05/22/2023
Ill fitting saddles but also ill fitting blankets.
https://www.facebook.com/SonovetEquineTherapy/photos/a.351146073905/10153749171018906
The wither - why it is the hotline to your horse and how it suffers with ill-fitting saddles
The wither is a vital part of the horse. Connecting back and neck, it keeps the saddle in the right place and determines the height of a horse – one of the most important features however is that the wither is an instant feel-well-button! When horses scratch each others' withers they relax deeply.
Horses like many other plant-eaters need a long neck to maximize reach of food. This long neck needs a universal joint that easily lifts and lowers the big neck. The wither allows to lift the back using the leverage from the neck. That is the only way the neck motion can lift the back which otherwise would be pulled down by the tummy – the way the neck balances this task is to be seen in the nodding motion in walk and canter.
The wither is the connection between the forehand and the middle of the horse. The elevated part is created by the first spinal processes of the thoracic vertebrae which can tower up up to 30cm. A bursa sits on top of the wither and protects the area where bone and tendons/ligaments can rub and damage each other. If this bursa is compressed or irritated again and again (like by an ill-fitting saddle or other gear) it will become inflamed and in severe cases even a fistula can be created.
There are not many muscles in the immediate vicinity of the wither – just those connecting the front to the rump like the Rohomboideus Muscle which moves the shoulder and lifts the neck and the Trapezius Muscle which moves the legs forward as well as the long back muscle which is involved in all forward movements.
These muscle layers are very thin, the trapezius for example is not thicker than a DVD.
The size of the wither is different in every horse, there are high withers, flat withers, wide ones and small ones – in general, tall horses with long necks tend to have more prominent withers than small ponies.
Withers being too low are just as undesirable as withers being too high. Age and health status can also have an impact on the way withers are built. Especially in older horses the withers seem to become more prominent which is caused my muscle mass shrinking and fat deposits declining with age. Often the back itself lowers as well which causes the withers coming more into the centre of view. Very young horses often have prominent withers too which is caused by the neck developing to its full length in the last growing state.
Long neck – huge withers?
Why do giraffes have such a huge wither whilst the one of dogs is rather small? In general all 4-legged animals have withers. The relation of head-weight and neck length determines the size of the wither. Giraffes have a very small head but the longest necks, stags have a short neck but a very heavy head with antlers. Dogs have super small withers, their head is small and their neck is short.
Very bony withers can indicate muscular atropathies (declining muscle mass). This can be caused by an ill-fitting saddle pressing on the withers and the trapezius muscle, hence preventing muscle growth in this area. Bad riding such as fighting the horse with a hard hand can pull both rider and saddle onto the withers and cause the same problems in this area.
Mounting can have a huge impact on the withers as well. The withers keep the saddle in place and prevent it from sliding to the side – mounting without a mounting block brings the rider’s and the horse’s weight to the one side – a 90kg rider pulling himself up on a 475kg small horse puts 479kg on the horse’s near side legs whereas the off side legs just carry 56kg! These are the results of experiments done in Germany. You can imagine how much pressure this puts on the spine pulling and twisting it!
Withers determine proper saddle fitting and position. A high wither needs a high saddle chamber, otherwise the gullet will press on the wither bursa. If the center of gravity of the saddle is too far back it tilts the rider towards the back too.
A rather flat wither is easier to fit in regards to pressure on the bursa but on the other hand brings problems with saddles tending to slip and slide.
Such problems used to be addressed by using a crupper which brings other problems like constant pulling on the tail root and preventing the tail from swinging freely, plus the crupper girth presses on the vulnerable sacroiliac area prompting the horse to tense up the back. The horse becomes tense, the muscles less flexible and the movement restricted.
But the wither isn't just important for riding and the rider, but also for horses amongst themselves - the wither is an important "feel-good-spot", so to speak. When grooming each other, horses go for the wither in particular.
Behavioural studies have found that scratching or massaging of the wither significantly lowers the horse's heart rate. You will also find horses pull a bit of a face - they stretch the neck, half-close the eyes, and push out and wriggle the upper lip. Horses, most probably, particularly enjoy this spot being scratched and massaged by others because it's extremely difficult for them to reach it themselves. Horses are very social animals, and love grooming each other.
Through grooming they fight any itches, and support the coat-change. Grooming also fortifies bonds between horses. In small groups, horses generally all groom each other here and there - in larger groups, there are clear favourites and partnerships. The horse that wishes to engage in grooming will typically approach another horse with a slightly open mouth, ears forward, and a relaxed lower lip.
Riders can also make good use of this "feel-good-spot". Through scratching and massaging it, they can improve their relationship with their horse. Particularly foals love these little favours. Even during riding, a little scratch on the wither can work wonders - it can calm nervous, excited horses, and reward eager, well-working ones.
We also observe the wither playing a role in the relationship between mares and stallions - they will scratch and nibble each others withers as they are getting to know each other. During service, the stallion will actually grab the wither or mane with his teeth. The fight between two stallions is much more violent - a solid bite into the wither is actually quite painful, and stallions will use this to assert dominance during a fight as it can force the opponent to his knees. However, most of the time fights between stallions are more for show - there are strict rules and only rarely are there severe injuries.
Clever riders will treat the wither with great care, but also give it lots of attention - it is, after all, a vital part of the horse in every aspect of daily life, as well as a pathway to the horse's wellbeing.