Vet's views

08/06/2024

Vets what's your dx
Should we do autohemotherapy
Suspected case of papillomatosis

08/06/2024

Contagious ecthyma is an infectious dermatitis of sheep and goats that affects primarily the lips of young animals. The disease is usually more severe in goats than in sheep. People are occasionally affected through direct contact

The causal parapoxvirus is related to pseudocowpox and bovine papillar stomatitis. Infection occurs by contact.

The primary lesion develops at the mucocutaneous junction of the lips and around erupting incisor teeth and may extend to the mucosa of the buccal cavity. Occasionally, lesions are found on the feet and around the coronet, where secondary bacterial infection with Dermatophilus congolensis commonly causes “strawberry footrot.” Ewes nursing infected lambs may develop lesions on the teats extending onto the udder skin. The lesions develop as papules and progress through vesicular and pustular stages before encrusting. Coalescence of numerous discrete lesions often leads to the formation of large scabs, and the proliferation of dermal tissue produces a verrucose mass under them. When the lesion extends to the oral mucosa, secondary necrobacillosis (see Necrotic Laryngitis in Cattle) frequently develops.

Both parenteral and topical antibiotics may help combat secondary bacterial infection of the skin lesions. In endemic areas, appropriate repellents and larvicides should be applied to the lesions to prevent myiasis. The virus is transmissible to people, and the lesions, usually confined to the hands and face, are more proliferative and occasionally very distressing. Veterinarians and sheep handlers should exercise reasonable protective precautions and wear disposable gloves. Diagnosis in people is established by transmitting the virus to sheep; a complement-fixation test may be of value.

08/06/2024

05/06/2024

Caseous LymphadenitisSymptoms:
Swelling and abscess formation, particularly in the lymph nodes.
Abscesses may rupture and discharge thick, caseous (cheese-like) pus.
In more severe cases, abscesses can form in internal organs such as the lungs, liver, and kidneys, leading to systemic illness.
Transmission:
The bacteria are primarily spread through direct contact with ruptured abscesses.
Indirect transmission can occur via contaminated equipment, bedding, or feed.
Wounds or breaks in the skin facilitate entry of the bacteria.
Diagnosis:
Physical examination of abscesses.
Bacterial culture and PCR tests can confirm the presence of C. pseudotuberculosis.Serological tests may also be used to identify antibodies against the bacteria.
Treatment:
There is no definitive cure for CL, but management involves lancing and draining abscesses.
Antibiotics may be used, but their effectiveness is often limited due to the thick nature of the pus.
Culling of severely affected animals may be necessary to control the spread within a herd.
Prevention:
Implement strict biosecurity measures to prevent the introduction and spread of the disease.
Isolate and test new animals before introducing them to the herd.Vaccination can help reduce the incidence of the disease, although it does not completely prevent it.
Management:
Regularly inspect animals for signs of abscesses and separate affected individuals.Maintain good hygiene and sanitation practices.Ensure proper wound care to prevent infections.

05/06/2024

Enzootic ataxia:
also known as swayback, is a neurological disease in goats caused by copper deficiency. It affects young kids and sometimes adult goats. The condition can lead to a variety of clinical signs and symptoms, primarily related to the nervous system and muscle function.
Here's a detailed overview:
Causes:
1-Copper Deficiency: The primary cause is a deficiency of copper, which is essential for the proper development and function of the nervous system.
2-Soil and Pasture:
Copper-deficient soils and pastures lead to low copper content in the forage consumed by goats.
3-Dietary Imbalance: Excessive levels of other minerals, such as molybdenum, sulfur, and iron, can interfere with copper absorption.
Clinical SignsNeurological Symptoms: 1-Unsteady gait, incoordination, and weakness in the hind legs.
2-Muscle Wasting: Progressive muscle wasting and general weakness.
3-Paralysis: Severe cases may lead to partial or complete paralysis.
4-Anemia: Copper is important for hemoglobin formation, so anemia might be present.
5-Hair and Coat: Poor quality or depigmentation of the coat.
DiagnosisClinical Signs:
Observation of typical symptoms.Blood Tests: Measuring copper levels in the blood.Liver Biopsy: Assessing liver copper content.Histopathology: Examining nervous tissue for characteristic lesions.
Treatment and PreventionCopper Supplementation:
1-Oral or injectable copper supplements.
2-Diet Management: Ensuring a balanced diet with adequate copper levels.
3-Pasture Management: Addressing soil deficiencies and balancing mineral intake.
4-Monitoring: Regular monitoring of copper levels in the herd to prevent recurrence.
PrognosisEarly diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes, but severe cases with significant neurological damage might have a poorer prognosis.

05/06/2024

Auricular hematoma:
Auricular hematoma in goats, while less common than in some other animals, can occur due to similar reasons as in other species, primarily trauma or injury to the ear. Here’s a detailed overview of auricular hematoma in goats:
CausesTrauma:
Rough handling, head-butting, or accidental injury can lead to an auricular hematoma.
Infections:
Ear infections or infestations with parasites like mites can cause goats to scratch or shake their heads excessively, leading to hematomas.
Environmental Factors:
Sharp objects or rough terrain that the goat might come into contact with.
Clinical SignsSwelling:
Noticeable swelling on the ear, which may feel soft and fluctuating.
Pain:
The goat may show signs of discomfort, shaking its head or avoiding having its ear touched.
Deformity:
If untreated, the ear may become permanently deformed.
DiagnosisPhysical Examination:
Observation of a swollen, tender ear.
History:
Checking for recent trauma or symptoms of ear infections or infestations.
TreatmentAspiration:
Using a needle and syringe to remove the collected blood. This is a temporary solution and may require repetition.
Incision and Drainage:
Making a small incision to drain the hematoma and placing a pressure bandage to prevent re-accumulation of blood.
Surgical Intervention:
In some cases, a more thorough surgical approach might be necessary, where an incision is made, the blood is drained, and sutures are placed to prevent the recurrence.
Treating Underlying Causes:
Address any underlying issues such as infections or infestations with appropriate medications.
PreventionEnvironmental Management: Ensuring the living environment is safe and free from sharp objects.
Health Monitoring:
Regularly checking for and promptly treating ear infections or infestations.
Gentle Handling:
Handling goats gently to avoid accidental trauma to the ears.
PrognosisWith Treatment:
The prognosis is good if treated promptly and appropriately. The ear usually heals without significant complications.
Without Treatment:
If left untreated, it can lead to a chronic condition with potential deformity and discomfort.

01/04/2023

Milk Fever/Hypocalcemia
CLINICAL SIGN
The clinical signs of milk fever can be divided into three distinct stages.
Stage 1
Cows are mobile but show signs of hypersensitivity and excitability such as restlessness,tremors,ear twitching,head bobbing,and mild ataxia.If not treated symptoms usually progress to stage 2.
Stage 2
Cows can no longer stand and present in sternal recumbency. Tachycardia, weakened heart contraction and peripheral pulses. Cows appear dull, have dry muzzles, cold extremities and lower than normal body temperature. Smooth muscle paralysis can cause bloat,and the inability to urinate or defecate. Cows often tuck their heads into their flanks.
Cow lying on its side "lateral recumbency."
Stage 3
Lateral recumbency, muscle flaccidity, unresponsiveness to stimuli, and loss of consciousness progressing to coma. Heart rate can approach 120 bpm, with peripheral pulses becoming undetectable. If untreated, progression will continue to death.
CAUSES
During the dry period (late gestation, non-lactating), dairy cattle have relatively low calcium requirements,with a need to replace approximately 30 g of calcium per day due to utilization for fetal growth and f***l and urinary losses. At parturition the requirement for calcium is greatly increased due to initiation of lactation...
Kindly check the comment section for the full information.

30/03/2023

Contagious ecthyma is an infectious dermatitis of sheep and goats that affects primarily the lips of young animals. The disease is usually more severe in goats than in sheep. People are occasionally affected through direct contact

The causal parapoxvirus is related to pseudocowpox and bovine papillar stomatitis. Infection occurs by contact.

The primary lesion develops at the mucocutaneous junction of the lips and around erupting incisor teeth and may extend to the mucosa of the buccal cavity. Occasionally, lesions are found on the feet and around the coronet, where secondary bacterial infection with Dermatophilus congolensis commonly causes “strawberry footrot.” Ewes nursing infected lambs may develop lesions on the teats extending onto the udder skin. The lesions develop as papules and progress through vesicular and pustular stages before encrusting. Coalescence of numerous discrete lesions often leads to the formation of large scabs, and the proliferation of dermal tissue produces a verrucose mass under them. When the lesion extends to the oral mucosa, secondary necrobacillosis (see Necrotic Laryngitis in Cattle) frequently develops.

Both parenteral and topical antibiotics may help combat secondary bacterial infection of the skin lesions. In endemic areas, appropriate repellents and larvicides should be applied to the lesions to prevent myiasis. The virus is transmissible to people, and the lesions, usually confined to the hands and face, are more proliferative and occasionally very distressing. Veterinarians and sheep handlers should exercise reasonable protective precautions and wear disposable gloves. Diagnosis in people is established by transmitting the virus to sheep; a complement-fixation test may be of value.

28/03/2023

Postures that indicates disease condition

28/03/2023

Ascariasis/mite infestation/mange
Psoroptic Mange:
Mostly in sheep but can be cattle, rabbit and horses
Cx: papules and nodules along with oozing of serumg mite is only in skin they don't burrow deep
Scratching and biting at affected areas
Raw inflamed patches in areas with a lot of hair such as between the legs, under the mane, and the base of the tail
Hair loss
Scaly skin
Anemia (tiredness, weakness)
Chorioptic Mange:Chorion (living tissue)
Mostly on the tail and leg of horses
common pruritic skin disease in horses and can cause chronic pastern dermatitis.
Sarcoptic Mange:(Scabies)
Also called canine scabies is a burrowing mite
Cx:
Pruritis(level of itching which urges to scratch)
Extreme Itchiness
Excoriations on skin from scratching
Hair loss
Crusting of the pinnae
Demodectic mange:(Follicular Mange/Red mange)
Mite lives in the hair follicles and in most cases of demodectic mange they are localized to a small region of the body will spontaneously resolve in 1-2 months with no treatment.
Cx:
Crusting
Discoloration
Infections
Loss of hair
Pustules
Redness
Scaly or leathery appearance
Sensitive to touch
Sores
Unpleasant odor
Warm to the touch
Wrinkling
Rx:
Benzyl benzoate,Scabizyl,Benzyl benzoate lotion,Dichlorovas0.5%,Mericyle(acetyl Arsenic)
Gentamycin
Ivermectin
Mitaban
Sulphur ointment
Tara Mera oil
For hair regrowth....SypCecon,TabCecon 50mg
Cream hydrozole,Cream Dektarin,Demosporin cream
SypLysovit
SypT-day
Home remedy: honey,yogurt,lemon,aloevera,olive oil,coconut oil
Specifically for ear mites
Inj gentamicin 1ml
Inj ivermectin 1% 1ml
Mix and pour 3 to 5 drops
Use ootosporine eardrop
Fipronil Sprays Frontline®, Barricade®, Easyspot®, Effipro®, Sentry Fiproguard®, Parastar®, PetArmor®, Pronyl OTC®, Spectra Sure®
Use for hair regrowth omega3-omega-6,fish oil capsule
Syp Fonaz,Syp Derason to alleviate itching

23/03/2023

Trematodes ( Flukes )

As per their location known as

# Liver flukes
# Rumen flukes
# Blood flukes
# Lung flukes ( not of much importance)

Drug of choice for flukes in preferential order are

# Liver flukes
1. Triclabendazole
2. Oxyclozanide ( for mature )
3. Clorsulon

# Rumen flukes
1. Oxyclozanide
2. Niclosamide
( for Immature )

# Blood flukes
Praziquantel

If worm infestation is of mixed type
a combination drugshall be used

For ex : if Cestodes with Nematodes are observed in same flock # Fenbendazole with Praziquantel shall be used

14/11/2022

infestation

Pathogenicity of worms is not same in each & every sheep/goat @ It depends on host status
like
1. Breed
2. Age
3. Physiological status
4. BCS & Nutrition status

1.Breed : Dorper breed ( among Sheep ) is known for resistance

2.Age : Weaning to 6 months age lambs are more susceptible to parasites @ After 6 months of age, Sheep develops host resistance to parasites.

3.Sex & Physiological status : Female animals are highly susceptible to worm burdens in late pregnancy and early lactation

4.BCS & Nutrition status: Healthy Sheep suffers less
Note ... Prevention is always better as control of worms is difficult many times and is costly ( like medication, mortality, loss of productivity )

28/10/2022

Caprine Pleuropneumonia Pneumonia

Contagious agalactia is causative agent of CCPPV
Imp note for field Vets:
3 Principle signs
1.Keratoconjunctivitis 2.Arthritis
3.Mastitis are observed in chronic cases only

Early signs
Conjunctivitis
Lachrymation
Photophobia
Vascularisation
Loss of eye
Oxytetracycline use in sheep & goats

Extensively used antibiotic injection in sheep/goat
# Broad spectrum
# Bacteriostatic
against gram positive & gram negative bacteria

Caution: Not to use with any other combination as Injection except Colistin.Not synergistic with any other antibiotic is established except with Colistin

To remember It's dose is not same for all infections

It gives effective results @ 20 mg per Kg Body wt Injection against CCPP and Anaplasmosis
Maximum dose at one site by IM route in adult sheep/goat is 5 ml

23/09/2022

worms # Thelazia rhodesi vs Setaria digitata

Microfilaria of Setaria causes Cerebrospinal nematodiasis in sheep & goats .Generally it is only one in number .rarely >1

Microfilaria length is 0.25 mm only .Rarely it may reach Eyes of sheep/goat ..as its length is 0.25 mm, not visible to naked eye .It will not develop as adult in sheep & goats.
Thelazia rhodesi length is 2-3 cms .It is adult which is found in eyes of sheep ( rarely in goats as they are clean animals )
Corneal opacity is common in Thelazia
Levamisole and ivermectins (eg, doramectin) administered either subcutaneously or intramuscularly, are useful for the treatment of thelaziasis