01/10/2025
The Risk of Feeding Your Pets Raw Diets
Letās talk about pet food today. According to a 2024 American Veterinary Medical Association study, there are 89.7 million pet dogs in the United States and 73.8 million pet cats in the United States. The majority of these pets are fed the conventional commercially available diets, but there is a growing trend to feed these pets raw or minimally processed foods, and these foods have been on the market for a few decades. So why do we want to discuss raw food now? The answer to that is concerns for nutritional integrity and food safety.
Letās start with nutritional integrity. Raw food diets and minimally processed food can be separated into homemade and commercially prepared. Before we get into details between homemade and commercially prepared diets, it is good to keep in mind the difference between complete and balanced. Complete diets are those that contain all the required nutrients essential to life and thus preventing deficiencies. Balanced diets are those that have proportional nutrient concentrations to the dietās energy density (calories). Homemade diets are often made without help from a veterinarian or veterinary nutritionist. Homemade diets are often considered not complete nor balanced, and it happens with both raw and cooked diets. Although it can be difficult to achieve, these diets can be reformulated to be both complete and balanced with the help of a veterinary nutritionist. Commercially sold raw food diets and minimally processed foods can be sold as āComplete and Balancedā or āFor Supplemental or Intermittent Feeding.ā These statements should be seen on the packaging, but when looking at the āComplete and Balancedā-labelled food there is often a note about it being complete and balanced based off a lab analysis. Lab analysis is when the food is tested in a laboratory setting for its nutritional value. This helps determine if the food reaches the required nutrient thresholds, but it does not say anything about the petās ability to absorb and use those nutrients like those diets labelled complete and balanced by a feeding trial. The āFor Supplemental or Intermittent Feedingā-labeled diets are not meant to be the sole source of food for our pets due to missing nutrients or being unbalanced. Each product has its own labeled use, but you can often think of them as treats or ātoppersā to a complete and balanced diet. There is also no known significant nutritional advantage to feeding raw food compared to cooked food according to the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, which compares rare, raw, and fully cooked meats.
Now letās get into the concern for food safety. Food safety can be broken down into physical, chemical, and biologic concerns. Physical concerns would be foreign objects such as metals and wood, while chemical concerns would be items like bleach, insecticides, and pesticides. Biologic concerns include contamination with drugs, ingredient adulteration, errors in nutritional formulation, and microbiologic. Although these are all important hazards to consider, we will be focusing on the microbiologic concerns, which include bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Raw diets have also been linked to a variety of bacteria through the years, including but not limited to Salmonella, E. coli, Campylobacter, Clostridium, Listeria, and Staphylococcus aureus. These bacteria have the capability of not only getting humans sick due to direct contact with the contaminated food, but they can also be transferred from the pet to the human. For example, a 4-month-old boy with chronic diarrhea had Salmonella Virchow isolated from his stool. Two of the three pet dogs in the household had stool positive with the same strain and antibiotic sensitivity as the Salmonella isolated in the infantās stool. Viruses have also been found contaminating raw food. Recently, two raw cat foods were recalled due to being contaminated with avian influenza, one which is linked to a catās death in Oregon. Studies have also shown that dogs and cats can get Pseudorabies virus from ingesting affected pork, and dogs can get African Horse sickness from affected horse meat. There are also a variety of protozoa that can contaminate raw food including Toxoplasma, which can also be spread to humans from pets. All of these are especially dangerous for households that have an immune-compromised person, elderly, or young children.
If you have any questions or concerns about your petās food, please reach out to your petās veterinarian.
References:
ā¢ 2024 AVMA Pet Ownership and Demographic Sourcebook. https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/reports-statistics/us-pet-ownership-statistics
ā¢ āFeeding Raw Diets to Pets ā so where are we now?ā Rebecca L. Remillard, PHD, DVM, DACVN. 03-16-2014.
ā¢ āRaw diets for dogs and cats: a review, with particular reference to microbiological hazards.ā R. H. Davies, et al. Journal of Small Animal Practice. Volume 60. June 2019.
ā¢ āLos Angeles officials warn against raw pet food as H5N1 bird flu infections in cat confirmed.ā CBS News. 01-01-2025.