22/12/2024
CARBOHYDRATES, the second level of the horse feed pyramid
CARBOHYDRATES = FUEL
CARBOHYDRATES provide fuel to your horse for:
✔️Correct and species appropriate digestive function.
Horses are grazers and their digestive system works from a slowly fed but consistent flow of appropriate roughage. The hind gut relies on CARBOHYDRATES in the form of long-stemmed roughage to help the microbiome work effectively and efficiently.
✔️Main source of energy.
Energy used by the horse is required for tissue repair, organ function, growth and the workload/exercise that is required of them.
CARBOHYDRATES consist of:
➡️Long stemmed roughage (pasture, hay, baleage, haylage)
➡️Chaff
➡️Grains
CARBOHYDRATES can be broken down into 3 main categories:
1️⃣NSC = Non-Structural Carbohydrates.
They do not provide a structure to cells and consist of sugars, fructan and starch. Further broken down into:
▶️WSC = Water-Soluble Carbohydrates consisting of sugars and fructans
▶️ESC = Ethanol Soluble Carbohydrates consisting of sugars
▶️Starch
2️⃣NDF = Neutral Detergent Fibre. Provide a structure to cells and consist of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin
3️⃣ADF = Acid Detergent Fibre consisting of cellulose and lignin. Lignin is indigestible and the higher the ADF the less digestible that feed is.
Metabolic horses:
It is best to keep roughage under 12% NSC content. Testing your hay is the only way that you can safely determine the NSC value.
✔️Sugars
➡️can lead to insulin resistance if this is the main content of NSC.
➡️Typically warm season grasses (e.g. cocksfoot, kikuyu) have higher sugars levels.
✔️Starch
➡️Can lead to insulin resistance if this is the main content of NSC (e.g. grains)
✔️Fructan
➡️Can lead to laminitis as it is fermented in the hindgut
➡️Typically cool season grasses (e.g. timothy, clovers, lucerne, perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, browntop, sweet vernal) have higher fructan levels.
CARBOHYDRATES from grains containing starch is digested in the small intestine, will produce glucose and used as an energy source.
CARBOHYDRATES from roughage is digested in the hind gut, will produce VFA’s (volatile fatty acids) and are also used as an energy source.
Grains can produce more energy than roughage, but if too much grain is fed it can overload the small intestine with the excess flowing through to the hind gut. Once in the hind gut, the fermentation process of the starch can have a negative effect on the microbiome and can cause colic or lactic acid.
By feeding the appropriate type and amount roughage, you will provide your horse with the best chance to maintain a healthy gut and have the energy required for maintenance, repair and exercise.
I can help you and your equine with a diet overhaul. Providing a detailed report on the current diet and advice on any improvements to ensure you have a nutritional balanced and appropriate diet for your equine.
Qualified Equine Nutritionist - www.boundaryequestrian.co.nz