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Dr. Noor Animal Care Specialists -NACS

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Dr. Noor Animal Care Specialists -NACS

General veterinary medicine for your farm animal such as Poultry, Cow, Fish, Turkey, Camel, Pet, Du
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12/04/2022

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10/04/2022

Animal Care specialist

10/04/2022

FACTORS TO KNOW ABOUT POULTRY MITES AND IT CONTROL.
Poultry red(PRM, Dermanyssus galline) and Northern fowl mite (NFM, Ornithonyssus sylvarium) are a major concern for health and welfare of laying hens in many areas of the world and have a huge economic impact for egg producers.

Both are small ectoparasites but while NFM completes it's entire cycle of bird, PRM are only found on the host when feeding blood, during the dark period, and spend the majority of it's lifecycle in cracks and crevices, where female lay the eggs. Lifecycle is very short under favorable condition the PRM total cycle can be completed within seven to ten days and even less for NFM.

Transmission by contact with infested bird inanimate object (crates, egg trays) or personnel.

PRM show higher resistance to starvation than NFM, and they can survive beyond 8 months without a blood feed this make unlikely total removal of mite at cleaning and disinfection, then infestation in subsequent flock is common.

CLINICAL SIGNS
Infestation by mites has negative consequences not only in the welfare of the birds, but also in the economic performances of the flocks due to production losses and treatment cost. High stress in birds, resulting in altered behavior such as👉nervousness, feather pecking and cannibalism, floor eggs, smothering, weakness, weight loss, increase sensitivity in pathogens, anemia and significant mortality in severe cases. Decrease egg production, reduce egg weight and increase FCR.

IMPACT ON EGG QUALITY
weaker eggshell, blood stained eggs and even paler shell color.
NFM are frequently found in the vent area, producing dermatitis and scabs.
Red mites are also vectors of poultry pathogens like Newcastle disease virus, fowl pox virus, salmonella app and others.

CONTROL
Mites control must be extensive: complete eradication is very difficult, and when bird are in lay, few active products are available in many countries because of pesticides regulations, so the objective is to reduce the risk of initial infestation by👉 maximizing control efforts in the period when the house is empty. Once the flock is depleted, control should start with thorough cleaning (inside and outside the house) and removing or sealing any obvious refuges. When the house is dry, an approved chemical acaricide should be sprayed, focusing on cracks and crevices. Products rotation is recommended to reduce the risk of mites developing resistance to available chemicals.

Other methods have shown to be effective,like the house above 45°C, but it's costly and usually detrimental for farm equipment. Using mineral oils or biodiesel is also an option, having a suffocating action on mites.
Basics biosecurity and hygiene rules should be followed once the replacement flock is housed. Monitoring of the presence of mites on a weekly basis is crucial, commonly installing "traps" for PRM randomly in the house (corrugated cardboard rectangle, PVC tube, scotch tape) and examining vents for NRM, so early spot treatments can be used to limit their proliferation.

Chemicals used for classical spraying treatment are 👉 organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids, but their use in presence of birds is limited in many countries due to health issues and linked due to residues in animal products. New registered parasiticide are currently available👉 (spinosyns, isoxazolines) some to be used via drinking water.
The alternative methods of control are based in different of different types of action, some of them are already available but others, although promising, are still at experimental stages.

Cyclical lighting programs: they help to reduce the mite population, but they are not allowed in some countries by animal welfare legislation. Desiccating products (silica, clay, fossil diatoms): powders having a mechanical or physical action on mites leading to dehydration of the parasite.
Plant extracts: mostly essential oils, some of them have proven to be toxic to red mites.
Predators: biological control methods based on used of natural enemies of red mites.
Wish you well on your flock farming business. Good luck.
Written by Dr. Noor

09/04/2022

TIPS FOR PREVENTING AND ELIMINATING CHICKEN MITES AND LICE
Clean Everything Thoroughly
Good, thorough cleaning is both a preventative measure as well as a treatment method to help you get rid of mites and lice. If you suspect parasites – or even to prevent them – clean on a regular basis. You will want to dispose of all bedding (don’t compost it, as the mites and lice won’t necessarily be killed) and hose down every crack and crevice.

If you choose to follow up your cleaning with one of the treatment methods prescribed below, make sure you give it plenty of time to dry out before you introduce your chickens. Don’t forget to clean the “accessories” of the coop, too, like the nesting boxes and roost bars.

While you’re at it, you may want to add some nesting herbs or essential oil products to your coop. Particularly during heavy infestations of lice, mites, and even other pests, like ticks, these products and their ingredients can make a difference in improving the health of your flock.

Herbs like these can be super helpful if your chickens have suffered any blood loss or other symptoms, too!

QUARANTINE NEW ARRIVALS
If you’re adding new birds to the flock, make sure you keep them separate for a few days (at minimum) to make sure they possess no health problems that can affect the rest of your flock. This includes any diseases they might be carrying and, of course, mites and lice.

The ideal quarantine period is at least a week, but this period of time is ultimately up to you.

PREVENT WILD BIRD ACTIVITY
One of the most common ways that chicken mites and poultry lice spread to a new flock is through wild birds. If you can, take appropriate measures to prevent them from interacting with your chickens.

An easy way to keep birds (along with other poultry mite- and lice-spreading pests, like rodents) away from your chickens is to keep feed locked up and out of reach. Keep the coop clean and tend to nest boxes to help avoid the potential for a severe infestation.

Don’t keep your chicken feed in open containers that can be accessed by any other animal that passes through. Do your best to avoid attracting unwanted visitors in your general day to day chicken keeping practices and you shouldn’t have to worry about creepy crawlies, either!

BATH TIME
Before you treat your chickens with any kind of dust or natural method, it’s important that you get them squeaky clean first. Let your chickens soak in a tub of lukewarm water, then gently clean them. Once they’re dry, you can apply your treatment.

TREAT CHICKENS WITH DUST
Not just any old dust, of course, but with Pestene. This is a mixture of sulfur and rotenone powder, and while it’s harmless to the chickens, it will dehydrate any mites and kill them off. You’ll likely need to dust both the birds as well as the coop.

When you’re treating with Pestene or another parasiticide, you will likely need to treat it a couple of times, spread several days apart. This is because not all treatments are equally effective on both the adult and lice eggs stage of these pests.

Try DE
Diatomaceous earth (DE), is an effective treatment that works well as a natural insecticide against poultry mites and lice. When you apply it, you’ll need to make sure it doesn’t get wet, as it will be rendered ineffective. Food-grade diatomaceous earth is not toxic to humans or animals, as it consists simply of the ground up exoskeletons of fossilized organisms.

It is, however, quite damaging to most insects and parasites. When you sprinkle this in the coop or in your chickens’ dust baths, you will find that it quickly dries up the bodies of the parasites, causing them to dehydrate and die. Good luck and leave comment we would be glad to hear and learn from you too. By Dr.Noor

09/04/2022

HOW ARE CHICKEN MITES AND LICE TRANSMITTED?
Both mites and lice are usually transmitted by other birds. This could include other chickens (particularly those that are new to the flock) as well as wild birds. From turkeys to songbirds, all kinds of birds have the ability to spread external parasites to your chickens. They don’t have to get super close, either, so it’s important to do your best to keep your farm clean and secured to prevent the spread of diseases like these.

It’s not clear whether mites and lice can be transmitted from your chickens to other animals, like your other pets or livestock. However, if you have a parasite problem with your chickens, it might be worth your time to treat or at least inspect your other animals, too – that way, you’ll be able to head off an infestation before it becomes a major issue.

WHAT THE DIFFERENT TYPE OF CHICKEN MITES?

There are several kinds of chicken mites that can affect your flock. Red mites are some of the most common. These pests are usually spread bird to bird and they hang out in the ark of your coop during the day. At night, they’ll feed voraciously on your chickens, going back into hiding as soon as day breaks. There are several types of mites to be aware of.

If termites are the culprits behind your chickens’ itchy skin, you’ll notice tiny black and red spots on the skin and feathers. These pests, despite their small size, will feed constantly on your birds and can cause your chickens to become dangerously anemic. They can also cause severe feather loss.

Another common type of chicken mite is the NORTHERN FOWL MITE. Though less common than the red mite, it is equally destructive and spends its entire life cycle on the bodies of your chickens. It can also cause anemia which, if left untreated, can be quite dangerous.

SCALY LEG MITES are also common, though generally less so than the other two species. These pests are not difficult to identify, since they infest only the legs of your birds. They will make your chickens’ legs look scabby and crusted. Left untreated, these pests can quickly migrate to the other members of your flock.

-How Do Poultry Lice and Mites Affect My Flock?
A poultry lice or mite infestation is rarely life-threatening, but it can make your chickens seriously uncomforatble. You m ay notice that your chickens spend a lot more time grooming themsleves, particularly around their vents or beneath their wings.

You may notice areas where feathers have completely disappeared. There could be a drop in egg production, a reluctance to use the nest boxes, weight loss, or even pale combs and wattles. Your chickens might simply appear sick, too.

-Can I Get Poultry Lice From My Flock?
Fortunately, poultry lice aren’t exactly the same thing as human lice, so you don’t have to worry about “catching” them from your chickens. They do occasionally bite humans, leaving behind itchy red marks. However, they would much rather take up permanent residence in chicken feathers (rather than your skin).

To prevent being bitten accidentally, wear long gloves and long-sleeved clothing when you work in your coop or handle your chickens.

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CHICKEN LICE?
As with chicken mites, there are several kinds of chicken lice that can affect your birds, too. Shaft lice tend to inhabit the feather shaft of your chickens, as you might expect by the name alone. These pests are only a few millimeters in size and move quickly.

These pests cause all kinds of problems for your chickens. They’ll be itchy, but they’ll also be more likely to engage in behaviors such as feather pecking. You may notice a listless demeanor, a decline in egg production, or even a pale comb or weight loss.

In our next post we are going to learn tips for preventing and eliminating chicken mite and lices.
By Dr Noor.

09/04/2022

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CHICKEN MITES AND LICE.

Knowing the difference between chicken mites and lice is essential if you want to guarantee the health of your backyard flock.

Are your chickens looking a little bit…itchy? If so, it might be time to inspect them for parasites.

Of all the ailments that can affect your favorite feathered friends, parasites are some of the most common. Unfortunately, chickens can be affected by internal parasites as well as by external parasites – also known as chicken mites and lice.

But what is the difference between chicken mites and lice? The two are quite similar, and the symptoms can be hard to differentiate. However, chicken mites are pests that survive by feeding on your chickens’ blood, while lice feed instead on the scales, skin, and debris in the feathers of your chickens.

Though equally annoying, there are several key differences between chicken mites and lice. Discussing the similarities first, though, can be helpful as you work toward developing appropriate treatments.

Both kinds of pests are parasites that rely upon your chickens for their survival. Lice feed on the skin scales of your chickens while mites feed on their blood. Mites can live anywhere in the coop – sometimes, they’ll lie dormant in your chicken coop and only feed at certain times. They don’t live out their full life cycle on the bodies of your chickens.

Lice, on the other hand, live their entire lives on the bodies of your chickens.

Mites are tiny moving specks that, at first glance, look like spots of dirt. However, they are actually wingless arachnids. They are more active in the winter than in the summer. Lice are straw-colored ectoparasites that can be found at any time of the year.

Despite these differences in habitat, both can be incredibly harmful to the health of your birds. Though they usually don’t present life-threatening symptoms, they are still parasites to be aware of.

02/10/2021

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20/08/2021

Feed additives

12/06/2021

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24/05/2021

METHODS OF FEEDING DAIRY COWS SUCCESSFULLY
Traditional At some farms concentrates are fed to cows individually according to milk production. Most farms feed concentrates free choice. Th e roughages and concentrates are generally fed separately. Roughages are usually fed free choice in feed bunks to the entire herd or in mangers in stanchion barns
Traditionally, concentrate mix is fed individually in mangers in stanchion barns or in the milking parlor during milking. Modern farms are gett ing away from this and feeding free choice. Th is saves much milking time and labor.

Disadvantages of traditional feeding include the following:

• It is hard to measure the amount of forage (roughage) each cow eats. Th erefore, it is hard to balance the ration with the right amount of concentrate for each cow.
• Low producers are oft en overfed concentrates.
• High producers are oft en underfed concentrates.
• Grain feeding facilities are required in the milking parlor.
• Th e level of dust in the milking parlor increases.
• Cleanup of uneaten grain in the milking parlor is required.
• Milking in the parlor may be delayed while waiting for the cow to fi nish eating the grain mix.
• Feeding in the parlor slows down the milking. • Cows do not stand as quietly and defecate more during milking.
• More labor is necessary.
• Th ere is less control over the total feeding program.
• Cost of equipment is higher.
• Careful records of individual production and continual adjustment of concentrate feeding to match production is required.

Advantages of traditional feeding include the following:

• Less specialized equipment is needed.
• Th eoretically each cow feeds according to individual needs based on production.
• It permits adjusting concentrate feeding to the stage of lactation.
• It permits challenge feeding of each cow. A feeding practice that was widely followed in the past was feeding concentrate on a grain-to-milk ratio. Th at is, a pound of concentrate was fed for so many pounds of milk produced. Th is is not currently considered to be a good practice. It tends to overfeed the low-producing cow and underfeeds the highproducing cow.. By DR. NOOR

28/04/2021

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08/04/2021

BEST BROILER FEEDING METHODS

For chicks from da -old to 6 weeks, use a broiler starter ration with at least a 23 percent protein level. Replacement chick starters, designed for egg production t pe birds, should not be used for broiler starter rations.
Broiler starter rations should contain 3 percent added fat and a coccidiostat. The protein level is adjeusted to the energ level of the ration. Use chick-sized grit scatered on top of the mash or feed in separate hoppers. At 3 to 6 weeks of age, broilers should be fed a ration containing 20 percent protein.
Broilers need 00 linear inches (2.5 m) of feeder space and 25 linear inches (64 cm) of waterer space per 00 birds up to 2 weeks of age. Provide 300 linear inches (7.6 m) of feeder space and 50 linear inches ( .3 m) of waterer space for birds from 3 to 6 weeks of age. Feed a fnishing ration of 8 percent protein to birds from 6 weeks old to market age (usuall , about 8 to 9 weeks of age).
The fnishing ration should contain 3 percent or more of added fat. Broiler rations are fed as complete mixed feeds and never as separate grain and protein supplement, as rations for la ing hens might be.
Provide 350 linear inches (8.9 m) of feeder space and 75 linear inches ( .9 m) of waterer space per 00 birds from 6 weeks to market age. Broilers are full fed at all times to obtain the fastest possible gains. apons and roasters are fed to heavier weights than broilers. The are fed the same ration as broilers up to 6 weeks of age. Afer 6 weeks, grain is added to the ration in addition to the fnishing mash until it is being fed as one-half of the ration. Vitamins and trace minerals are included in rations in small amounts.
Broiler rations must be mixed properl and the qualit carefull controlled. This is the responsibilit of the feed mill where the mixing is done. Innventor control, assa ing of mixed feeds (a**l sis for content), and assa ing of ingredients are methods of ensuring proper mixing and qualit control. Feed conversion in broilers refers to the amount of feed needed to produce pound or kilogram of live weight. Int is found b dividing the total weight of feed fed b the total weight of broilers marketed.
Feed conversion afer condemnations is found b subtracting the weight of the condemned meat from the weight of the birds marketed before dividing into the total weight of the feed used. Feed conversion is afected b a number of factors, including • genetic background of the strain being fed.
• t pe of feed used.
• temperature.
• amount of feed wasted.
• additives used in the feed.
• general management of the operation.
ther factors also afect feed conversion, but those mentioned here are the majeor ones. urrent feed conversion in the broiler industr averages about .85 pounds (0.84 kg) of feed per pound (0.45 kg) of gain for males and .95 pounds (0.88 kg) of feed per pound (0.45 kg) of gain for females. To your success. By Dr. NOOR

16/02/2021

Vitanor forte 150grm. Tetranor 100gm. Coccinor 100gm are all available for your Poultry need

16/02/2021

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16/02/2021

Ivomectin 1% 250ml and 100mls are available.

16/02/2021

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16/02/2021

Available drugs for your farm animal

14/02/2021

3 SIMPLE STEP ON HOW TO AVOID WASTING FEED

1. Never fill the feed hoppers more than halfway.

2. Keep the top, or lip, of the hopper on a level with the birds' backs. This means adjusting feeders or changing to larger feeders as the situation demands.

3. Use hanging, tube-type feeders for brooding or con-finement-rearing. They may be adjusted easily to prevent waste. One tube feeder that is 16 inches (40.6 cm) in diameter is adequate for 25 birds.

14/02/2021

FEED MANAGEMENT: THE KEY TO TURKEY HEALTH
Feed quality is extremely important to the health of your turkeys. You can optimize performance by following these guidelines:

• Feed nutrients, especially certain vitamins can be destroyed by heat; therefore, feed should be stored in a cool, dry area.

• Use a "batch" or "lot" of feed within 4 weeks of mixing, especially during the summer. Plan the amount of feed to be mixed or purchased based on your rate of use.

• Monitor the quality of your feed ingredients in regard to how they are handled and stored as well as their nutrient content. The final feed product is only as good as the ingredients used to mix the diet.

• Have your feed and feed ingredients a**lyzed at a laboratory on a regular basis. This is the best way to monitor feed quality.

01/02/2021

TURKEY CORONAVIRUS (BLUECOMB)

Turkey coronavirus is a highly contagious disease of turkeys of all ages.
Signs of coronavirus include depression, subnormal body temperature, diarrhea, loss of appetite, weight loss, poor growth, poor feed conversion, watery f***s, dehydration, and prostration.
Some flocks of turkeys with coronavirus seem to be healthy and show few signs of the disease. However, flocks that test positive for this virus usually do not perform as well (with respect to growth and feed conversion) as flocks that test nega' tive, even when they do not show signs. Mortality can be very low or extremely high in poults but is usually low in older birds. Coronavirus is spread by direct or indirect contact with infected birds or contaminated premises.

PREVENTION
Some antibiotics may help in cases of high mortality with secondary bacterial problems. However, good husbandry and management and strict adherence to good biosecurity practices are the best prevention for coronavirus.

REDUCING THE CHANCE OF REINFECTION WIT H CORONAVIRUS

If a flock tests positive for coronavirus, do the following:
1. Depopulate the farm.
2. Clean and disinfect everything.
3. Let the facilities sit empty for 4 to 6 weeks.

Be careful not to spread litter from infected flocks around other turkey or poultry flocks. Some turkey producers have observed that letting litter sit undisturbed for 2 weeks before removal from the turkey house cuts down on transmission.

01/02/2021

9 FACTORS THAT CAUSE PICKING AND CANNIBALISM

The following factors contribute to feather picking and cannibalism:

1. Overcrowding (including inadequate feed and water space)
2. Boredom or idleness
3. Temperature too high or too low • Bright lighting
4. Age (more common in young birds)
5. Poor sanitation
6. Poor ventilation
7. Equipment; poorly operating brooders or feeders
8. External parasites
9. Nutrition — especially amino acid, protein, or sodium deficiency.

01/02/2021

KEYS TO GOOD MANAGEMENT IN RAISING TURKEY
You can achieve good husbandry simply by following these practices:
• Keep young poults isolated from older turkeys, chickens, and other poultry. Ideally, no other birds should be on the same farm where turkeys are raised.
• Take care to avoid tracking disease organisms from older stock to young stock or from other birds to the turkeys.
• Follow a good control program for mice and rats. These rodents carry disease and are capable of consuming large quantities of feed. Rats can kill young poults, too.
• If abnormal losses or signs of disease occur, immediately take the birds to a diagnostic laboratory for diagnosis.
• Watch consumption on a daily basis. One of the first symptoms of a disease problem is a reduction in feed and water consumption.
• Look for disease problems in your birds if sudden changes occur that cannot be traced to temperature or to other stresses. By Dr. NOOR

31/01/2021

EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE- By Dr.Noor

Agriculture is a basic industry in the Nigeria. Th e majority of career opportunities in agriculture in the near future are in industries related to agriculture and not in production agriculture itself. More than 200 diff erent careers are available to persons with an interest in agriculture. Many of those careers require a minimum of 2 years of education beyond high school and many are in the fi eld of Animal Science.
Agriculture and agriculture-related industries provide employment for almost 18 percent of the total work force in the United States. There are fi ve major categories of employment in agriculture-related jobs.
1. Farm production and agricultural services. Typical jobs include farmers, hired farm workers, farm managers, and veterinarians—2.6 percent of the total work force.
2. Input suppliers. Typical jobs include employment in wholesale and retail sales of farm equipment; seed, feed and feed ingredients, fertilizer, and chemical suppliers; farm machinery manufacturing; and manufacturing and sale of farm chemicals—0.3 percent of the total work force.
3. Processing and marketing. Typical jobs include employment in apparel and textile manufacturing; and processing meats, dairy goods, fruits, vegetables, bakery products, and beverages—2.4 percent of the total work force. 4. Agricultural wholesale and retail trade establishments. Typical jobs include employment in grocery stores, restaurants, convenience and carry-out stores—10.2 percent of the total work force.
5. Indirect agricultural businesses. Typical jobs include employment in chemical and fertilizer mining and manufacturing food processing machinery—0.4 percent of the total work force.

31/01/2021

CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN ANIMAL SCIENCE

People with an interest or experience in working with animals have a good chance of success in occupations in animal science. There are many employment oppor-tunities for people who have an interest in animal science.
Agriculture offers many diff erent kinds of jobs and occupations. Livestock pro-duction and its related services and supplies, processing, distributing, and mar-keting are all a part of the agriculture industry. The outlook for job opportunities in agriculture is good.Th ree basic steps should be followed in choosing an occupation:
(1) self-a**lysis,
(2) studying the occupation one is interested in, and
(3) matching personal traits and skills to the occupations of interest.
Many sources of information about occupations are available. School guidance counselors, teachers, people who work in the occupation, and printed material all provide information about various occupations.To be successful on the job, a worker must have good work habits that meet the expectations of employers. Th ese include positive att itudes, honesty, dependabil-ity, working with others, good time management, communication skills, appro-priate use of new technologies, considerate behavior, good health, and proper grooming. Workers who lack some of these skills will fi nd it more difficult to hold a job and have a successful career.
Another important aspect of career success is possessing good citizenship skills. Some important aspects of good citizenship include knowing one’s rights and respecting the rights of others, contributing one’s time and talents for the good of society, taking an active role in the political and economic system, obey-ing the law, and being a good steward of the environment. By NACS

31/01/2021

BEST 4 METHODS OF MAINTAINING POULTRY HEALTH -BY DR NOOR

1. SANITATION- Poultry houses should be completely cleaned and disinfected before new birds are moved in. Th e following steps will result in a clean house.

1. Take all movable equipment outside of the house. Clean off the manure, and wash and disinfect the equipment. Expose the equipment to sunlight.
2. Clean all of the manure and litt er out of the house.
3. Sweep down the walls and ceilings.
4. Scrape and brush the fl oor clean.
5. Scrub and hose the inside and outside of the house using high pressure. A portable steam cleaner can be used for this operation.
6. Spray the inside of the house with an approved disinfectant. Spray should be applied to all the surfaces of the walls, ceiling, and fl oor. Do not spray the disinfectant into waterers or feeders. Chlorine, iodine, or quaternary ammonium are good disinfectants for smooth surfaces such as the walls and ceiling. Cresol, phenol, or coal tar-type disinfectants are best for fl oors, posts, and foundations.
7. Use new, clean, dry, nondusty litt er on the fl oor.
8. Leave the house empty for 2 weeks to break disease cycles.
9. Lock the door to prevent people from entering and contaminating the clean house.
Insofar as possible, do not allow visitors to enter poultry houses, pens, and yards. Clean coveralls and disinfected rubber footwear should be worn by anyone who must enter the poultry area. Place a foot pan with disinfectant in it at the door, to be used before entering. Replace the disinfectant in the pan frequently.
Use only clean and disinfected equipment. Be cautious about allowing used poultry crates, egg cases, and feed bags to be brought onto the farm. Th ese can spread diseases.
All dead birds must be disposed of promptly. Use of incinerators, composting, or deep burying are recommended for disposal of dead birds. Be sure that disposal methods meet Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations.
Dispose of manure by spreading it thinly on land that is not used for poultry. Do not put poultry on the land where the manure was spread for at least 4 years.
Eliminate places for pests, such as flies, to breed. Do not pile up manure outside of the poultry house. Control lice and mites inside of the house by using approved chemical.

2. VACCINATION -Vaccination is not a substitute for good fl ock health management, but it is helpful in controlling certain diseases. Vaccines are available for Newcastle disease, Marek’s disease, infectious bronchitis, fowl pox, epidemic tremors, fowl cholera, laryngotracheitis, infectious bursal disease, erysipelas, and virus hepatitis.
Vaccinations should be used only in areas where the disease is known to exist. Plan a vaccination program for the specifi c operation in a specifi c locality. Some vaccines for certain diseases can only be used with the permission of the state veterinarian. When planning a vaccination program, obtain help from a veterinarian, the Cooperative Extension Service, a hatchery, or feed dealer. Vaccinations cause stress in poultry. Vaccinate only healthy birds. Read and follow all directions on the vaccine.
Several methods may be used to vaccinate poultry. Individual bird vaccinations are given by injection, intranasally, intraocularly, or through the wing web. Intranasal vaccination is placement of the vaccine directly into the nose opening. Intraocular vaccination is placement of the vaccine directly into the eye. Wing web vaccination is the process of injecting the vaccine into the skin on the underside of the wing web at the elbow. A grooved, double needle instrument is used for wing web vaccination. Flock treatments are given in the water, by spray, or dust. Th e method used depends on the disease to be controlled. Individual vaccination causes more stress on the birds than fl ock treatments. Vaccinations for some diseases can be given in more than one way.

3. CONTROLLING DISEASE OUTBREAKS -It is bett er to prevent a disease outbreak than to try to control it once it has occurred. Following the sanitation, management, and vaccination suggestions discussed earlier in this chapter will help the poultry producer prevent disease outbreaks from occurring.
T h e poultry fl ock should be checked daily for signs of disease. A sudden drop in feed and water consumption is oft en a sign of health problems. Watch the birds to see how they are eating and drinking. If more than 1 percent of the f l ock is sick, a disease is probably present. Death rate is another sign of disease. During the fi rst 3 weeks, the normal death rate for chicks is about 2 percent. For turkeys, it is about 3 percent. Aft er 3 weeks of age, the death rate should not be more than 1 percent per month. A sudden increase in the death rate is an indication of disease.
Most diseases can be accurately diagnosed only in a laboratory. Very few can be accurately diagnosed on the farm. Th e producer should use the services of a veterinarian or the state diagnostic laboratory to determine which disease is causing the problem. Th e procedure for collecting needed information and specimens is specifi ed by the laboratory. Th is procedure should be carefully followed. Th e recommendations of the veterinarian or laboratory for control of the disease must also be followed for best results.

4. OTHER HEALTH MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
In addition to sanitation, a number of other management practices contribute to good fl ock health. Among these practices are the following.

1. Buy poultry replacement stock from a reliable, disease-free source.
2. Use day-old chicks and poults.
3. If possible, keep birds of only one age on the farm. Use an all-in, all-out program. (Bring all the birds onto the farm at one time and remove them all at one time.)
4. If it is necessary to keep birds of diff erent ages, separate the fl ocks by at least 40 feet (12 m).
5. Separate chickens and turkeys. It is best to have only one or the other on the farm.
6. Separate breeder fl ocks from other poultry. It is best not to have any other poultry on the farm if a breeder fl ock is kept.
7. Keep pets and fl ying birds out of the poultry house. Flying birds can be kept out by screening the windows.
8. Provide the proper ventilation in the poultry house.
9. Control rats and mice. Use rat baits and traps as necessary. Make feed bins and storage rooms rat-proof. Eliminate places for rats and mice to breed by cleaning up trash and junk.
10. Feed balanced rations to prevent nutritional diseases. Make sure the feed is mixed properly. Provide plenty of fresh, clean water. Keep feeders and waterers clean.
11. Maintain good health records. Records should be kept of vaccinations, disease problems, and medicines used. GOOD LUCK BY DR. NOOR

Address

Abeokuta Express Way Ibarapa Central Igboora
Oyo

Opening Hours

Monday	09:00 - 18:00
Tuesday	09:00 - 18:00
Wednesday	09:00 - 18:00
Thursday	09:00 - 18:00
Friday	09:00 - 18:00
Saturday	09:00 - 18:00
Sunday	09:00 - 18:00

Telephone

+2349035457648

Website

facebook.com

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