04/08/2023
What The Oversimplification of Behaviorism is Missing...
At this point, I'm sure most of us have been exposed to the verbiage of behaviorism. Positive Reinforcement (R+) is the addition of an appetitive (something the learner wants) to increase the chances of the behavior happening again. Negative Reinforcement (R-) is the removal of an aversive (something the learner doesn't want) to increase the chances of the behavior happening again.
Both types of reinforcement are effective ways to shape behavior. I’m not here to argue which is better.
As Conditioning Theory becomes more popular in the horse training world, people tend to oversimplify it into two camps: R+ is clicker training, and R- is "natural horsemanship". But truthfully, it's more complicated in practice. During a dynamic conversation with our horses, the lines between R+ and R- are constantly blurring and blending.
First, I want to discuss what exactly an "appetitive" is. People tend to think that "R+" and "food rewards" are synonymous. But many things can qualify as appetitive stimuli. It literally means "something the learner desires". So, to use R+ effectively, we must understand what our learner desires. In horses, these desires can evolve over time. For example, I work with a lot of untouched Mustangs who do not find physical contact (petting) to be appetitive. Also, food rewards in the early stages are not particularly appetitive for these horses. What they truly desire is comfort, safety, peace, and connection. My domestic horses who have spent their lives around humans find a pet or a scratch to be very rewarding and they love a food reward. But they also desire comfort, safety, peace, and connection. Understanding what is truly rewarding to your individual horse and knowing how to give it to them are crucial first steps to being able to reinforce (train) behavior.
Now to discuss R- and aversives. People have simplified "natural horsemanship" or really anything outside of clicker training to be negative reinforcement training. "Pressure and release" may fall into the category of R-... if the horse sees the pressure as an aversive. Just as the "negative" of negative reinforcement doesn't mean "bad", "pressure" also isn't inherently bad. Holding hands with a loved one is pressure. Receiving a massage is pressure. Struggling to think of the crossword answer is pressure. Not all pressure is aversive. So just like with R+, we must understand what is aversive to our horses if we want to use R-, and more importantly, we need to understand how to remove that aversive. Things like tapping, high physical effort, and physical pressure on the reins can be aversive or appetitive depending on how we use them. Horses universally dislike feeling alone, unsafe, and uncomfortable. Can we be a source of connection, safety, and comfort for our horses? And if we can, are we not then offering R+?
Here's where the lines start to blur as we start actually carrying out dynamic conversations with our horses.
If you were to ask me what type of reinforcement I try to use primarily, I'd say positive...despite an apparent lack of clicker/treat pouch and the inclusion of tools such as lead ropes, whips, and bridles.
(Disclaimer: I'm not saying I never use treats, or I always use bits. I love liberty and bridleless riding too and find food rewards to be a powerful tool.)
When I pick up my tools, my intent is not to create a pressure that my horse doesn't like, it is to offer guidance to the next release. If my reins are aversive to my horse, I've missed the point somewhere along the line. It's like dancing with a partner. A good partner does not yank you around to get you to follow, they guide you with pressure, rhythm, and energy.
Whenever I'm interacting with horses, I strive to create an energy congruent with the situation at hand. Horses seek peaceful energy. When it seems like I'm not offering an obvious reinforcement, I'm actually offering what I call a “bubble of peace”. As I ask for movement, that energy shifts away from stillness and becomes more directed. I like to imagine I have laser beams coming from my eyes, and with that intensity of gaze, a horse can understand where I'm directing the energy. When they find the answer, I turn off the laser beams and reward the horse by offering to share my bubble of peace.
This energy modulation is something that I believe all great horsemen use, whether they know it or not. I’ve observed it in stern cowboys and clicker trainers alike. I believe it’s also what makes the difference between when the trainer or the client asks the horse to do something. A clever trainer can teach the client’s hands, body, and voice to nearly mirror theirs. But when the horse seems light and forward to the trainer and struggles to trot for the client, usually what’s missing is the energy modulation.
This kind of thing can seem a bit "woo-woo", but I think we can all relate to feeling the energy change (for better or worse) when certain people enter the room. Some people seem to carry an infectious positivity and it just feels good to be around them. Others seem to carry their own little rain cloud.
Owning our own energy and using it as a tool for communication is something we are all inherently capable of, but it may take time and practice. In the beginning, try allowing your body to help modulate your internal energy. Literally smile and breathe when you want to portray a peaceful energy. Adopt a stern face and imagine those laser beams when you're asking for a yield. Practice self-scans as a way to build awareness of your own body, mind, and energy.
If we want to be effective teachers, we first must understand what motivates our students and how we can give that to them. Then we need to unbox ourselves from different camps and allow the conversations to be dynamic, flowing, and engaging.
**Pictured is a great example of this from a Mustang Momma. Picture 1: Mom (Juno) and young foal (Zeus) were resting when the older foal (Artemis) comes in looking to play. Picture 2: Juno creates a directed energy towards Artemis, letting her know that now is not the time for play resulting in the baby clacking in a way to say "got it! I'll behave!" Picture 3: Artemis adopts a calm energy and Juno rewards her with a bubble of peace.