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Buzdar goat farm, Multan (2024)

15/09/2024

ویکسین کیا ہیں، وہ کیسے کام کرتی ہیں، اور ان کا انتظام کیسے کیا جاتا ہے؟
ویکسین کی دو اہم اقسام ہیں: متعدی اور غیر متعدی ویکسین۔ جیسا کہ نام سے پتہ چلتا ہے، غیر متعدی ویکسین میزبان کو متاثر نہیں کرتی ہیں اور جانور کے جسم میں دوبارہ پیدا نہیں ہوسکتی ہیں۔ متعدی ویکسین میں ایسے جاندار ہوتے ہیں جو زندہ ہوتے ہیں۔ جب ایک زندہ بیکٹیریم یا وائرس لگایا جاتا ہے، تو یہ کتے یا بلی میں بڑھ جاتا ہے۔ یہ ایک مضبوط مدافعتی ردعمل کو متحرک کرتا ہے، جو عظیم تحفظ فراہم کرتا ہے۔ مریضوں کی حفاظت کو یقینی بنانے کے لیے، ویکسین میں زندہ وائرس اور بیکٹیریا کو تبدیل کیا جاتا ہے تاکہ وہ خود بیماری کا سبب نہ بن سکیں۔

بہت سی غیر متعدی ویکسین اس جاندار کی نقل کے ساتھ بنائی جاتی ہیں جو بیماری کا سبب بنتی ہیں۔ اس ویکسین کو تیار کرنے کے لیے، ہمارے پاس یہ یقینی بنانے کا ایک طریقہ ہونا چاہیے کہ جاندار مردہ ہے—عام طور پر تابکاری اور کیمیکل۔ ایک بار جب جاندار مر جاتا ہے، وائرس یا بیکٹیریا بیماری کا سبب نہیں بن سکتے۔ لہذا نظریہ میں، ایک غیر متعدی ویکسین ایک متعدی ویکسین سے زیادہ محفوظ ہے جو ممکنہ طور پر انفیکشن کو متحرک کرسکتی ہے۔

جب جسم میں انجکشن لگایا جاتا ہے تو، مدافعتی نظام ویکسین کے اینٹیجن کو ایک غیر ملکی چیز کے طور پر پہچانتا ہے جس کا تعلق نہیں ہے، اور یہ مدافعتی نظام کو اینٹی باڈیز بنانے کے لیے تحریک دیتا ہے۔ اس پیداوار کے نتیجے میں، اینٹی باڈیز بیماری پیدا کرنے والے وائرس کے حملے سے لڑنے کے لیے پیچھے رہ جاتی ہیں۔

غیر متعدی ویکسین غریب ویکسین ہوتے ہیں، جو متعدی ویکسین کے مقابلے میں کم مدافعتی ردعمل پیدا کرتے ہیں۔ کچھ میں ایک معاون ہوتا ہے - ایک ایسا جزو جو اکیلے جاندار (جسے اینٹیجن کہا جاتا ہے) کے مقابلے میں زیادہ مضبوط مدافعتی ردعمل کو متحرک کرتا ہے۔

لیکن چونکہ مدافعتی ردعمل پیدا کرنے کے لیے درکار ویکسین کی مقدار غیر متعدی ویکسین میں بہت زیادہ ہے (متعدی ویکسین کے مقابلے)، اس بات کا زیادہ امکان ہے کہ مدافعتی نظام زیادہ رد عمل ظاہر کرے — جسے ہم انتہائی حساسیت کا ردعمل کہتے ہیں۔ یہ الرجک رد عمل ہلکا یا اتنا شدید ہوسکتا ہے کہ مہلک ہو۔
وہ یہ سمجھنے کے لیے کیسے کام کرتے ہیں کہ مدافعتی نظام ویکسین کے لیے کس طرح ردعمل ظاہر کرتا ہے، سوچیں کہ آپ فلو کے مسئلے پر کیا ردعمل ظاہر کرتے ہیں۔ جب فلو وائرس آپ کے جسم میں داخل ہوتا ہے تو یہ کئی گنا بڑھ جاتا ہے۔ آپ کا مدافعتی نظام، مسلسل چوکس رہتا ہے، حملہ آور کا پتہ لگاتا ہے اور اسے مارنے کے لیے اینٹی باڈیز بنانا شروع کر دیتا ہے۔ ایک بار جب آپ کے خون کے دھارے میں کافی اینٹی باڈیز آجائیں تو تمام وائرل ذرات (جسے ہم اینٹیجنز کہتے ہیں) کو بے اثر کر دیا جاتا ہے۔ ایک ویکسین میں موجود اینٹیجنز اسی طرح اینٹی باڈی کے ردعمل کو متحرک کرتے ہیں۔ کتے اور بلی کے بچے تقریباً آٹھ ہفتوں کی عمر میں اپنی پہلی ویکسین لگاتے ہیں۔ تقریباً ایک ہفتہ بعد، ہم ویکسین میں اینٹیجن کے خلاف پیدا ہونے والی اینٹی باڈیز کو دیکھنا شروع کر سکتے ہیں۔ اینٹی باڈی کی سطح آہستہ آہستہ بڑھتی ہے جیسا کہ نیچے دیے گئے خاکے میں بتایا گیا ہے۔ ویکسینیشن کے لیے متن کے مساوی مدافعتی ردعمل دکھائیں آئیے ایک غیر متعدی ویکسین کو دیکھ کر شروع کریں۔ پہلی غیر متعدی ویکسین کے بعد پیدا ہونے والی اینٹی باڈیز کی تعداد کو حفاظتی نہیں سمجھا جاتا ہے، جس کا مطلب ہے کہ اگر یہ ساتھ آتا ہے تو اصل بیماری سے مؤثر طریقے سے لڑنے کے لیے کافی اینٹی باڈیز نہیں ہیں۔ ہمیں دوسری ویکسین چار ہفتے (دو سے چھ ہفتے) بعد دینے کی ضرورت ہے تاکہ اینٹی باڈی کی پیداوار کو اس سطح تک بڑھایا جا سکے جو بیماری سے بچا سکے۔ دوسری ویکسین کو عام طور پر بوسٹر کہا جاتا ہے اور تقریباً ایک ہفتہ بعد اینٹی باڈی کی سطح بڑھ جاتی ہے۔ دوسری ویکسین کا وقت اہم ہے۔ اگر اسے پہلی ویکسین کے بعد دو ہفتے (چار ہفتوں کے بجائے) دیا جائے تو مدافعتی نظام پہلے سے ہی ہائی گیئر میں ہے اس لیے اسے زیادہ بڑھایا نہیں جا سکتا۔ اینٹی باڈی کی سطح تھوڑی بڑھے گی، لیکن اتنی زیادہ نہیں جتنی ضرورت ہے۔ اگر ہم پہلی ویکسین کے آٹھ ہفتوں بعد تک دوسری ویکسین نہیں دیتے ہیں تو کیا ہوگا؟ مدافعتی نظام نے پہلے ہی اپنی اینٹی باڈی کی پیداوار کو روک دیا ہے۔ جب ہم دوسری ویکسین دیتے ہیں، تو اینٹی باڈی کی پیداوار میں تھوڑا سا اضافہ ہو گا جو کہ پہلی ویکسین سے پیدا ہونے والی ویکسین سے زیادہ ہے، لیکن تحفظ فراہم کرنے کے لیے شاید کافی نہیں ہے۔ جب ہم بوسٹر کو بہت دیر سے دیتے ہیں (چھ ہفتوں کے بعد)، تو ہمیں حفاظتی قوت مدافعت کو یقینی بنانے کے لیے دو ویکسین کو دہرانے کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے۔ کچھ لوگوں کا خیال ہے کہ بوسٹر ضروری نہیں ہیں، اور انہیں کرنے سے صرف جانوروں کے ڈاکٹر کے لیے آمدنی ہوتی ہے۔ یہ سچ نہیں ہے - وہ طبی طور پر ضروری ہیں۔ اس سے مستثنیٰ ریبیز ویکسین ہے۔ یہ ایک غیر متعدی ویکسین ہے جو صرف ایک خوراک کے ساتھ کافی قوت مدافعت کو متحرک کرتی ہے۔ یہ ایسا کر سکتا ہے کیونکہ اس میں مدافعتی ردعمل کو متحرک کرنے کے لیے کافی اینٹیجن ہوتا ہے۔ متعدی ویکسین اس لحاظ سے بالکل مختلف ہیں کہ وہ کس طرح مدافعتی ردعمل کو متحرک کرتی ہیں۔ چونکہ حیاتیات بڑھ رہا ہے، یہ ایک مدت کے دوران کئی ویکسین دینے کے مترادف ہے۔ ردعمل ایک غیر متعدی ویکسین کے خلاف ردعمل سے نمایاں طور پر زیادہ ہے۔ جب تک کہ کوئی چیز مدافعتی ردعمل میں مداخلت نہیں کرتی ہے، صرف ایک ویکسینیشن کی ضرورت ہے۔ آپ دیکھیں گے کہ ایک لمحے میں ردعمل کو کیسے روکا جا سکتا ہے۔ کتے یا بلی کے بچے کی ویکسین کا سلسلہ ختم ہونے کے بعد، ویکسین وقتاً فوقتاً دہرائی جاتی ہیں (ہم باب 4 میں اس کے اختیارات کے بارے میں بات کریں گے)۔ مقصد یہ ہے کہ بلی یا کتے کے لیے اینٹی باڈی کی سطح کو کافی حد تک زیادہ رکھا جائے تاکہ بیماری سے بچا جا سکے۔
ویکسین کا انتظام
ایک بلی اور کتے کو ویکسین دینے کے پانچ طریقے ہیں: subcutaneously (SubQ)، intramuscularly (IM-ان دنوں ش*ذ و نادر ہی استعمال کیا جاتا ہے)، intranasally (IN)، زبانی طور پر، اور transdermally۔

ہم SubQ ویکسین سوئی اور سرنج سے دیتے ہیں، جلد کے بالکل نیچے چربی کی تہہ میں انجیکشن لگاتے ہیں۔ زیادہ تر ویکسین ان دنوں SubQ دی جاتی ہیں۔ IM ویکسین کو انجکشن اور سرنج سے بھی لگایا جاتا ہے، لیکن وہ براہ راست ایک بڑے پٹھوں میں جاتے ہیں۔ IN اور زبانی ویکسین کچھ مختلف طریقوں سے دی جا سکتی ہیں۔ کچھ کو سرنج یا پیپیٹ میں کھینچا جاتا ہے اور زبانی یا ناک سے پھیر دیا جاتا ہے دوسروں کو سرنج میں کھینچ کر منہ کی گہا میں ڈالا جاتا ہے۔ ہر ویکسین کے انتظامی طریقہ کو سمجھنا اور لیبل پر بتائی گئی ہدایات پر عمل کرنا ضروری ہے۔

سرنج کا استعمال ویکسین کو ناک میں ڈالنے کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے۔
انٹراناسل ویکسین دینا

صرف ایک ٹرانسڈرمل پروڈکٹ ہے، اور یہ کینائن میلانوما کے خلاف ویکسین ہے — ایک جلد کا کینسر۔ ہم اس ویکسین کو ایک خاص ڈیوائس کے ذریعے جلد کے ذریعے لگاتے ہیں۔ یہ ایک خاص مصنوعات ہے جو صرف اس وقت استعمال ہوتی ہے جب ٹیومر والے کتے کی پہلے ہی سرجری ہو چکی ہو۔

پالتو جانوروں کے مالک کے طور پر، اس بات کا ایک اچھا موقع ہے کہ آپ نے SubQ اور IN کی ویکسین دیکھی ہوں۔ یہ عام طور پر جانوروں کے ڈاکٹر کے زیر انتظام ہیں۔ مریض پر منحصر ہے، کسی کو (اسسٹنٹ یا پالتو جانوروں کے مالک) کو مریض کو روکنے کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے، خاص طور پر IN ویکسین کے لیے۔ بہت سے کتے IN ویکسین کے ساتھ جھک جائیں گے، جس کی وجہ سے ایک ویکسین ناک کے بجائے ہوا میں لگائی جائے گی، جس سے اچھی روک تھام ضروری ہوگی۔

15/09/2024

کتوں کی پہلی ویکسین 1940 کی دہائی میں سامنے آئی تھی۔ یہ ڈسٹیمپر ویکسین کی ابتدائی اور ابتدائی کوشش تھی، لیکن اس نے اس تباہ کن بیماری کو روکنے میں مدد کی۔ اس کے فوراً بعد، کئی بلیوں کے وائرس کو روکنے کے لیے ویکسین، اور ساتھ ہی ایک ریبیز کے لیے، دستیاب ہو گئیں۔ اس وقت، کوئی نہیں جانتا تھا کہ ان ویکسین سے استثنیٰ کب تک رہے گا، اس لیے جانوروں کے ڈاکٹروں نے مسلسل تحفظ کو یقینی بنانے کے لیے ہر سال ویکسین دی تھی۔ اس طرح سالانہ بحالی کا تصور پیدا ہوا۔ 1980 کی دہائی کتوں میں ایک نئی وائرل بیماری کے ساتھ شروع ہوئی۔ پاروو وائرس کی وجہ سے اس وبا نے دنیا بھر میں ہزاروں کتوں کو ہلاک کر دیا۔ متاثرین کو قے آنے لگی اور پھر شدید خونی اسہال ہو گیا۔ بہت سے لوگ پہلی علامات کے 24 گھنٹوں کے اندر مر گئے۔ سائنسدانوں نے فوری طور پر پاروو وائرس کے خلاف ایک ویکسین تیار کی، اور اس نے اس وبا کو گھٹنوں تک پہنچا دیا۔ ہم اب ش*ذ و نادر ہی پاروو وائرس دیکھتے ہیں، لیکن جب ہم ایسا کرتے ہیں، تو یہ عام طور پر غیر ویکسین شدہ کتوں میں ہوتا ہے۔ تاہم، ہم کبھی کبھار اب بھی ویکسین شدہ کتوں میں بیماری دیکھتے ہیں۔ یہ کیوں ہے؟ آپ کو لگتا ہے کہ کتے کے بچوں یا بلی کے بچوں کو متعدی ایجنٹوں کے خلاف ویکسین لگانا اس بات کی ضمانت دے گا کہ وہ ان بیماریوں سے بیمار نہیں ہوں گے۔ لیکن ویکسین ہمیشہ کام نہیں کرتی ہیں۔ ان ناکامیوں کی بہت سی وجوہات ہیں، لیکن سب سے بڑی وجہ زچگی کی اینٹی باڈیز ہیں۔ ہم اس سبق میں دیگر وجوہات بھی دریافت کریں گے۔ ایک سوال جس پر ہم غور کرنے جا رہے ہیں وہ یہ ہے کہ کیا بیماری، غذائیت، یا جذباتی صدمے کی وجہ سے دباؤ میں آنے والے کتے یا بلی کو ٹیکہ لگانا چاہیے؟ ہم ویکسینیشن کے نظام الاوقات پر بھی جھانکیں گے۔ ہمیں کتنی بار ویکسین لگانی چاہیے؟ اور کون سی ویکسین کی ضرورت ہے؟ ویکسین کے فوائد اچھی طرح سے دستاویزی ہیں، لیکن کیا زیادہ استعمال نقصان دہ ہو سکتا ہے؟ آئیے ویکسینوسس کے تصور کو دریافت کریں، جو بہت سے طلباء کے لیے ایک نئی اصطلاح ہو سکتی ہے۔

15/09/2024

Immune response to vaccination
Let's begin by looking at a noninfectious vaccine. The number of antibodies produced following the first noninfectious vaccine isn't considered protective, which means there aren't enough antibodies to effectively fight off the real disease if it comes along. We need to give a second vaccine four weeks (two to six weeks) later to boost antibody production to a level high enough to protect against the disease. The second vaccine is commonly called a booster and antibody levels climb up about a week later.

The timing of the second vaccine is critical. If it's given two weeks (rather than four weeks) after the first vaccine, the immune system is already in high gear so it can't be boosted very much. The antibody level will rise a little, but not as high as is needed.

What if we don't give the second vaccine until eight weeks after the first vaccine? The immune system has already backed off its antibody production. When we give the second vaccine, there will be a small increase in antibody production—higher than that generated by the first vaccine, but probably not adequate to provide protection. When we give boosters too late (after six weeks), we need to repeat the two vaccines to ensure protective immunity.

Some people think the boosters aren't necessary, and doing them just creates income for the veterinarian. This isn't true—they are medically necessary.

The exception to this is the rabies vaccine. It's a noninfectious vaccine that stimulates enough immunity with just one dose. It can do this because it contains enough antigen to trigger the immune response.

The infectious vaccines are quite different in how they trigger an immune response. Because the organism is multiplying, it's like giving several vaccinations over a period of time. The response is significantly more than the response against a noninfectious vaccine. As long as nothing interferes with the immune response, only one vaccination is required. You'll see how the response can be inhibited in a moment.

Once the puppy or kitten vaccine series is finished, vaccines are repeated periodically (we'll talk about options for this in Chapter 4). The goal is to keep antibody levels sufficiently high for the cat or dog to fend off disease.

Administering Vaccines
There are five ways to give a cat and a dog a vaccine: subcutaneously (SubQ), intramuscularly (IM—rarely used these days), intranasally (IN), orally, and transdermally.

We give SubQ vaccines with a needle and syringe, injecting into the fat layer just below the skin. Most vaccines are given SubQ these days. IM vaccines are also injected with a needle and syringe, but they go directly into a large muscle. IN and oral vaccines may be given in a few different ways. Some are drawn up in a syringe or a pipette and sq**rted orally or nasally others are drawn up into a syringe and misted into the oral cavity. It's important to understand the administration method of each vaccine and follow directions as stated on the label.

The syringe is used to sq**rt the vaccine into the nose.
Giving an intranasal vaccine

There's only one transdermal product, and it's the vaccine against canine melanoma—a skin cancer. We administer this vaccine through the skin with a special device. This is a specialty product that's only used when a dog with a tumor has already undergone surgery.

As a pet owner, there's a good chance that you've seen vaccines given SubQ and IN. These are normally administered by the veterinarian. Depending on the patient, someone (the assistant or pet owner) needs to restrain the patient, particularly for the IN vaccines. Many dogs will flinch with IN vaccines, causing a vaccine to be administered into the air instead of into the nose, making good restraint necessary.

Take a break now to play this game and see if you can get the mountaineer to the top by answering the questions correctly.

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Lesson 1 Assignment

Assignments are designed to reinforce the lesson concepts. They are optional and highly recommended. Most assignment answers are provided and they are for self-grading. However, if you would like to post your answer, please do so. Students benefit from what classmates share in the discussion groups and can build upon the discussion.

Veterinarians are often called on to determine if a dog or cat is pregnant. Assistants should know the methods of pregnancy diagnosis and the pros and cons of each approach. Take a look at the websites below, and use others if you want to try an Internet search, and then answer the following questions:

What methods can be used to determine if a dog or cat is pregnant?
What is the best method at twenty-five days pregnant? At fifty-five days pregnant?
What is the most economical way to test pregnancy status?
For this question, don't consider looking for signs of pregnancy (enlarged mammary glands, increased appetite, and nesting) as an option. This technique, used by the owner, can't differentiate pregnancy from false pregnancy.

Dog with enlarged mammary glands secondary to a false pregnancy.
Dog with mammary enlargement from a false pregnancy
Canine Pregnancy DiagnosisOpens in new window

Feline Pregnancy DiagnosisOpens in new window

Pregnancy Determination in the BitchOpens in new window

Pregnancy Testing in the DogOpens in new window

My answers to these questions can be found here: Assignment 1 Answers Opens in new window.

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Lesson 1 FAQs

Q: My dog just came out of heat and I want her to be spayed. When is the best time?
A: We want to make the surgery as easy as possible. She may go through a false pregnancy that lasts about the same length of time as a normal pregnancy. This means that she should be over it about eight weeks after the heat has finished. A general recommendation is to spay three to four months after the heat has ended. She should not come into heat before this time and certainly won't get pregnant, and the uterus has returned to normal after the false pregnancy.

Q: Is my Golden Retriever too old for neutering? He is ten years old.
A: As long as he is healthy, which can be determined with a physical examination and blood tests, he should be able to take the anesthetic and is a candidate for neutering. At this age, he is at high risk of medical complications from not being neutered.

Q: Can two fathers sire a litter?
A: In cats, this is a well-known phenomenon. You can see litters that were obviously fathered by two fathers. For example, you may see a kitten that looks Siamese (and that's what one dad looked like) and the other is a grey tabby (yet another dad). A litter of puppies can also have multiple fathers, but it is rare. This phenomenon happens when the female is bred by a male before her eggs are ready for fertilization. The s***m can last for a week or more, and during this time, she can be bred by another male. Both sets of s***m then compete for the ovulated eggs and it becomes a matter of chance who is the father.

Q: If a dog is spayed after she has developed mammary cancer, will it help?
A: The tumors usually arise because of the hormonal influences of the ovaries. Performing an ovariohysterectomy and taking away the ovaries can take away the hormones that induce tumor growth. It is recommended to spay if mammary tumors are diagnosed. It may not make them go away and it may arrest their growth.

Q: Are X-rays safe for the puppies (and the mother)?
A: Any exposure to X-rays can be deleterious, but it depends on the dose. In a study of beagles that were irradiated (each day) during pregnancy, the risk of cancer in the puppies did increase. However, this was due to repeated exposure to radiation that would not normally occur during routine X-rays where just a few views are taken. Taking one x-ray would pose minimal risk, but it also makes sense that we want to minimize the number of radiographs taken of a pregnant dog.

Q: What is inbreeding?
A: Inbreeding is the mating of close relatives. Examples could be sister to brother or father to daughter. We can see this in cat colonies, but people sometimes intentionally do this in dogs because they like two individuals and want their traits in the progeny. In**ed offspring can be poor doers – they seem sickly, prone to health problems, and they can also have genetic defects.

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Chapter 5: Summary

Summary
In this lesson, we reviewed how veterinary medicine has advanced, especially in the last 100 years. At one time veterinarians concentrated on horses and cattle. Most veterinarians now work with companion animals. We also have specialists available to provide advanced care in many fields such as cardiology, dermatology, surgery, and others.

By now you should be able to answer the questions " How long will my dog be in heat? " as well as " When is the best time to spay my cat? " And, you should have a clear understanding of the medical problems that can be avoided by sterilizing dogs and cats before they're sexually mature.

Next Steps

To finish the lesson, you'll need to complete the steps outlined below. Simply click "Next Up" at the bottom of the page to access the next activity. Or, if you wish to skip around, click the Book Icon in the top-right corner. There you'll find links to all the activities in this lesson. Here are your remaining activities:

Check out the FAQs. Since learning something new usually raises questions, every lesson in this course comes with an FAQs section.
Browse the Supplementary Material section. Here you'll find links to helpful online resources relating to the lesson.
Do the assignment. Get some hands-on practice applying what you've just learned.
Take the quiz. Reinforce what you learned with a short five-question quiz.
Participate in the Discussion Area. Ask questions about anything that came up in the lesson, and share your insights. This is where we'll create a learning community.
Additional Resources

In addition, there are some additional resources you may find helpful throughout the course. Access these resources by clicking the link for Resources listed after Lesson 12. There you'll find:

Recommended books and resources. This is a list of books and other resources that you can consult to extend your learning.
Remember to use the discussion areas and ask for help or clarification, and you can share your own experiences. We are all here to learn from one another and your instructor is here to help you when needed.

Once you finish all this, it's time for lesson 2. We are going to look at the complex field of vaccines and vaccination programs. How do vaccines protect against infectious diseases? Why are boosters needed? Do vaccines need to be given every year? Let's go get the answers!

14/09/2024

Chapter 4: Reproduction: How and Why Should We Stop It?

the sterilization process with different words.

Male sterilization is often just called neutering. This involves the removal of both testicles, which are the source of s***m and male hormones. Castrated males cannot get females pregnant, they do not wander in search of females in heat, and they do not fight with other males for sexual status. Without testosterone, the prostate eventually shrinks away so it can't become infected. We can also call this surgery a castration.

Intraoperative view of the uterus exposed before removal.
A spay operation

In females, sterilization is also sometimes called a castration or neuter. But, because a female is sterilized by removing both her uterus and ovaries, and we want to be technically correct, we use the term ovariohysterectomy. Another word you'll see is a spay, but this should only apply if the veterinarian is only removing the two ovaries (and leaves the uterus intact).

When a female is sterilized, there are no ovaries left to produce hormones, which means there is no estrous cycle. Females will not come into heat and the mammary glands do not undergo the changes that predispose them to tumor formation. Also, with an ovariohysterectomy, there is no uterus remaining so it prevents pyometra.

Intraoperative view showing a cat with and without testicles.
Cat being neutered
(Before on the left and after on the right)

Typically these surgeries are performed when the patients are six months of age when the adult teeth have erupted. This is before the females come into heat and before the males develop behaviors clients like to avoid, such as urine marking.

Some animal shelters advocate early (pediatric) surgery, where both cats and dogs are sterilized as young as four weeks of age. There is a slight risk associated with doing surgery on individuals this young. Specifically, if a puppy or kitten is harboring an infection and it's missed, the anesthetic could be too much for them to handle and they die. This has been seen in kennel settings where viruses could be circulating through the population.

Most veterinary hospitals will not sterilize patients this young as the owners reliably get their animals sterilized later. However, for shelters, whose primary goal is population control, early neutering is ideal. It allows adoptees to be sterilized before they leave the shelter.

If you want to see a dog neutered or a cat spayed, just search videos using those keywords. You can find videos that show the entire procedure from start to finish. Some of you may be allowed to watch at a veterinary hospital if you explain that you are taking this course and want to observe a spay and neuter.

A question that hospitals often receive is one around being able to tell if a newly adopted adult female dog or cat has been sterilized. In some cases, a scar will reveal that they've had abdominal surgery. Clipping the hair and putting alcohol on the area can help to visualize the scar better and an assumption can be made that it is a sterilization scar.

In cats, it can be hard to find a scar. Sometimes the veterinarian and the client agree to wait and see if they come into heat. In dogs, hormone tests can be performed and they have to be done at the right time to be valid. Therefore the decision to wait and see may be chosen as well.

The Future of Spaying and Neutering
What will the future bring? An interesting question where we see continued research. Most recently, a new product has been released into the North American marketplace, a contraceptive implant called Suprelorin and the active ingredient is deslorelin. It is licensed as a non-permanent contraceptive for male dogs that takes effect about 6 weeks after being administered and lasts for 6 to 12 months, suppressing testosterone concentrations.

Researchers continue to focus their efforts on developing a vaccine to prevent pregnancy. One of the products currently being developed works by stimulating immunity against parts of the developing egg. Although they won't become pregnant, females will still cycle. This means that the medical problems discussed above are still a concern. In the years to come, these products may have a place in helping us control the animal population, especially in areas that do not have regular veterinary services, making a better quality of life for our pets.

Take a break now to play this game and see if you can get the mountaineer to the top by answering the questions correctly.

Show Text Equivalent

14/09/2024

Chapter 3: Back to the Basics: Canine and Feline Reproduction

December 21), it gets the cycles going. In the case of cats, they come into heat in about February or March. The kittens would be born in April or May. This is timed so that there is also a food source—lots of mice and such—that are also exploding in population.

In the northern hemisphere, the feline breeding season roughly starts in January and continues into September. A cat's estrous cycle has the same four phases as a dog's in the previous section. Let’s take a look at what the differences are between the two species.

While the proestrus part of a queen's cycle is inconspicuous, owners cannot miss the estrus stage. Cats in estrus often appear to be in pain and their owners sometimes rush them to the hospital because they howl and roll about as if in pain. Cats do this because they're crying for a mate, not because of an illness or injury. Cats in this stage usually pull their tails up and raise their rumps if you touch them over the hips or back.

When to Mate
A queen is receptive to a male for about seven days during estrus. She does not ovulate unless she copulates with a male. A male has small spines on his p***s that ensures the female knows she has been bred. This induced ovulation ensures that none of the queen's eggs are ever wasted. If a queen isn't bred, she continues to show signs of heat about every three weeks.

The length of pregnancy in cats varies from 64 to 69 days. The average number of kittens per litter is four. Younger queens tend to have smaller litters than older queens.

To determine if a queen is pregnant, I prefer to feel for the kittens (what we call palpation). This is most accurate between 18 and 28 days after the breeding. This is because the feti (plural for fetus) and the fluids surrounding them feel like small ping pong balls. Before this time, the feti are too small to feel, and after 28 days, so much fluid surrounds the fetus that it can be hard to differentiate pregnancy from a uterine infection. Radiographs can be used to verify the number in the litter once the kittens' bones have calcified (over 45 days into the pregnancy). The same methods can be used in the dog.

A radiograph showing the bones of the puppies inside the mother.
A radiograph showing puppies

Male cats become fertile at the same age as queens; that is, six to seven months of age. Clients may falsely assume that male kittens will not breed with their siblings or their mother, and it can happen. Kittens that are to be kept with their mothers should be neutered, which is the topic of the next chapter.

14/09/2024

Chapter 2: A History of Veterinary Hospitals and Future Trends

Responsible for answering phones, scheduling appointments, and providing excellent customer service
May be trained on the job or attend a formalized course
Veterinary Technicians and Veterinary Technologists are typically found working directly with the patients. These individuals will often induce and monitor anesthesia, take blood and urine samples, assist with dental and surgical procedures, perform a myriad of animal nursing procedures, and educate clients.

Veterinary Technicians and Technologists:

Graduate of a 2-year AVMA-accredited veterinary technology program
Or have earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Veterinary Technology
Passed the Veterinary Technician National Examination (VTNE)
Required to pass a state exam in some states
Perform advanced duties under the direct supervision of a veterinarian
Can take advanced training to become a Veterinary Technician Specialist, VTS
For this course, the Veterinary Assistant is our focus. If you become one, your role is to assist anyone in the hospital who needs it. If the tech wants to take blood, how do you restrain the cat? If a dog neuter is the next surgery, what do you need to set up for it? How do you take a lateral radiograph of a cat’s chest? What do you tell Mrs. Smith about the worms and fleas her dog has? Can you advise on what to feed a geriatric cat?

A Veterinary Assistant:

May be trained on the job or attend a formalized veterinary assistant course
Unlicensed member of the veterinary healthcare team
In most states, the role is not clearly defined
Primary job is to assist veterinarians and veterinary technicians
Must be proficient in animal restraint techniques
These courses teach you how to assist in all these duties. When you're looking for a job, you will have an advantage over other applicants so that you can become employed at a veterinary hospital. Many students who take this course are already working with a veterinarian and they want to bolster their knowledge to do their job more effectively.

Some students wonder about veterinary assistant certification. There is an Approved Veterinary Assistant (AVA) designation provided by the National Association of Veterinary Technicians in America (NAVTA). To get this, you need to complete an approved course at a college that offers the program. Both distance and in-person training exist, to meet your unique preferences and needs.

For those who don't live where you can take an AVA program, cannot afford the time to attend classes, or don't work at a veterinary hospital, this course is an excellent alternative and often serves as a stepping stone to an accredited program as a Veterinary Assistant, as a Veterinary Technician or as a Veterinarian.

There are three six-week Veterinary Assistant courses and also a lengthier course (three to six months depending on how fast you do it), which are all available through your college. You can get information on these courses by checking the college website. You will find links to more information on these courses at the end of Lesson 12 before we finish this course.

It's time to take a short break and play a game:

14/09/2024

Introduction
Hello, and welcome to Becoming a Veterinary Assistant. Important work occurs in veterinary hospitals, with Veterinary Assistants playing a critical role. Just as important care occurs at home, and many of the skills taught here can be used by pet owners.

This course has been tailored to provide everyone from the aspiring veterinary assistant to the concerned pet owner with sensible, valuable advice about caring for pets and patients alike. It's an insider's glimpse of what goes on behind the scenes at a veterinary clinic. The information shared here with you will make you a smarter pet owner and a more valuable veterinary assistant. For many students with higher aspirations, we have had many students take this course as a stepping stone to becoming a veterinary technologist or a veterinarian.

Some of the things we'll cover are questions about vaccinations, the spread of worms, the best diet for your pet, home dental care, an introduction to fleas and ticks, and much, much more.

You will learn the essentials of pet first aid to help you deal effectively with minor pet emergencies at home, as well as in the clinic. Finally, we'll introduce some of the alternative therapies out there that many pet owners seek.

At the end of the course, you'll be equipped to make informed health choices for your pets. For those of you working at veterinary hospitals, your knowledge will help your clients provide better care to their pets, and become a more skilled and valued employee.

To get things started, we'll take a short but fascinating journey through the evolution of the veterinary profession and where trends are leading us in the future. We've come a very long way from just 50 years ago! Then we'll take a look at where it all starts—reproduction. As the majority of pets are cats and dogs, we will primarily focus on learning more about these two animals.

So when you're ready, let's begin.

Buzdar goat farm

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