Veterinary doctor

12/13/2024

12/09/2024

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12/09/2024

What's your diagnosis?

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12/05/2024

ℹ️𝗧𝗘𝗧𝗔𝗡𝗨𝗦⌨︎✍︎

Tᵉᵗᵃⁿᵘˢ is a serious disease of the nervous system caused by a toxin-producing bacterium. The disease causes muscle contractions, particularly of your jaw and neck muscles. Tetanus is commonly known as lockjaw.

🚨𝗖𝗔𝗨𝗦𝗘𝗦
ᵗᵉᵗᵃⁿᵘˢ is caused by a toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. The bacteria are commonly found in the environment, particularly in soil, dust and manure. All animal species and people can become infected.

🌀𝗗𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗜𝗕𝗨𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡

Tetanus can occur anywhere. Due to the availability of effective vaccines, tetanus is now a rare disease.

👇𝗛𝗢𝗦𝗧𝗦
Animals, humans

⚠️𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗘𝗗 𝗔𝗠𝗜𝗠𝗔𝗟𝗦
▪️humans🧑
▪️cattle🐃
▪️sheep🐑
▪️goats🐐
▪️horses🐎

▶️𝗖𝗟𝗜𝗡𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗦𝗜𝗚𝗡𝗦

🔹The animal will not be able to swallow and have an unsteady gait. Eventually,
🔹the animal falls in a tetanic spasm with the limbs stretched out rigidly and is unable to breathe.
🔹Stiffness and reluctance to move are normally the first signs
🔹Twitching and tremors of the muscles
🔹Lockjaw
🔹Prominent protruding third eyelid
🔹Unsteady gait with stiff held out tail
🔹Affected cattle are usually anxious and easily excited by sudden movements or handling.
🔹Bloat is common because the rumen stops working
🔹Later signs include collapse, lying on side with legs held stiffly out, spasm and death.

🔵𝗜𝗠𝗣𝗔𝗖𝗧𝗦

Health
When infection has occurred at castration, tail docking or mulesing of sheep, a large number of animals can be affected and mortality rates can be high.

🔴𝗛𝗢𝗪 𝗜𝗧 𝗦𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗗
The bacteria enters animals either through deep traumatic wounds, during parturition, or as a consequence of management procedures. Horses are more susceptible to tetanus than other animals and soil contaminated with horse manure commonly contains tetanus spores.

💉𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗧𝗥𝗢𝗟 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗘𝗡𝗧
Early intervention, including wound cleaning, boosting immunity, parenteral antitoxin administration, and muscle relaxants
The vaccination protocol usually includes an initial course of 2 doses 4-6 weeks apart followed by booster vaccination. Horses are commonly given a yearly booster. Treatment of small animals with antibiotics and good supportive therapy can be effective. However, the disease in livestock is usually too advanced for treatment to be successful. A vaccine is available for horses, cattle, sheep and goats.

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12/02/2024

A step-by-step guide to artificial insemination (AI) in cows:

*Pre-Insemination Preparation*

1. *Select the right bull*: Choose a bull with desirable traits, such as high fertility, good conformation, and a strong genetic background.
2. *Prepare the semen*: Obtain frozen semen from a reputable supplier and store it in a liquid nitrogen tank.
3. *Select the right cow*: Choose a cow that is in heat (estrus) and has a good reproductive history.
4. *Prepare the AI equipment*: Gather the necessary equipment, including an AI gun, semen straw, and lubricant.

*Artificial Insemination Procedure*

1. *Restrain the cow*: Secure the cow in a chute or stanchion to ensure safety and ease of handling.
2. *Clean the v***a and perineum*: Clean the area around the v***a and perineum with soap and water to prevent bacterial contamination.
3. *Insert the AI gun*: Insert the AI gun into the cow's va**na, taking care not to touch the gun to the v***a or perineum.
4. *Locate the cervix*: Use the AI gun to locate the cervix and determine the correct placement for the semen.
5. *Deposit the semen*: Deposit the semen into the uterus through the AI gun, taking care not to touch the gun to the cervix or uterus.
6. *Withdraw the AI gun*: Withdraw the AI gun from the cow's va**na, taking care not to touch the gun to the v***a or perineum.

*Post-Insemination Care*

1. *Monitor the cow's heat cycle*: Monitor the cow's heat cycle to determine if she is pregnant.
2. *Provide post-insemination care*: Provide the cow with adequate nutrition, water, and shelter to support fetal development.
3. *Confirm pregnancy*: Confirm pregnancy through ultrasonography or palpation 30-60 days after insemination.

*Important Considerations*

1. *Timing of insemination*: Inseminate the cow 12-18 hours after the onset of heat (estrus) for optimal fertility.
2. *Semen quality*: Use high-quality semen to ensure optimal fertility and conception rates.
3. *AI technique*: Use proper AI technique to ensure accurate placement of the semen and minimize the risk of injury to the cow.
4. *Cow handling*: Handle the cow gently and humanely to minimize stress and ensure a successful insemination.

By following these steps and considering these important factors, you can successfully perform artificial insemination in cows and improve the fertility and productivity of your herd.

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11/30/2024

Hypocalcemia in Cow 🐄.

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11/27/2024

‼️Bovine Mastitis‼️
"Inflammation of mammary gland characterized by physical, chemical and pathological changes in glandular tissue or secretions."

🔰Etiology
>70% are of Infectious Causes (Bacterial)
>2% are of Fungal Causes
>28% are Unknown (Trauma, Defect)

🚨Pathogens are divided into
🔸Contagious Mastitis Pathogens
Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae , Mycoplasma bovis.
🔸Teat Skin opportunistic Mastitis Pathogens
Coagulase negative Staphylococci
🔸Environmental Mastitis Pathogens
Coliform , Environmental streptococcus spp.
Arcanobacterium pyogenes.

🔰Pathogenesis
🔺Invasion
🔺Infection
🔺Inflammation (Sub Clinical and Clinical)

🔰Types of Mastitis
💠Ascending mastitis
Type in which local infection occurs then spread into the body other systems.

💠Descending mastitis
Type in which systemic infection has occurred and also causes infection in udder.

🔰Clinical signs
1. Sub Clinical
2 .Clinical (Per acute, Acute, Sub acute and Chronic)

Mastitis Clinical Findings are also graded as
🔹Grade 1 (Abnormal milk)
🔹Grade 2 (Abnormal Gland)
🔹Grade 3 (Abnormal Cow)

✴️Clinical Signs due to Staphylococcus aureus
Causes most of the Sub Clinical mastitis and most prevalent one.
🔸Acute = Fibrin Clots and blockage in udder, Toxemia
🔸Chronic = Mild Reaction but connective tissue proliferation leading to blockage as well as atrophy of ducts.

✴️Clinical Signs due to Streptococcus agalactiae
Systemic signs are less ; Milk secretions decrease due to inhibition and stasis of secretions due to damage to the Acinar and ductal epithelium.
Secretions contain the presence of Clots in watery fore milk.

✴️Clinical Signs due to Coliform bacteria ( E.coli and Klebsiella spp)
🔸Per acute = systemic signs like fever, shivering, polynea, Diarrhea, recumbent.
🔸Local Infection = quater swollen ( on previous Milking quater was fine and next milking infection in prevalent, rapid onset )
Secretions= small flakes, thin yellow serous fluid.

✴️Clinical Signs due to Mycoplasma bovis
Minimal systemic signs, Supramammary lymph nodes swollen.
Secretions= Fine, sandy, scanty scretion having cheezy curd colostrum like appearance with flakes.

💉💊Treatment of Mastitis
🛡️For Subclinical Mastitis
No need for antibiotic therapy . Use of immunity boosters, Antioxidants and Good fluid therapy.

🛡️For Clinical Mastitis
Antibiotics therapy ( Systemic and local administration) , NSAIDS , Fluid therapy, Liver tonics, Antioxidants.

🌐Antibiotics Choice
💉Ceftiofur HCL
💉Marbofloxacin
💉Gentamicin
💉Amoxicillin
💉Penicillin G
💉Tetracyclines ( Oxytetracycline)
💉Ceftaxime
💉Cefquinome
💉Streptomycin

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11/19/2024

Milking techniques

11/18/2024

Proud to be veterinarian

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11/17/2024

➡️ Goat and
➡️ Sheep Calculation weight :

HG x HG x BL/300
HEART GIRTH x HEART GIRTH x BODY LENGTH / 300 = ANIMAL WEIGHT IN POUNDS

11/17/2024

Estimation of age by Teeth of ruminants

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11/16/2024

HEN REPRODUCTION
The reproductive system of the female chicken is in two parts: the o***y and oviduct. Unlike most female animals, which have two functioning ovaries, the chicken usually has only one. The right o***y stops developing when the female chick hatches, but the left one continues to mature.

The o***y is a cluster of sacs attached to the hen's back about midway between the neck and the tail. It is fully formed when the chicken hatches and contains several thousand tiny ova, each o**m within its own follicle. As the female reaches maturity, these ova develop a few at a time into yolks.
As the o**m develops and gets larger, you can see the stigma line (clear line on each o**m). This is where the yolk is released.

On the surface of every egg yolk there can be seen a tiny, whitish spot called the blastodisc. This contains a single female cell. If s***m is present when a yolk enters the infundibulum, a single s***m penetrates the blastodisc, fertilizing it and the blastodisc becomes a blastoderm. Technically, the blastoderm is the true egg. Shortly after fertilization, the blastoderm begins to divide into 2, 4, 8, and more cells. The first stages of embryonic development have begun and continue until the egg is laid. Development then subsides until the egg is incubated. When s***m and ova unite, this process is called fertilization. After fertilization, the egg can develop and become a chick. Only fertilized eggs grow into chicks. The chicks grow and become adult birds.

The oviduct is a tube-like organ lying along the backbone between the o***y and the tail. In a mature hen, it is approximately 25 to 27 inches long. The yolk is completely formed in the o***y. When a yolk is fully developed, its follicle ruptures, releasing it from the o***y. It then enters the infundibulum, the entrance of the oviduct (see below).

All of the other parts of the egg are added to the yolk as it passes through the oviduct. The chalazae, albumen, shell membranes, and shell are.

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11/16/2024

Cattle Restraining

11/16/2024

Injection Sites in different animals
Injection sites vary by animal species and the type of injection:

Intramuscular (IM)
For most animals, the best site for an IM injection is in the neck, in front of the shoulder. Other locations include the quadriceps, lumbodorsal muscles, or the triceps muscle. IM injections are absorbed quickly because of the good blood supply to muscle tissue, but there is some risk of accidentally injecting a blood vessel.

Subcutaneous (SQ)
For SQ injections, you can choose the area over the back between the wings, the wing web, or the skin fold in the inguinal region. You can also give SQ injections half way up the neck in front of the shoulder, or over the ribs well behind the shoulder.

Intravenous (IV)
For IV injections, you can use the jugular vein in the neck of larger animals. The right jugular vein is usually larger and easier to visualize than the left. It's important to let a veterinarian handle IV injections because it can be lethal to rapidly inject medication into an animal's vein.

Cattle
For cattle, you can give injections in a triangular area of the neck that is in front of the shoulder, above the spine, and below the nuchal ligament at the top of the neck. This location prevents damage to areas of the animal that will be used for meat.

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11/15/2024

Horse Restraining