(i) Found in the central and northern regions of Nigeria, including states like Kebbi, Sokoto, Kano, and Jigawa.
(ii) Characterized by grasslands and scattered trees, particularly acacias.
(iii) Experiences a semi-arid climate with distinct wet and dry seasons.
(iv) Supports livestock rearing and some rain-fed agriculture due to seasonal rainfall.
(4c)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Kano State
(ii) Katsina State
(iii) Jigawa State
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(5i) Land Tenure System:
The land tenure system in Nigeria poses significant challenges to agricultural development. The traditional land tenure practices and the coexistence of both customary and statutory land tenure systems create the following problems:
(i) Insecurity of Land Tenure: In the customary land tenure system, land rights are often not adequately documented, leading to conflicts over land ownership and tenure insecurity. Insecure land tenure discourages long-term investments in agriculture.
(ii) Fragmentation of Land Holdings: In many rural areas, land is divided into smaller and scattered plots due to inheritance practices, leading to fragmented land holdings. This fragmentation hinders large-scale and mechanized farming, reducing agricultural productivity.
(iii) Land Grabbing and Speculation: Rapid urbanization and industrialization have led to increased cases of land grabbing and speculation, where influential individuals or corporations acquire large tracts of agricultural land for non-agricultural purposes. This reduces the availability of land for farming and exacerbates food insecurity.
(iv) Underutilization of Land: Due to insecure tenure, farmers may not invest in improving the land's productivity, leading to underutilization of available agricultural land.
(v) Inadequate Access to Land for Women: Women, who play a significant role in agriculture, often face cultural and legal barriers in accessing and owning land, limiting their full participation in agricultural development.
(5ii) Pest and Diseases:
Pests and diseases are significant constraints to agricultural development in Nigeria and affect crop and livestock production in various ways:
(i) Crop Losses: Insect pests, fungi, bacteria, and viruses can cause substantial crop losses, reducing agricultural yields and impacting food security.
(ii) Loss of Income: Pest and disease outbreaks can result in reduced income for farmers, leading to economic losses at both individual and national levels.
(iii) Limited Market Access: Infestations of pests and diseases may lead to the rejection of agricultural products in local and international markets due to quality and safety concerns.
(iv) Reliance on Chemical Inputs: Farmers may resort to excessive use of chemical pesticides and herbicides to control pests and diseases, leading to environmental pollution and health hazards.
(v) Lack of Knowledge and Resources: Some farmers may lack access to information on pest and disease management strategies, as well as financial resources to implement control measures effectively.
(vi) Climate Change Impact: Climate change can influence the distribution and intensity of pests and diseases, making agricultural systems more vulnerable to new and emerging threats.
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(6a)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Increased Trade and Investment: International cooperation among West African states fosters regional trade and investment. Reducing trade barriers, harmonizing regulations, and facilitating cross-border movement of goods and services encourage businesses to expand their operations across borders, leading to increased economic activity and job creation.
(ii) Economies of Scale: Collaborative efforts in infrastructure development, such as transportation and energy projects, allow West African countries to pool resources and achieve economies of scale. This can lead to cost savings and more efficient use of resources in developing critical regional infrastructure.
(iii) Market Access and Diversification: Cooperation provides access to larger regional markets, allowing businesses to diversify their customer base. This access can reduce dependence on a single market and enhance resilience against external shocks.
(iv) Enhanced Productivity and Specialization: International cooperation encourages specialization based on each country's comparative advantage. This leads to the production of goods and services in areas where countries have a competitive edge, ultimately increasing productivity and regional economic efficiency.
(v) Joint Resource Management: Collaboration on natural resource management, such as shared waterways and fisheries, promotes sustainable use and conservation of resources. Cooperative agreements can prevent overexploitation and conflicts over scarce resources, benefiting the economies and livelihoods of member states.
(6b)
(i) Political differences
(ii) Weak institutions
(iii) Border security and cross-border crimes
(vi) Language barriers
(6c)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Encourage regular diplomatic dialogue and negotiations among member states to address political differences and historical conflicts.
(ii) Strengthening institutions can improve the implementation and enforcement of cooperative agreements.
(iii) Develop joint security initiatives and border management strategies to address cross-border crimes and improve regional security cooperation.
(iv) Promotion of language and cultural awareness programs will foster better communication and understanding among the linguistically diverse countries in the region.
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