Betta PH MNL

Betta PH MNL Luxurious, Classic & Timeless Bettas

Giant PAIR | Nemo Base Yellow M/Bo5.5cm , F/Bo5cmLooking to elevate your betta breeding game? Look no further than our G...
03/03/2023

Giant PAIR | Nemo Base Yellow
M/Bo5.5cm , F/Bo5cm

Looking to elevate your betta breeding game? Look no further than our Giant Nemo Base Yellow betta pair - the perfect combination of Deluxe style and Elite genetics. With a female boasting a bullet head shape and a male with exceptional balance, this Prestigious pairing is exclusive to our clientele. Join the ranks of the most discerning betta breeders with this truly Elite option.

Giant Male | CandyBody only: 5cmWelcome to the world of pure indulgence, where every detail is crafted to perfection. Fe...
03/03/2023

Giant Male | Candy
Body only: 5cm

Welcome to the world of pure indulgence, where every detail is crafted to perfection. Feast your eyes on our latest collection - the Giant Male Candy colored with brilliant shades of lavender blue and orange betta. This fish is the epitome of deluxe elegance and will leave you in awe of its beauty. Only the most elite collectors can add this prestigious betta to their collection, making it an exclusive and rare find. Experience the ultimate luxury with this stunning fish that is truly one of a kind.

Giant Male | CandyBody only: 5.5cmBask in the lavish aquatic elegance of the Giant Male Candy Colored Betta. Adorned wit...
03/03/2023

Giant Male | Candy
Body only: 5.5cm

Bask in the lavish aquatic elegance of the Giant Male Candy Colored Betta. Adorned with vibrant hues that resemble rare and precious gems, this living masterpiece exudes exclusivity and prestige, making it the perfect addition to any upscale home. Indulge in its sumptuous beauty and enhance the opulence of your private oasis today.

Giant Male | FireBody only: 5.5cmIntroducing the Flame King of the aquarium world, our Giant male Fire betta exudes opul...
03/03/2023

Giant Male | Fire
Body only: 5.5cm

Introducing the Flame King of the aquarium world, our Giant male Fire betta exudes opulence with its vibrant hues of red, orange, and yellow. Add a touch of luxury to your aquatic display and elevate your collection with this majestic creature. Experience the indulgence of owning a piece of living art that rivals the finest jewels.

Giant Male | Leopard Copper GoldBody only: 5cmDiscover the epitome of aquatic luxury with the Giant male Leopard Copper ...
03/03/2023

Giant Male | Leopard Copper Gold
Body only: 5cm

Discover the epitome of aquatic luxury with the Giant male Leopard Copper Gold color betta, boasting fiery red and gold accent colors that radiate a sense of opulence and refinement. This regal masterpiece will add an air of extravagance to your home, making a statement of your discerning taste and appreciation for the finer things in life. Indulge in the vibrant and sophisticated beauty of this stunning betta, and experience the true meaning of luxury.

Giant Female | MulticolorBody only: 5.5cmExperience the ultimate in aquatic luxury with our stunning Giant Female Multic...
03/03/2023

Giant Female | Multicolor
Body only: 5.5cm

Experience the ultimate in aquatic luxury with our stunning Giant Female Multicolor Betta - a true masterpiece of nature's artistry. Adorned with a rich palette of vibrant hues, this regal fish will add a touch of opulence to any elite collection. Indulge in the splendor of nature's finest with our exclusive offering.

Giant Female | Nemo GalaxyBody only: 5cmBehold the mesmerizing beauty of our Giant Female Nemo Galaxy Betta - a vibrant,...
03/03/2023

Giant Female | Nemo Galaxy
Body only: 5cm

Behold the mesmerizing beauty of our Giant Female Nemo Galaxy Betta - a vibrant, multi-colored masterpiece that's fit for a queen. Its radiant reds, oranges, yellows, and purples will leave you spellbound, as if gazing into a galaxy of wonder.

05/01/2023

OMG!!! 😳 😱 🤯

05/01/2023

Giant Philippines 🇵🇭 😍

Giant Fire Halfmoon Plakat Pair [HMPK]Male Body: 5.5cmFemale Body: 5cmThe male Fire Giant Betta is a true masterpiece, w...
23/12/2022

Giant Fire Halfmoon Plakat Pair [HMPK]
Male Body: 5.5cm
Female Body: 5cm

The male Fire Giant Betta is a true masterpiece, with his fiery orange scales and splashes of bloody red and golden yellow. His female counterpart is equally stunning, with her own unique color tone. Together, they make the perfect pair for breeding bettas, their beauty and passion sure to produce some breathtaking offspring. Don't miss out on the chance to own these rare and majestic fish - add them to your collection today!

Giant Yellow Galaxy [HMPK]Body: 6cmIf you're looking to add a splash of luxury and drama to your aquarium, the Giant Yel...
21/12/2022

Giant Yellow Galaxy [HMPK]
Body: 6cm

If you're looking to add a splash of luxury and drama to your aquarium, the Giant Yellow Galaxy Betta fish is the perfect choice. With its shimmering golden scales and dramatic black and dark blue accents, this fish is a true showstopper. Its sleek, streamlined body and short, pointed fins give it a sense of speed and agility, and its energetic movements are sure to mesmerize anyone who sees it. Whether it's gracefully gliding through the water or resting on a leaf or rock, the Giant Yellow Galaxy Betta exudes a sense of regal splendor that is truly unmatched. So if you want to elevate your aquatic setup to the next level, consider adding this luxurious and captivating fish to your collection.

19/12/2022

Giant Galaxy Halfmoon Plakat [HMPK]
Body: 5cm

This Giant Galaxy Betta is a luxurious creature, a true gem among fish. Its metallic teal and royal blue scales shimmer and glisten, reflecting a stunning sheen that captures the eye. The gold iridescent scales add an air of opulence, making this fish seem like a true treasure. Its bullet head shape and D-shaped caudal fin give it a sense of balance and elegance, while the pointed a**l fin adds a touch of fierceness. As it swims through the water, the different shades of its scales seem to swirl and shimmer, creating a mesmerizing display of color and light. Almost perfect in form and fashion, the Giant Galaxy male is a true work of art, a breathtakingly beautiful being that exudes luxury and grace.

King Red Copper Crowntail [CT]With shimmering scales and a golden red majestic crown of flowing fins, the King Red Coppe...
19/12/2022

King Red Copper Crowntail [CT]

With shimmering scales and a golden red majestic crown of flowing fins, the King Red Copper Crowntail Betta is a true aquatic royal. The iridescent hues of his body shimmer like the setting sun, radiating a sense of power and elegance. His regal crowntail fins are a testament to his noble lineage, cascading down his back like a royal cloak. As he swims through the water with grace and poise, it is clear that he is a fish fit for a king. The King Red Copper Crowntail Betta is not just a beautiful creature, but a symbol of majesty and splendor.

So, if you are looking to add some royal flair to your aquarium, this is the fish for you.

Candy Veiltail [VT]As vibrant as a rainbow, as sweet as a candy, the Candy Color Veiltail betta is a true treasure. This...
18/12/2022

Candy Veiltail [VT]

As vibrant as a rainbow, as sweet as a candy, the Candy Color Veiltail betta is a true treasure. This stunning fish boasts a dazzling array of pink, red, yellow, and purple hues that swirl and dance together, creating a mesmerizing display of color. But it's not just its appearance that makes this betta so special - its graceful veil tail adds an elegant touch, making it a true work of aquatic art. Whether swimming through the crystal-clear waters of its tank or basking in the glow of your gaze, the Candy Color Veiltail betta is a true delight.

Don't miss out on the chance to add this dazzling fish to your collection - it's sure to be the star of your tank!

Giant White Mask Halfmoon Plakat [HMPK]Body: 5cmThe luxurious Giant White Mask Betta is a must-have for any discerning B...
18/12/2022

Giant White Mask Halfmoon Plakat [HMPK]
Body: 5cm

The luxurious Giant White Mask Betta is a must-have for any discerning Betta lovers. With its shimmering iridescent royal blue scales with a hint of purple hue, this rare and majestic fish is truly a sight to behold. But it's not just its stunning appearance that makes the Giant White Mask Betta so coveted - it's also its rare and elusive nature. These fish are difficult to come by, as their genetics are hard to replicate, leading to a limited supply. As a result, demand for the Giant White Mask Betta is always high, with collectors and enthusiasts clamoring to get their hands on one of these rare beauties.

Unfortunately, there simply aren't enough of these fish to go around, making them a true collectible for those lucky enough to snag one. If you're seeking a truly unique and luxurious addition to your fish tank, the Giant White Mask Betta is the way to go.

18/12/2022

White Platinum Pair Halfmoon [HM]

Platinum bettas are the embodiment of minimalistic elegance. With their shimmering white bodies and iridescent silver fins, these fish are a true masterpiece of simplicity and beauty.

As you gaze into the serene waters of your tank, you'll be mesmerized by the graceful movements of your platinum betta. This sleek, shimmering fish will bring a sense of calm and tranquility to any space.

Simple Breeding Instructions:
Introduce the male and female: Place the male in the tank first, and then introduce the female a few days later.

Provide suitable breeding conditions: Keep the water temperature in the mid- to high 70s Fahrenheit and provide plenty of hiding places for the fish, such as plants and PVC pipes.

Observe the fish: Watch for signs of breeding behavior, such as the male building a bubble nest and the female displaying vertical stripes.

Remove the female: Once the female has laid her eggs, remove her from the tank to prevent her from eating them.

Care for the fry: Once the eggs hatch, feed the fry small amounts of food several times a day, and keep the water clean by performing regular water changes.

By following these steps, you should be able to successfully breed platinum betta fish.

Orange Dalmatian Halfmoon [HM]The Orange Dalmatian betta fish is a truly one-of-a-kind and incredibly rare species of be...
18/12/2022

Orange Dalmatian Halfmoon [HM]

The Orange Dalmatian betta fish is a truly one-of-a-kind and incredibly rare species of betta fish. With its striking pale orange body coloration and prominent orange spots on its fins, this fish is sure to turn heads and stand out in any aquarium.

Obtaining an Orange Dalmatian betta fish is no easy feat, as the genetics required to produce this rare coloration are highly irregular and difficult to get right. It takes a great deal of skill and expertise to successfully breed orange dalmatian bettas, making them a true prize for any fish enthusiast.

Due to their rarity and the challenges involved in breeding them, Orange Dalmatian betta fish are highly sought after and prized by collectors and hobbyists alike. Owning one of these stunning fish is a true testament to the dedication and knowledge of the owner, as it requires a deep understanding of betta genetics and the ability to produce such a rare and beautiful creature. Overall, the Orange Dalmatian betta fish is a true gem and a one-of-a-kind addition to any aquarium.

18/12/2022

Giant Nemo Galaxy Female Halfmoon [HM]
Body: 4.8cm

The Giant Halfmoon Nemo Galaxy Female Betta is a stunning fish with shimmering, iridescent scales that seem to change color with every flick of her tail. She is truly a sight to behold, with a bold and confident personality to match. With her large, flowing fins and vibrant markings, she is the perfect addition to any aquarium. Whether she is gliding gracefully through the water or showcasing her impressive finnage, the Giant Halfmoon Nemo Galaxy Female Betta is sure to be the star of the show. So, if you want to bring a touch of cosmic beauty to your home, consider adding one of these majestic creatures to your family.

Candy Copper Veiltail [VT]With his shimmering scales of candy and copper, Candy Copper Veiltail is a true treasure to be...
18/12/2022

Candy Copper Veiltail [VT]

With his shimmering scales of candy and copper, Candy Copper Veiltail is a true treasure to behold. This playful veiltail betta is always on the move, darting and dancing through his tank with boundless energy. His delicate veil-like fins ripple behind him like a banner, adding to his regal demeanor. But don't let his regal appearance fool you - Candy Copper VT is full of mischief and loves nothing more than to play. Whether he's flaring his fins in a game of mock-combat or chasing his own reflection in the mirror, this little fish is always up for a good time. So why wait? Come and meet the sweetest candy copper veiltail betta around - Candy Copper!

King Galaxy Crowntail [CT]Looking for a splash of elegance in your aquarium? Look no further than the regal crowntail be...
18/12/2022

King Galaxy Crowntail [CT]

Looking for a splash of elegance in your aquarium? Look no further than the regal crowntail betta. These vibrant fish boast crown-like fins and command a high price due to their rarity and popularity among collectors. Though not for the faint of wallet, these stunning creatures are worth the splurge for their unmatched beauty and grace. Add one to your collection and watch it swim circles around the competition.

Koi Halfmoon Plakat [HMPK]Exclusive and luxurious, koi betta fish are the ultimate addition to any discerning aquarist's...
17/12/2022

Koi Halfmoon Plakat [HMPK]

Exclusive and luxurious, koi betta fish are the ultimate addition to any discerning aquarist's collection. These rare and highly sought-after beauties are selectively bred for their striking coloration, which ranges from vibrant oranges and reds to deep blacks, resembling the iconic koi pond fish. With their short tails and fins, koi bettas are agile and hardy, making them ideal for those who demand only the best.

But for those who can afford to provide the necessary care, koi betta fish are a true treasure. With their stunning coloration and bold personalities, they are sure to be the centerpiece of any aquarium and bring joy and elegance to your home for years to come.

Premium Koi Halfmoon [HM]Indulge in the luxury of owning a Koi betta fish, with their mesmerising marbled patterns in a ...
17/12/2022

Premium Koi Halfmoon [HM]

Indulge in the luxury of owning a Koi betta fish, with their mesmerising marbled patterns in a range of captivating colours including nemo, galaxy, fancy, tiger, candy, and samurai. These elegant fish are truly one-of-a-kind, with their ability to change their patterns and colours throughout their lifetime thanks to a genetic mutation.

In addition to their stunning appearance, male betta fish are known for their bold personalities, while female betta fish are known for their social behaviour and ability to thrive in groups, making them a popular choice for "betta sororities." Koi betta fish are highly sought after and tend to be more expensive than other varieties due to their unique and luxurious colouration.

Enhance the sophistication of your aquarium with the addition of a Koi betta fish, a true luxury.

17/12/2022

Owning a rare rosegold betta is not only a unique and fulfilling hobby, but also a luxurious statement piece that will elevate any space.

A rare rosegold betta is the epitome of luxury in the world of aquariums. With their shimmering, metallic scales and vibrant pink hues, these fish are truly one-of-a-kind and will add a touch of glamour and sophistication to any tank. Their rarity only adds to their allure, making them the ultimate prize for any fish enthusiast or collector. Imagine the envy of your friends and family as they gaze upon your tank, home to one of the most sought-after fish in the world.

VEILTAIL Betta [VT]Veiltail bettas, also known as Betta splendens, are a type of tropical fish that are sure to add some...
17/12/2022

VEILTAIL Betta [VT]

Veiltail bettas, also known as Betta splendens, are a type of tropical fish that are sure to add some vibrant color and personality to your home aquarium. These elegant fish are native to Southeast Asia and are known for their long, flowing tails and striking appearance. With a variety of colors available, including candy, multicolor, red, blue, green, and yellow, you can choose the perfect veiltail betta to match your personal style.

But veiltail bettas are more than just a pretty colors - they are also known for their playful, curious personalities. These intelligent fish are easy to care for and can thrive in an medium size tank, making them a great choice for beginner fish keepers. They are omnivores, so they will happily munch on a varied diet of flakes, pellets, and frozen or live foods. With proper care, veiltail bettas can bring joy and excitement to your home for years to come. So why wait? Add a veiltail betta to your home today and watch your aquarium come to life!

DOUBLETAIL Betta [DT]Doubletail is a "mirror" mutation that exhibits duplication in the caudal fin, with the replacement...
16/12/2022

DOUBLETAIL Betta [DT]

Doubletail is a "mirror" mutation that exhibits duplication in the caudal fin, with the replacement of the dorsal fin with a copy of the a**l fin. If a line is drawn from head to base of tail, the fins on either side of the line will appear as symmetrical images of each other (1). As a result, we have a double-tailed betta with two caudal lobes, and a dorsal fin as long as the a**l fin.

The "mirror" or double-tailed mutation is recessive (dt) over single-tailed (DT). There are three phenotypes: single tail (DTDT), homozygous double tail (dtdt) and heterozygous double tail (DTdt). Double tails are considered Mendelian inheritance, but in some cases this is not the case. We recorded one case where the mutation was expressed only in the caudal fin, but not in the dorsal fin.

Accompanying the "mirror" mutation is a doubletail effect with an increase in the number and branching of the fin rays. This improves the shape and size of the fins for a modern aspect (D-shape). That's why double-tails are added to single-tail lines. It can be said that all modern bettas are based on the double tail effect.

The single-tailed line (DTDT), once infected with double-tail blood from an ancestor, still exhibits the effect of the double-tail effect through branching in odd fins. Somehow, the effect grew so strong and existed outside of the double-tail gene.

The development of the double tail effect is represented by the "ray tree" consisting of the primary ray and all its branches. In wild fish and domesticated fighting fish, the caudal ray plant has only primary branching (primary, 2^1 = 2 rays). The effect makes the ray tree grow stronger, branching more. There are many levels of branching, such as secondary (secondary, 2^2 = 4 rays), tertiary (tertiary, 2^3 = 8 rays), quaternary (quaternary, 2^4 = 16 rays) and even, five levels (quinary, 2^5 = 32 rays).

A – Classical fin pattern flat and smooth edge in wild and Siamese fighting fish. Dorsal and a**l fin rays unbranched. T...
16/12/2022

A – Classical fin pattern flat and smooth edge in wild and Siamese fighting fish. Dorsal and a**l fin rays unbranched. The tail has only primary splitting, 2^1 = 2 rays. Presence of primary (2^1) rays in dorsal and a**l fins, secondary rays (2^2) in caudal fins due to double caudal effect, indicative of crossbreeding with ornamental bettas.

B – Comparison of dorsal fin types. (1) Single-tailed plakat (DTDT), (2) Homozygous double-tailed (dtdt), (3) Heterozygous double-tailed (DTdt). Double tail mutation causes increased number of rays, branching and dorsal fin width. (4, 5, 6) Single-tailed fish (DTDT), but still exhibit a double-tail effect through branching in the dorsal fin. In the case of wild fish (here Mahachai), dorsal fin branching is a sign of hybridization.

C - Single-tailed fish do not carry the double-tail (DTDT) gene, but exhibit a double-tail effect through branching in the a**l fin. The a**l fin shows a poor response to the double tail effect. Modern Betta often suffer from a**l fin defects of varying degrees from limping (mild) to wrinkly (severe).

DEF – Double tail effect. The degrees of caudal branching are: secondary (secondary, 2^2 = 4 rays), tertiary (2^3 = 8 rays) and quaternary (quaternary, 2^4 = 16 rays). At branching levels four and up, the fins will become a bunch of bursting rays!

While improving the fins in a modern way, the double tail effect also introduced all sorts of bugs that were difficult, ...
16/12/2022

While improving the fins in a modern way, the double tail effect also introduced all sorts of bugs that were difficult, if not impossible, to control. Manifestations are as follows:

*The ray tree spreads to the sides, causing the fins to be bent (nonflat) or folded (folded) at the intersection with the adjacent ray tree. This phenomenon occurs at all levels of ramification, but the higher it is, the more severe and severe the defect is.

* Rays also grow long but unevenly, causing jagged edges.

The effect appears on all three odd fins, and extends to the pectoral fins in the case of Dumbo or Big Ears. The effect is a loss of synchronization in fin ray development , causing the overall structure of the fin to be disrupted. In other words, each ray tree, even each of its apical rays, grows independently, powerfully and out of control.

The rosetail is the expression of the double-tail effect at its highest level.

As a result, today we hardly see modern bettas with their smooth, flat fins. In fact, the fins are only stretched when the fish is young, about 3 months old, and soon after that.

16/12/2022
Dumbo Ears [DE] or Elephant Ears Betta [EE]It's important to note that while dumbo ears betta fish may have pectoral fin...
15/12/2022

Dumbo Ears [DE] or Elephant Ears Betta [EE]

It's important to note that while dumbo ears betta fish may have pectoral fins that resemble elephant ears, they are not a different species of fish from regular betta fish. The dumbo ear trait is simply a genetic mutation that causes the pectoral fins to grow larger and more rounded, giving them the appearance of elephant ears.

Like all betta fish, dumbo ears bettas require proper care and maintenance to thrive in an aquarium setting. This includes a clean tank, plenty of hiding spots and plants, and a high-protein diet. They may be slower and less agile than other betta fish due to their large fins, so it's important to provide them with plenty of space and resources in their aquarium. Despite their unusual appearance, dumbo ears bettas are intelligent and energetic fish that can be trained to perform tricks and interact with their owners. Overall, they make for beautiful and engaging additions to any aquarium.

These fish come in a variety of colors, including blue, red, purple, gold, and koi's. They have long, flowing fins that can add to their overall elegance and beauty.

This study describes the morphology and development of immature stages for the five, wild, bubble-nesting 𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑎 species ...
30/11/2022

This study describes the morphology and development of immature stages for the five, wild, bubble-nesting 𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑎 species native to Thailand (𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑎 𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠, 𝐵. 𝑚𝑎ℎ𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑠, 𝐵. 𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠, 𝐵. 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎, and 𝐵. 𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠).

Open-access - https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.5214.1.4
Direct PDF - https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.5214.1.4/49177

The study will help further develops knowledge on the early-life histories and phylogenetic relationships of the 𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑎 genus and can be used to inform the conservation and management of wild populations in the future.

Historically, there have been suggestions to divide the genus 𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑎 into two genera based on the different modes of reproduction and parental care. In this case, bubble-nesting species would be classified under the genus 𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑎 and mouth-brooding species would be classified under the genus 𝑃𝑠𝑒𝑢𝑑𝑜𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑎 (Kottelat & Ng, 1994; Ritcher, 1981; Tan, 1998). To date, this suggestion has not been accepted due to insufficient evidence supporting the division (Roberts, 1989).

Although this uncertainty has prompted extra efforts in classifying and investigating the taxonomy of 𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑎 species and their relatives, more information is still required to determine the necessity of a second genus. To advance the identification of members of this group, below, we present dichotomous keys for the five bubble-nesting 𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑎 species and their four larval developmental stages, using the results of this study.

𝗥𝗲𝘀𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝗧𝗶𝘁𝗹𝗲
Morphology of developing larvae and a dichotomous key for five bubble-nesting 𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑎 species (Teleostei: Osphronemidae)

𝗖𝗶𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻
Santi Poungcharean, Domes Limpivadhana. Morphology of developing larvae and a dichotomous key for five bubble-nesting 𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑎 species (Teleostei: Osphronemidae). Zootaxa, 5214 No. 1: 30 Nov. 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.4

𝗔𝗯𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗰𝘁
The morphology of larvae of five bubble-nesting 𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑎 species (𝐵. 𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠, 𝐵. 𝑚𝑎ℎ𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑠, 𝐵. 𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠, 𝐵. 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎, and 𝐵. 𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠) from Thailand was described from specimens reared in the laboratory from wild-caught parents.

For all species, the mean notochord length (NL) of the larvae ranged from 2.37 to 2.58 mm. Larvae reached the flexion stage within 9–15 days (NL = 3.22–5.21 mm) and the juvenile stage within 40–45 days (standard length = 10.45–12.18 mm). The main characteristics of hatched larvae for all species were an oblong and slightly compressed body, a small and rounded head, an oval to rounded eye, and a yolk sac without oil droplets. Pre-flexion larvae for all species have an oblique, terminal mouth, and pectoral buds begin to develop after day 1. During the post-flexion larval stage, rays for the caudal, dorsal, a**l, ventral, and pectoral fins begin to develop. Juveniles have a fully developed ventral fin with 2–3 dorsal, central, and ventral stripes, and a caudal spot. The minimal and maximal myomere number and fin rays differed between species. For all species, there were 1–2 dorsal spines, 7–9 dorsal rays, 9–12 pectoral rays, 1 ventral spine, 4–5 ventral rays, 2–4 a**l spines, 22–28 a**l rays, and 10–12 caudal rays.

The different larval stages also differed in pigmentation patterns between species. Pigmentation patterns on the head (pre-orbital, sub-orbital, post-orbital, and sub-opercular bars) and longitudinal stripes on the side of the body could be used to distinguish between different larval stages as well as different species.

𝗜𝗺𝗮𝗴𝗲
Top - 𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑎 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎. Photo by Frank Sriboribun
Bottom - From paper.

Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-N.C. 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

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