The Clicker Sitter

06/06/2024

I know she’s done growing, but I can’t help but feel like I’m still waiting for Luna to grow into her ears! 🤣

06/06/2024

Marlei & Luca!

06/04/2024

Zoey (& Jasper!) practicing “leave it”! Can you spot all three piles of treats?

05/31/2024

New student, Riley the husky mix!

This 9 month old girl is doing a 3 week intensive program to hone in on her basics, counter surfing, recall, and shredding of anything she can get her teeth on! So excited to share her progress, she’s a smarty!

05/27/2024

05/15/2024

My first Aussie, Matisse. Such a sweet boy. He and Rooney have similar personalities. ❤️ He passed away at 13.5 years old, one week before we brought Cody home.

05/04/2024

Cosmo the !

losangelesdogwalker

05/02/2024

Madison the !

I spent a weekend with this lovely girl! She is a sweet rescue with the most wonderful temperament! She can be a little bit on walks but was managed well over the weekend.

Here’s to more days spent with Madison as her family travels!

03/29/2024

My new friend, Rosie!

Rosie is a four-year-old poodle, rehomed to a lovely elderly couple in Woodland Hills. She is adjusting to her new life on the West Coast and building trust and her dog walkers, new family and new surroundings! She has such a sweet personality!

03/24/2024

Here’s an easy and lazy way to enrich your dog!

I keep little jars of food varieties around the house for quick reinforcement for Rooney. While I’m laying in bed drinking my morning tea, I am throwing pieces of dog food into his food bin! He’s using foraging and digging to find them all and even flipped his toy bin to further scatter all the toys around. Sniffing is extremely tiring for dogs, and I’ve barely burned any calories!

03/04/2024

Daisy the was so tired after her lesson today!

A little background…

Daisy was rescued with her mom, Minnie, from a trailer. Daisy is overly bonded to her mom as they have never been separated. She is about eight years old and her mom is between 10 and 14 years old. They have been getting into numerous fights over attention and other resources, mainly instigated by Daisy. Poor girl is just so insecure!

We worked a lot today on confidence building, desensitizing her to Minnie getting attention, and implemented lots of management tools to prevent the fights from occurring.

She’s got a long road ahead, but a wonderful family who is willing to put in the work for her and little Minnie!

10/02/2023

Took my dude to to visit all his friends! We LOVE the staff here! And the food 🤤

#&waffes

08/08/2023

A battle cry to the public.

So many breeders are selling puppies way below the price should be to get quality care and pedigree/lines.

Please understand that if that is all that is supported you are putting all of our dogs at risk. Responsible and ethical breeders cannot stay in business and hold the standards that our dogs deserve.

From careful selection of parents, health testing, veterinary care, quality nutrition, puppy curriculum, puppy evaluations, and on and on.

I am seeing ethical and responsible breeders pausing left and right and what I need you to know is that if all of our GOOD breeders are reducing our litters and or stopping breeding altogether (we will not breed to any other standard other than of excellence) then what will be left of our dogs? Our lines?

I need this message to be heard LOUD AND CLEAR. Our dogs are at risk. I know the economy is crappy. We are all feeling that, but please save, be patient, and research before getting a dog at a price that is "too good to be true".

I am watching this all unfold before my eyes and I need your help!

Please protect all of our ethical breeders.

Buy responsibly.

Our dogs deserve it.

Our ethical breeders are the ones we want to protect, preserve, and create the healing power of the dog. We do not want the fate of our dogs left in the hands of ill-intention breeders.

08/03/2023

“It is a myth that dogs need to be "corrected" or punished to learn. An MIT study showed that animals learn from success, not failure, and that aversives have many deleterious effects on dog behavior and learning, as well as the human-animal bond. In "clicker training" we aim to keep animals successful at a minimum of 80% correct responses, and adjust training to maintain this success rate. Cindy”

Find out why force-free dog training is better for your dog and why you should avoid balanced training techniques or tools like shock or prong collars.

07/31/2023

MYTHBUSTING MONDAY: When was the last time you watched a nature program and heard the announcer say, "This hippopotamus is not very food-motivated"? What about a raccoon? A bear? A wolf?

All animals need food to survive. And our domestic dogs are no different. So, when someone tells me their dog "isn't food-motivated," it immediately has me wondering why.

HEALTH: If a dog regularly turns down food at home, a vet check is in order. Does the dog have gastrointestinal issues? Does the dog have dental issues? Is there some other undetected condition causing discomfort?

STRESS: If the dog is a healthy eater at home, but stops eating food when on walks or other locations outside the home, we need to look for signs of stress. Low tail, low ears held back, panting when not hot, hyper vigilance, failure to respond to cues, and other indications that you don't normally see when your dog is relaxed and happy.

If the dog is fine eating all sorts of food at home and on walks, but stops when dogs, people, cyclists, motorcycles, cars, etc., pass by, that is likely an indication of anxiety.

Few people realize that over-stimulation and excitement are also forms of stress and can impact a dog's appetite, as well.

PREFERENCE/COMPETING MOTIVATION: Sometimes it's the choice of food that the owner offers that is the problem. I know a lot of dogs that love to crunch on baby carrots at home. But when their owners bring a bag of baby carrots to the first night of class, the dog isn't interested.

That could be stress/anxiety about the new environment and/or other dogs, or it could be that the motivation to interact with the other dogs is stronger than the dog's love of carrots.

I (human) like to eat raisins. But if I have the opportunity to play with puppies or eat raisins, puppies win. Every. Single. Time.

Swap out raisins and replace them fresh abalone, and now I might be experiencing a little conflict. Puppies or abalone? I can head over to my local shelter and play with puppies pretty much whenever I want. But abalone is hard to come by. I only get it maybe once every few years. Abalone is much higher value than puppies.

So, it's not surprising that those dogs who turn down the carrots are suddenly food-motivated again as soon as I pull out cheese, hot dogs, or Red Barn beef roll. One dog turned down everything I offered until I pulled out the baby food. Another dog lit up when I pulled out some leftover smoked pheasant that I'd tossed in my bag.

Sometimes these dogs just need us to whet their appetite a bit with something super fantastic (like the pheasant), and then they are ready to take food that they'd previously turned down. This is why I like to have a bit of a trail mix of meats, cheeses, and crunchies (my dog loves Cheerios).

DELIVERY ISSUES: I've also seen a dog's physiology be the reason they get labeled as not food-motivated. For example, two Shar Peis I worked with had such large muzzles, that they had trouble taking the treats from my hand. As soon as I made adjustments in my method of delivery, we were back on track.

Same with a colleague of mine who adopted a Greyhound that appeared to not be motivated by food...until she realized that his very large overbite made it difficult for her to take food from her hand.

Some dogs aren't all that excited about being hand fed, but toss those treats and suddenly they will work for ALL the food!

FREE FEEDING: Some dogs that are "free fed," meaning they graze from a full bowl of food all day, can seem a little picky. In these cases, the dog can get food anytime they want, so the motivation to work for the food isn't always that high (although I find it rare that a dog with a full bowl of dry kibble isn't still willing to work for hot dogs).

For these dogs, trainers recommend limiting feeding times to 20 minutes in the morning and evening. Having a dog on a regular schedule has many benefits, including a more predictable housetraining schedule!

We have a saying in the training world. If a dog is truly not food-motivated, he's not breathing.

If a dog is refusing food, rule out medical issues, watch for signs of stress, and make sure what you're offering is more interesting to him than everything else in the environment.

Finally, if your dog has always had a healthy appetite and suddenly walks away from his meal, a vet check is in order ASAP.

BUTS

"But MY dog..." Yeah, I get it. You believe your dog isn't food-motivated. Again, there are plenty of reasons they might not take the treats you offer. All I'm saying is that before you slap a label on your dog like "Not Food-Motivated," you make sure you've ruled out some of the other explanations, above.

"But my dog prefers to work for play." That's great! That doesn't mean he/she isn't food-motivated. And there are times that tug or fetch isn't appropriate to use as a reinforcer, like at an outdoor restaurant. Use as many different reinforcers as you can, whenever they will work. I certainly do.

"But I don't agree with you..." That's fine. You don't have to. Just make sure you aren't imposing your personal beliefs on your dog and ruling out the possibility that there could be a reason your dog refuses the treats you offer. Because if there is and you dismiss it, it could come back to be a problem later on.

Bottom line: Dogs need food to survive, just like other animals. Dogs evolved as scavengers, which makes them opportunistic feeders. So, when a dog refuses food, there's usually a reason.

Don't simply label your dog as not food-motivated. Look deeper. Make sure there isn't something else going on. Then continue to use fetch or tug or lottery tickets as a reinforcer, if that's truly what your dog prefers.

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07/30/2023

This is a hard pill to swallow, but the "truthi-est" ones often are.

I believe punishment is mainly used in the absence of not knowing what else to do...or, even if we know what to do, we are still developing the skill to do it. Punishment is easier, more efficient, and gets the "job done." Long-term, it creates kids who become sneaky/rebel, feel ashamed, and it fractures a secure connection with the parent.

So, what to do instead?

The first thing we have to do is get our own mindset right: in other words, find our own calm. Easier said than done, I know. :) Finding our calm in the face of being triggered is the product of the inner work I talk about all the time here. It’s a muscle we strengthen every day by unlearning old narratives, taking radical care of our needs, going to therapy, etc.

Second, we must become compassionate detectives and try to uncover the "why" behind the behavior. We’re not accepting the behavior - we’re getting to the bottom of why it happened so we can prevent it from happening (as often) in the future.

Third, revisit your family values. Instead of enforcing rules because "you're the boss" remind your kids of what's important in your family and how as individuals, we're always trying to stay as closely aligned to those values as possible.

Lastly, when the dust has settled, talk about what set your child off to begin with. What caused the meltdown/dysregulation/undesirable behavior? Remind them that they’re a good kid (and remind yourself that you’re a good parent) and that sometimes we make mistakes when our needs aren’t met.

One of my favorite quotes on my Connected Kid Cards is "I'm not here to punish you for your mistakes. I'm here to help you learn from them." It's so true.

Check out the entire Connected Kid Collection at KidToolkit.com or go straight to the link in my bio where you can view all 3 products (cards, activities, reparenting workbook) that come with your purchase.

04/09/2023

Prong collars are a type of training collar used to help modify a dog’s behaviour. Prong collars are made up of metal prongs and a center link which, when pulled, apply pressure to the dog causing discomfort in order to get the desired behaviour.

The level of discomfort can range from a sharp pinch to a painful jerking motion. This type of collar can cause stress and anxiety in dogs which can lead to physical damage to the neck and throat area, as well as psychological trauma.

Prong collars are also seen by some experts as aversive training device, which rely heavily on fear and punishment rather than positive reinforcement. Furthermore, due to the painful pinch of the prongs on the skin, some dogs may associate the collar with negative experiences such as punishment, which can cause further stress and anxiety.

Here's the thing...

Dogs often associate prong collars with going for a walk, and when they are put on can anticipate being able to explore and get exercise. The familiarity and anticipation of a walk can make them look happy having the prong on and when they are wearing it.

People who use the collar without knowing the effects of learning through association (classical conditioning) can assume that the dog likes the collar and enjoys wearing it. When is reality the dog is just keen to get out into the World.

(Classical conditioning: associative learning that links a certain stimulus with a behaviour or feeling)

03/25/2023

A skilled, progressive positive reinforcement led trainer uses their head to train. They think about...

• what is causing and maintaining current behaviour
• what alternative behaviour can meet both the dog's & human's needs
• how the environment can be manipulated to maximise desirable behaviours and minimise undesirable behaviours
• what the dog in front of them will find most reinforcing
• how that reinforcement can be delivered most effectively
• how to ensure the dog's physical & emotional wellbeing
• how to use our behaviour to create safety and predictability for the learner
• how behaviour is influenced by breed traits
..amongst many other things.

And because they consider all these things they don't have to get physical with dogs. They don't need to use tools like slip leads or choke chains to deliver collar corrections or lead 'pops'. They don't need to pin dogs down. Or throw things at them. Or hit them with objects.

Heads. Not hands.

03/15/2023

As dog guardians, we all want our loyal companions to be well-behaved and happy. But when our dogs exhibit undesirable behaviour, we may be tempted to resort to quick fixes like punishment collars or trainers who use forceful techniques. However, these methods come at a high cost to both the dog and...

01/31/2023

💯

01/18/2023

The science behind how it works, why it’s damaging to the dog and myths “trainers” share with clients to claim it’s a “humane” tool. Great information!

The topic of prong collars can be controversial and emotive; this article will discuss some of the mechanics of prong collars, dissecting erroneous or misleading claims so you can make a more informed choice when selecting equipment for your dog.

12/14/2022

DO YOU NEED SHOCK FOR A RELIABLE RECALL?

Short answer: NO

Longer answer: I met a woman in the park recently with two large dogs who had been trained to recall on shock. She said they had a strong "prey drive," so the shock worked pretty well except when they were focused on wildlife. I observed her repeatedly command her dogs to lie down. They finally obeyed, first one, then the other.

Let's unpack this just a little. First of all, there is no such thing as "prey drive" in dogs. Dogs are NOT predators, they are opportunists and scavengers.

Further, a "drive," another word for instinct, is complex, and is not properly referred to by the object of the "drive." For example, thirst could be said to be a "drive," but we don't say an animal or a person has a "water drive," do we? "Drive" varies by circumstances.

The thirstier an animal is, the less picky it is about what it will drink. I have observed my own dogs drink from muddy tire tracks on a walk, yet only drink from their clean water bowl at home after I add fresh water.

Getting back to "prey drive." Dogs again, are not predators, and they don't chase cats because they are hungry. A trained police dog doesn't attack the arm of a criminal because he is hungry, nor does a Golden Retriever chase and retrieve a ball because it is hungry.

My late dog, Opal, flew over jumps and retrieved dumbbells, not because of "prey drive," but because she was FULL of enthusiasm!

Now, about those shock collars, referred to euphemistically as "e-collars."

Here is another myth: shock is required for a better, more reliable recall.

It is not.

On this page I have repeatedly discussed the problems with punishment, aka as "correction," including shock. As anyone who has seen my dogs in action, or has been in my classes or private lessons knows, positive reinforcement training is powerful!

Unlike the woman who explained to me that shock ("e" ) was necessary to train her high "prey drive" dogs to come when called, I can teach a dog to come when called without this, and so have my clients.

I have had clients who have completed training with me tell me they have been able to call their dogs away from other dogs and wildlife using what they learned from me, and I have reliably been able to call my own dogs away from wildlife and from long distances without the use of any shock.

The use of pain or the threat of pain or uncomfortable consequences is not necessary in dog training. In many cases is is counterproductive. This is borne out by the scientific literature, not just my personal experience.

© 2022 Cindy Ludwig, M.A., B.S., R.N.
Certified Professional Dog Trainer (CPDT-KA, CCPDT)
Graduate, Karen Pryor Academy for Animal Training & Behavior,
Professional Dog Trainer Program
Owner, Canine Connection LLC
Willard, Missouri

11/15/2022

𝗖𝗼𝗹𝗹𝗮𝗿 𝗼𝗿 𝗛𝗮𝗿𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀?

It’s a common question and there’s so much conflicting information out there which makes it hard for the dog owning public to know what to do for the best.

My advice is always a well fitted, Y-shaped harness for any dog who pulls on the lead whether that’s chronic, constant pulling or the occasional sudden lunge.

Why?

Because they are the safest equipment for a dog who pulls. That’s it. They don’t cause pulling. They don’t stop pulling (unless they are the type that tighten and ‘cinch’ the dog’s ribcage but that’s not the kind of harness I recommend, obviously).

Scientific research* shows us that pressure on the neck from collars can cause physical trauma both from low grade, constant pulling over time or from one off incidences of sudden lunging. This is also why corrections on the neck from slip leads, choke chains etc should never form part of a training plan.

So that’s why I recommend harnesses. Not opinion. Not dogma. Not ideology. Just science*

===============================================

* References -

“𝘕𝘰 𝘴𝘪𝘯𝘨𝘭𝘦 𝘤𝘰𝘭𝘭𝘢𝘳 𝘵𝘦𝘴𝘵𝘦𝘥 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘷𝘪𝘥𝘦𝘥 𝘢 𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘴𝘶𝘳𝘦 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘴𝘪𝘥𝘦𝘳𝘦𝘥 𝘭𝘰𝘸 𝘦𝘯𝘰𝘶𝘨𝘩 𝘵𝘰 𝘮𝘪𝘵𝘪𝘨𝘢𝘵𝘦 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘳𝘪𝘴𝘬 𝘰𝘧 𝘪𝘯𝘫𝘶𝘳𝘺 𝘸𝘩𝘦𝘯 𝘱𝘶𝘭𝘭𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘰𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘭𝘦𝘢𝘥” [𝘊𝘢𝘳𝘵𝘦𝘳 𝘈, 𝘔𝘤𝘕𝘢𝘭𝘭𝘺 𝘋, 𝘙𝘰𝘴𝘩𝘪𝘦𝘳 𝘈. 𝘊𝘢𝘯𝘪𝘯𝘦 𝘤𝘰𝘭𝘭𝘢𝘳𝘴: 𝘢𝘯 𝘪𝘯𝘷𝘦𝘴𝘵𝘪𝘨𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘰𝘧 𝘤𝘰𝘭𝘭𝘢𝘳 𝘵𝘺𝘱𝘦 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘧𝘰𝘳𝘤𝘦𝘴 𝘢𝘱𝘱𝘭𝘪𝘦𝘥 𝘵𝘰 𝘢 𝘴𝘪𝘮𝘶𝘭𝘢𝘵𝘦𝘥 𝘯𝘦𝘤𝘬 𝘮𝘰𝘥𝘦𝘭. 𝘝𝘦𝘵 𝘙𝘦𝘤. 2020 𝘖𝘤𝘵 3;187(7):𝘦52. 𝘥𝘰𝘪: 10.1136/𝘷𝘳.105681. 𝘌𝘱𝘶𝘣 2020 𝘈𝘱𝘳 17. 𝘗𝘔𝘐𝘋: 32303668]

“𝘐𝘯𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘰𝘤𝘶𝘭𝘢𝘳 𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘴𝘶𝘳𝘦 𝘪𝘯𝘤𝘳𝘦𝘢𝘴𝘦𝘥 𝘴𝘪𝘨𝘯𝘪𝘧𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘭𝘺 𝘧𝘳𝘰𝘮 𝘣𝘢𝘴𝘦𝘭𝘪𝘯𝘦 𝘸𝘩𝘦𝘯 𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘴𝘶𝘳𝘦 𝘸𝘢𝘴 𝘢𝘱𝘱𝘭𝘪𝘦𝘥 𝘷𝘪𝘢 𝘢 𝘤𝘰𝘭𝘭𝘢𝘳 𝘣𝘶𝘵 𝘯𝘰𝘵 𝘷𝘪𝘢 𝘢 𝘩𝘢𝘳𝘯𝘦𝘴𝘴” [𝘗𝘢𝘶𝘭𝘪 𝘈𝘔, 𝘉𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘭𝘦𝘺 𝘌, 𝘋𝘪𝘦𝘩𝘭 𝘒𝘈, 𝘔𝘪𝘭𝘭𝘦𝘳 𝘗𝘌. 𝘌𝘧𝘧𝘦𝘤𝘵𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘢𝘱𝘱𝘭𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘰𝘧 𝘯𝘦𝘤𝘬 𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘴𝘶𝘳𝘦 𝘣𝘺 𝘢 𝘤𝘰𝘭𝘭𝘢𝘳 𝘰𝘳 𝘩𝘢𝘳𝘯𝘦𝘴𝘴 𝘰𝘯 𝘪𝘯𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘰𝘤𝘶𝘭𝘢𝘳 𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘴𝘶𝘳𝘦 𝘪𝘯 𝘥𝘰𝘨𝘴. 𝘑 𝘈𝘮 𝘈𝘯𝘪𝘮 𝘏𝘰𝘴𝘱 𝘈𝘴𝘴𝘰𝘤. 2006 𝘔𝘢𝘺-𝘑𝘶𝘯;42(3):207-11. 𝘥𝘰𝘪: 10.5326/0420207. 𝘗𝘔𝘐𝘋: 16611932]

“𝘓𝘦𝘢𝘴𝘵 𝘢𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘴𝘪𝘷𝘦/𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘪𝘮𝘢𝘭𝘭𝘺 𝘪𝘯𝘷𝘢𝘴𝘪𝘷𝘦, 𝘳𝘦𝘸𝘢𝘳𝘥-𝘣𝘢𝘴𝘦𝘥 𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘪𝘯𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘮𝘦𝘵𝘩𝘰𝘥𝘴 𝘴𝘩𝘰𝘶𝘭𝘥 𝘣𝘦 𝘶𝘵𝘪𝘭𝘪𝘴𝘦𝘥 𝘧𝘰𝘳 𝘭𝘦𝘢𝘥 𝘱𝘶𝘭𝘭𝘪𝘯𝘨, 𝘢𝘴 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘴𝘦 𝘴𝘶𝘱𝘱𝘰𝘳𝘵 𝘨𝘰𝘰𝘥 𝘸𝘦𝘭𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘦. 𝘛𝘩𝘪𝘴 𝘪𝘴 𝘤𝘳𝘪𝘵𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘭 𝘢𝘴 𝘱𝘦𝘵 𝘰𝘸𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘴’ 𝘱𝘰𝘰𝘳 𝘴𝘬𝘪𝘭𝘭𝘴 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘵𝘪𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘮𝘢𝘺 𝘢𝘨𝘨𝘳𝘢𝘷𝘢𝘵𝘦 𝘯𝘦𝘨𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘦 𝘰𝘶𝘵𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘦𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘱𝘶𝘯𝘪𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘦 𝘵𝘦𝘤𝘩𝘯𝘪𝘲𝘶𝘦𝘴” [𝘛𝘰𝘸𝘯𝘴𝘦𝘯𝘥, 𝘓, 𝘋𝘪𝘹𝘰𝘯, 𝘓, 𝘉𝘶𝘤𝘬𝘭𝘦𝘺, 𝘓. 𝘓𝘦𝘢𝘥 𝘱𝘶𝘭𝘭𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘢𝘴 𝘢 𝘸𝘦𝘭𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘤𝘦𝘳𝘯 𝘪𝘯 𝘱𝘦𝘵 𝘥𝘰𝘨𝘴: 𝘞𝘩𝘢𝘵 𝘤𝘢𝘯 𝘷𝘦𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘯𝘢𝘳𝘺 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘧𝘦𝘴𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯𝘢𝘭𝘴 𝘭𝘦𝘢𝘳𝘯 𝘧𝘳𝘰𝘮 𝘤𝘶𝘳𝘳𝘦𝘯𝘵 𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘦𝘢𝘳𝘤𝘩?. 𝘝𝘦𝘵 𝘙𝘦𝘤. 2022;𝘦1627]

“𝘗𝘶𝘭𝘭𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘰𝘳 𝘵𝘶𝘨𝘨𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘧𝘳𝘰𝘮 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘥𝘰𝘨 𝘰𝘳 𝘩𝘢𝘯𝘥𝘭𝘦𝘳 𝘰𝘯𝘵𝘰 𝘢 𝘯𝘢𝘳𝘳𝘰𝘸 𝘤𝘰𝘭𝘭𝘢𝘳 𝘤𝘢𝘯 𝘤𝘢𝘶𝘴𝘦 𝘮𝘢𝘫𝘰𝘳 𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘶𝘮𝘢 𝘵𝘰 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘯𝘦𝘤𝘬” [𝘒𝘢𝘶𝘧𝘮𝘢𝘯, 𝘑. (2007). 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘤𝘰𝘭𝘭𝘢𝘳'𝘴 𝘳𝘰𝘭𝘦: 𝘈𝘷𝘰𝘪𝘥𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘯𝘦𝘤𝘬, 𝘴𝘱𝘪𝘯𝘦 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘰𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘳 𝘪𝘯𝘫𝘶𝘳𝘪𝘦𝘴. 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘙𝘦𝘵𝘳𝘪𝘦𝘷𝘦𝘳: 𝘓𝘢𝘣𝘳𝘢𝘥𝘰𝘳 𝘌𝘥𝘶𝘤𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘈𝘯𝘥 𝘙𝘦𝘴𝘤𝘶𝘦 𝘕𝘦𝘵𝘸𝘰𝘳𝘬'𝘴 𝘕𝘦𝘸𝘴𝘭𝘦𝘵𝘵𝘦𝘳, 𝘕𝘰𝘷𝘦𝘮𝘣𝘦𝘳 2–5]

“𝘐𝘯 𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘴𝘰𝘯 𝘸𝘪𝘵𝘩 𝘤𝘰𝘭𝘭𝘢𝘳𝘴 𝘸𝘪𝘵𝘩𝘰𝘶𝘵 𝘱𝘢𝘥𝘥𝘪𝘯𝘨, 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘦𝘯𝘤𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘤𝘶𝘴𝘩𝘪𝘰𝘯𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘸𝘢𝘴 𝘯𝘰𝘵 𝘦𝘧𝘧𝘦𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘦 𝘪𝘯 𝘳𝘦𝘥𝘶𝘤𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘵𝘰𝘵𝘢𝘭 𝘧𝘰𝘳𝘤𝘦 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘭𝘰𝘤𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘻𝘦𝘥 𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘴𝘶𝘳𝘦 𝘰𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘯𝘦𝘤𝘬 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘴𝘦𝘦𝘮𝘴 𝘵𝘰 𝘤𝘢𝘶𝘴𝘦 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘤𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘰𝘧 𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘴𝘶𝘳𝘦 𝘪𝘯 𝘴𝘱𝘦𝘤𝘪𝘧𝘪𝘤 𝘱𝘰𝘪𝘯𝘵𝘴” [𝘏𝘶𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘳 𝘈, 𝘉𝘭𝘢𝘬𝘦 𝘚, 𝘋𝘦 𝘎𝘰𝘥𝘰𝘺 𝘙𝘍. 𝘗𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘴𝘶𝘳𝘦 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘧𝘰𝘳𝘤𝘦 𝘰𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘤𝘢𝘯𝘪𝘯𝘦 𝘯𝘦𝘤𝘬 𝘸𝘩𝘦𝘯 𝘦𝘹𝘦𝘳𝘤𝘪𝘴𝘦𝘥 𝘶𝘴𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘢 𝘤𝘰𝘭𝘭𝘢𝘳 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘭𝘦𝘢𝘴𝘩. 𝘝𝘦𝘵 𝘈𝘯𝘪𝘮 𝘚𝘤𝘪. 2019 𝘖𝘤𝘵 24;8:100082. 𝘥𝘰𝘪: 10.1016/𝘫.𝘷𝘢𝘴.2019.100082. 𝘗𝘔𝘐𝘋: 32734099; 𝘗𝘔𝘊𝘐𝘋: 𝘗𝘔𝘊7386734]