Bob Wood Horses For Life

12/06/2024

I write educational posts, story posts, history posts and more but today my post is a plea. It's about understanding change in the horse world. I hope it will cause readers to do something or say something about how horsemanship has been diminished. We have experienced a shift away from the innate physicality of horses and riding to an emotionally centered idea of relationship with horses that often becomes dysfunctional.

Human thoughts and feelings are vastly different from equine thoughts and feelings. The biggest difference is that we humans are carnivore predators and horses are prey animals. This difference is denied, opposed and rejected by many riders and horse owners today. We predators are scary to horses. We are unpredictable, have hidden agendas and are demanding. Horses are none of these. They are very predictable, incapable of hidden agendas and accommodating.

I find it offensive and cruel how humans assume that horses are like us. So many humans impose and demand that horses act more like humans. On a recent post of mine someone commented, "They're Big, Strong, Personable Friends. They're not machines to be trained." This was on a post with a video of someone who felt this way and got kicked in the face by a horse because they completely misunderstood when the horse was telling her to back off with her invasive relationship demands.

Not long ago life in general was more physical on all levels. People were required to have so many more physical skills in every part of life. Diapering a baby was challenging with pins that could stick an infant, or if pinned poorly the diaper would come off causing an unfortunate mess. Today, anyone can safely and successfully diaper a baby thanks to Velcro. People could cook. There were no microwave ovens to heat pre packaged meals. And people didn't drug horses so they could ride them. They trained them to be safe and rideable. The summary impact of all of these examples of change and more is that today people are much less physical.

Horses need physicality. I see so many horses that are overweight and under worked. They are kept like birds in a cage. They suffer from the nonphysical human lifestyle imposed on them. Their owners feel they are very good owners because they give all the right supplements, call the vet over a scratch and buy their horse treats and presents that have little or no meaning for the horse.

We have bred horses for thousands of years to do work for us. This purpose is in their genes, yet today owners deny horses the work and exercise they desperately need. We expect these prey animals to be companion animals and demand they act like dogs or cats, which are both predators and better suited to be human companion animals. Worst of all, the compliance and adaptability humans have bred into horses over centuries is mistaken for friendship. Human expectations of horses today are devoid of understanding of the authentic nature of the horse.

My friend Mary said something recently that really got to me. She pointed out that in the horse world, we have lost our sense of honor as a community. Today people feel entitled to relate to their horses as "personable friends ... not machines to be trained" and social correctness supports this painful illusion. Social correctness and authentic horsemanship have almost nothing in common. If you think otherwise, you are probably abusing your horse with phony "kindness". Stop doing that.

12/05/2024

Another nerdy bit post. This one is about ring gag bits used almost exclusively in polo. A ring gag is different from many bits today that are called gag bits. I'm writing this to elaborate on a post about how the horse-are-pets people want to ban what they believe are "torture" equipment like draw reins and gag bits.

These ring gags are very specialized training tools that require education and experience to be used correctly. Their misuse is what has the horses-are pets crowd wanting to ban them when education is the solution.

The #1 image is a horse pulling on their tied lead rope and reacting intensely to poll pressure. Poll pressure will cause this extreme reaction unless a horse is trained out of this instinctual reaction. The #2 image shows a ring gag in a horse's mouth with some rein pressure. The yellowish rope is called a gag-round that is attached to the reins. You can see how when rein pressure is applied the ring rotates. As the ring rotates, the rein pressure goes up to the bridle's crown piece and applies the rein pressure there.

The mouthpiece seen in image #2 stays in the same place in the mouth as the ring rotates in a sort of "clutch" action that allows the mouthpiece to stay where it is without much increased mouth pressure even when rein pressure is increased. The mouthpiece slides freely on the ring until the ring's rotation reaches the place on the ring where the round goes through the ring. At that point, when the mouthpiece reaches the round, the ring engages the mouthpiece and then increased pressure is put on the mouthpiece from the reins.

This simple ring mechanism first isolates the poll pressure from the mouth pressure and as the reins are pulled harder, the mouthpiece pressure is added into the poll pressure at a specific point in the ring's rotation.

Why do we want to isolate the poll pressure at first? Because this isolated poll pressure can tap into the impulse we see in image #1 but to a much lesser degree. This action on the poll is a quick warning or alert of things to come, sort of a wakeup call.

When the mouthpiece action gets added into the poll pressure, a rider "has a hold of the head" and a rider must use this hold very briefly because the poll pressure is an unusual pressure or warning, and eventually the added ring gag's mouthpiece action acts like any other bit except the poll pressure is used in sequence and combination with it. If a rider hangs on a ring gag without release, a horse can get used to it and the impact of this type bit is diminished. Therefore, using ring gags requires specific and delicate on-and-off contact, which suits the stop, turn and go nature of polo.

Image #3 is a ring gag with a small ring. This means that the "clutch" action of the ring engages the mouthpiece sooner than a ring gag with a larger ring. This bit has a double snaffle offset mouthpiece called a Barry gag after its inventor. In my view, the combination of its small ring and the intense mouthpiece make this a pretty intense bit requiring very soft hands.

By comparison, the #4 ring gag with its larger ring and simple mouthpiece is a more typical ring gag. The rotation of the larger ring provides more poll pressure and slower mouthpiece engagement as well as less intense mouth action than the Barry gag mouthpiece. The #4 is a very common polo ring gag.

The #3, #4 and #5 images show the different sizes of rings used in ring gags. A smaller ring, like #3, has less rotation and thus it provides less poll pressure and quicker mouthpiece engagement. #5 is the opposite. The rotating large ring can multiply the poll pressure while it delays the engagement of the mouthpiece. And like with the three bears, #4 is usually just right for the average horse.

Bits #6 and #7 have medium size rings and very different mouth pieces. The #6, with the Barry double offset snaffle mouthpiece, is the one of the most intense mouths of all ring gags. The #7 with the link snaffle mouthpiece might be one of the least intense ring gag mouth pieces.

Hopefully this will explain the possible variations in ring gags, a somewhat obscure specialized bit type. These bits can be challenging to understand and difficult to predict how they will affect a particular horse. In fact, in about one out of ten prospects, when the horse feels the poll pressure from a ring gag, they will duck their head down, not lift it up as seen in image #1. This is because they have been trained to release against poll pressure.

From these pictures you can imagine the countless possible variations of the combinations of ring sizes and mouthpiece types available with ring gags. Therefore, selecting a ring gag bit for prospects requires a lot of experience and a pile of ring gags to pick from. The process of selecting a ring gag is part experience and part trial and error. Some horses do not go well in a ring gag and polo players then tend to use pelham bits.

I want to thank my friend Jim Groesbeck Horsemanship for his comment on my other post about how the horse-are-pets people think gags and draw reins are the work of the devil. It inspired this post. I hope this explanation explains ring gags better.

Link to former post that included ring gag info & comments -
www.facebook.com/BobWoodHorsesForLife/posts/pfbid02jopGj4arRj377d6wp4hDzj7BS6bt3i7zNqkYLs9naxQDa3fCY15FjFA3CfK5rmral

12/04/2024

For most animals facing them directly, eye to eye communicates a threat to them of "I am ready to fight." This will trigger a response in animals to prepare to fight. This is instinct and it can be overcome in horses with proper training. Ignoring this instinct can be dangerous.

The person in the left picture understands the threat that he is making against the horse with his stare while facing the horse and what it might trigger. He is ready to avoid a probable strike from the fore hooves that his provocation could produce. He is in an agile stance as he works to train the horse not to strike. I have done this with many horses that learned to be strikers from people who unconsciously threatened them.

The image on the right is one I see a lot on social media. The person is facing the horse flat footed staring at the horse's eyes. They are unprepared for what might happen if the horse feels unable to flee due to the lead rope. If a horse feels the only option they have is fighting the staring human, then they will fight.

I am putting a link to a very dangerous and sad video that made the social media rounds recently. It is awful to watch but it is a very good example of what happens when an unknowing human stares down a horse. Everyone should watch it to remove any illusions about the reality of horse's fight and flight instinct.

The woman builds up the horse's anxiety in several ways. She begins with the threatening, eye to eye stare and the horse responds by taking a ready to fight position. Then she hovers over the horse's feed and that sets up a competitive environment for the food. The horse now has an elevated sense of threat and competition due to her actions. He spins and threatens her with his hind. She doesn't read this warning. Next she pokes the horse and he lifts a leg to demonstrate a physical threat to her and she misses that warning too. Then after the spin and the leg lift warnings, she pokes the horse again and the horse, after repeated warnings to her, says enough and lets her have it.

This video is more about the horses-are-pets mentality. The woman does not see that she is vulnerable sitting in a very fixed position on the bucket. She doesn't understand that crowding the horse's food stresses him. And finally the physical warnings with the hind spin and the foot raising go completely unnoticed all because her assumptions about horses are incorrect. She thinks she is playing in a relationship with her pet horse. By contrast, the horse trainer has no illusions and understands what is likely to happen and is prepared for it.

I recommend watching the steps in this painful video several times to observe how the horse is being a horse, communicating that all is not well between them. The horse does not understand that the human is missing the point of his patient warnings. He continues acting predictably as a horse. I knew someone who had a similar experience and it changed their life forever in very sad ways.

It is always, I mean always safer to stand to the side when in front of a horse and to avoid direct eye contact unless you want to provoke a negative behavior that you intend to fix. The video -

www.facebook.com/reel/3930659233880713

12/02/2024

When people think of horses as pets, their perception of everything they do with horses changes from the established way of seeing horses in authentic horsemanship. Humans enjoy hanging out with their pets. They cuddle with pets and have very few physical boundaries with them. Pets are safe, they won't hurt you is their belief.

Therefore, because pets are safe and cuddly there is no need to impose or otherwise demand that horses learn boundaries and other safe standards of behavior. Furthermore, the use of any equipment to control horses that might aid in training them to have standards and boundaries of behavior are not needed, and anyone who uses such things is an abuser. This is the narrative from the horses as pets crowd.

Someone commented a while back that sometimes I "poke the bear" with my posts. I liked that comment. The images at the bottom are there to poke the bear. All the pictured objects are there for the horses-are-pets hiveminds. They think these things should be banned. The left image is of a ring gag bit, something they think is one of the worst tools of torture. Do the horses-are-pets folks know how it works or why? Have they ever used one? No. It's just bad and it needs to be gone is their simple thought. Some say all bits need to be banned.

The ring gag is an unusual bit in that it works primarily on the poll. As the rider applies the reins, the rounds or cords that go through the rings rotate the rings. This allows the mouthpiece to slide, thus releasing any buildup of rein pressure on the tongue. This is how a ring gag isolates the pressure on the poll and makes it the primary pressure.

Leverage bits also apply poll pressure, but because they have a chin strap or chain any increased rein pressure is applied equally to both the poll and the mouthpiece. Ring gags are therefore less impactful than leveraged bits due to the reduced mouthpiece pressure on the tongue and mouth.

Anyone who has seen a tied horse pulling against the poll pressure from the tied halter can imagine how the ring gag works with its isolated poll pressure. For those who haven't, it lifts the head. Why do we want to lift the head on some horses? To improve a horse's balance, ring gags do it with the greatest precision in the right hands. Why do we improve balance? To make a horse safer but that is thought to be unnecessary because some believe pet horses are already safe.

The center images are of draw reins, another tool of torture for the horses-are-pets crowd wants to ban. Draw reins are a very useful training tool for showing a horse a different balance. Yes, people apply draw rein pressure for sustained periods, but that is like trying to hammer a nail with a wrench. Draw reins multiply the pressure from the reins with their pulley-like function. Why do we want multiplied rein pressure? Because the less strength required of a task that involves the hands, the more precise the hands can be. Draw reins allow a rider to briefly, delicately and precisely show a horse a different balance better than their own.
habitual balance.

Lastly, let's ban the twitch. This cruel and unusual device must go, they think. Why have them at all when drugs will accomplish the same desired result of making a horse more still? Why? Because drugs, once administered, cannot be adjusted. The horse is drugged until the drug wears off. With a twitch, a horse trainer can vary the impact of the twitch's distraction on a horse up or down every moment. When a horse begins to relax while being twitched, the twitching can be lessened or removed and the horse can learn from the experience. With drugs there is no learning, only repeated drug use.

Most importantly, in emergency situations a skilled twitch user and quickly and safely still a horse to improve a dangerous situation. By comparison, in an emergency a person who uses only drugs to stil a horse must find a syringe and drugs, and then they face a dangerous task of the injection that can break the needle, injure the person or otherwise delay a solution to the emergency.

12/01/2024

We had our first hard frost last night in PA. That will make fox hunting, or now more correctly fox chasing, faster after the vegetation thins out from the frost. Before such a frost, the fox has a great advantage over the hounds in thick vegetation.

A chase begins at a "Cover", which is the mispronunciation of the French word "Covert", meaning covered or secret. The fox's den is in a "Cover", which is in a "Fixture" of at least 1,500 acres (600 hectares) for a day's hunt. A Fixture typically has three to a dozen Coverts, depending on Fixture size. At the start, the Master of Foxhounds (MFH) instructs the Huntsman, the second ranking Staff member, to which Cover he or she wishes to go to have the hounds look for a fox. The Hunt, Staff riders and followers, then ride slowly to the Cover. The Master and Huntsman are up front leading the hounds with the Staff Whippers-in spread out around them. The Fields of following riders ride behind the Staff.

Upon arrival at the Cover, the Huntsman "casts the hounds", meaning commands them to scent all around the Cover, while the Field riders stand aside observing and listening. A Cover is roughly 30 to 40 yards across in an irregular shape. Most of the time when the pack arrives at a Cover, the fox is gone, either hunting for food for their offspring or cubs, or moving her cubs one by one to a new Cover den (pictured below). It is up to the hounds with "deep noses" (ability to smell older scent) to pick up an old scent and lead the pack on that scent line that was laid down by the fox when it leaves the Cover.

The Field riders wait and listen for the first hound to pick up the scent and cry (bark). More hounds begin crying as they too pick up the scent as they move out from the Covert on the scent line. This is the beginning of the chase. The fox might be close enough to the Cover to hear the hounds. If so, the fox then will lead the hounds away from the den to safeguard cubs, all the while laying down a scent line. There is a rule in hunting that riders must not cross the scent line in order to preserve it. But do not worry, few new hunt riders have any idea where the scent line is, and the Field Master will direct them so as to not cross the scent line.

At this stage the hound's job is to outfox the fox, which is close to impossible. The middle picture is an aerial view of typical eastern US hunt territory with fields and hedgerows. Don't ask me how or why foxes have very effective strategies, as illustrated, to cause predators to lose their scent line, but they do. The fox's playbook of strategies and tactics is amazingly complex. The yellow line in the aerial photo shows one such common play from a fox's playbook.

Let's pretend that the fox left her den to look for her cub's breakfast of Pheasant eggs that are laid in ground nests. She went into the field adjacent to the Covert from the woods to the right of "A". Hearing the pack cry causes her to run away from the Covert and into the hedgerow at "B". She runs down the hedgerow to "C" and then doubles back to "B". She makes a right turn when she gets back to "B" and runs off her scent line at 90 degrees at "B" and is long GONE. Between "C" and "B" the scent line has a doubly strong scent having been traveled twice by the fox.

When the pack comes onto the double strength scent line at "B" for the first time, the scent excites them, and they often go into full cry because a powerful double scent usually means they are very close to the fox - but not this time. The pack arrives at "C" and the scent ends. Some hounds are so excited by the strong scent evaporating up into the air that they will jump into the air following the rising scent, while the other hounds wander around confused.

In these kinds of situations of being out foxed, a Hunt needs a quality pack and experienced Staff. An experienced Whipper-in will immediately recognize the pack has been fooled and move the pack back up the scent line toward "B" from "C". The Whippers in will be looking for a hound, usually an older female, that was not fooled by the phony strong scent. That hound is now looking for the place where the fox left the intentionally laid double scent line in order to escape. That old hound or hounds remember being beaten by this same trick from the fox's playbook, and they quickly work to re-find the true scent line. When and if they find it and the chase continues.

A skilled Huntsman does not so much train the hounds to question a scent line, but rather they are skilled in identifying hounds that are naturally smart and skeptical once fooled. Skilled Whippers-in, or Whips, are quick to "crack" (the sound of their whip) the confused hounds off a useless old scent line at "C" and direct the hounds toward the more gifted or experienced hounds not so fooled back at "B".

A good day's hunt is dependent first on a pack of hounds with the right mix of noses (ability to scent) and with intensity. Once the fox has outsmarted and "left the building", the Huntsman gathers up the pack and proceeds to a new Cover to cast the hounds once again and the day hunting or chasing continues.

In large hunts, most Field riders or followers see only part of these kinds of workings of the pack and Staff. To see the intricacies of a pack's work up close, a rider needs either to become a Staff member or ride with a weekday hunt where there are fewer riders. On weekdays in a snowy February in the east, sometimes there are less than six Field rider's and three Staff. Go then and you will learn a lot.

I started Whipping for Fred Harris, Master of the Cazenovia Hunt near frozen Syracuse NY. Fred would often call me to go out with him in the worst weather. When he called, I'd look out my window and see snow blowing horizontally in a near white out. I once said to Fred, "Why do you always call me on days like this?" He answered, "Because you are the only one who will go out with me in this weather." I learned so much from Fred and we became good friends. When I moved to Pennsylvania, I was a Whipper in for the Blue Mountain Hunt, which became the Rose Tree Blue Mountain hunt after a merger.

Here is a link to the rarefied and puzzling jargon of Fox Hunting Today's very correct people say it's fox chasing. www.harvardfoxhounds.com/HFH_Fox_Hunting_Terms.html

11/30/2024

I teach the Fort Riley Seat, called the Balanced Seat by civilians. I always start my new students in the military way that I was taught as a child. At my farm, when new students who had never ridden arrived, regardless of age, they started out in my 40 foot (12 meters) by 70 foot (21 meters) fenced arena "baby pool".

When students could walk and trot under control and safely and ride a few canter strides, they graduated to my 100 foot (30 meter) by 200 foot (60 meter) unfenced arena, seen in the bottom picture. They rode in simple, no knee rolls, saddles with snaffles and simple bridles. In the military tradition, students rode with their feet home in safety irons and with a jumping strap around their horse's neck. As soon as a student was capable, I had them out riding over terrain and striding over low natural obstacles. When they began jumping three feet (1 meter) or more, I would teach them to ride and jump with the balls of their feet in the stirrups.

Students could grab the neck strap if they felt unstable. They were not permitted to lean on their horse's neck. This allowed students to establish an independent seat, meaning independent of laying their bodies on their horse's neck or otherwise assuming any static riding position.

The top left picture is one of my young students in 2004 who had graduated from the baby pool and the arena, and was learning to ride, not jump, over low obstacles out in the open. I feel the sooner a student can ride out from the fenced arena the better because it builds confidence and broader skills.

Fast forward 20 years and we see a young student, top right, in a fenced arena using today's standard Morris inspired jumping position, even though her horse is not jumping the low jump. Look at the spread on her horse's hind legs and you can see the horse is striding over the low jump.

I think it's tragic that today's students are not taught the difference between striding over something and jumping it. Not knowing this is why, when ring riders show up at a fox hunt, they can't keep up. Throwing your body weight up onto the neck of your horse that is striding over something forces your horse to do a major rebalance. This slows the stride.

Compare the two young riders at the top going over low obstacles. Which one can go over the obstacle without disrupting their horse's balance and stride length? Which rider, if their horse stumbled and fell on the other side of the obstacle, would be safer and immediately be in control? Which rider, if they were following another horse and rider and that pair stopped or fell, could quickly avoid such a dangerous circumstance? Not the 2024 rider.

Horsemanship is and has been in decline for over 20 years and the difference between these two young riders 20 years apart make this fact clear. Trainers/instructors, if your students look like the 2024 rider, you are doing them a disservice. You might be teaching them to win ribbons by pleasing judges in a narrow discipline, but you are not preparing them for anything else in their future.

*link to post on using and teaching the jumping strap method -

www.facebook.com/BobWoodHorsesForLife/posts/pfbid0BkjMY6S32W5PH2UiRV76WwmfYe4ezLMeBxNmvVjqhmsj99VBhZgmr3u7h5c4KR1ml

11/29/2024

11/27/2024

Having over 20,000 followers reading my page is a mixed blessing. After retiring from the farm, this page I started during COVID has allowed me to continue teaching. However, teaching on social media, as opposed to on my farm with its long driveway to the outside world, can be frustrating.

People come across one of my posts, never having read me before. They comment out of a very narrow experience of what I do. Everyday someone leaves a comment that has clearly been written without reading the post. They saw an image and wrote a comment unrelated to anything in the text.

Then there are the know-it-alls who comment as if they care more about horses than anyone else. When I read their comments, it is clear they have limited understanding of horsemanship, and that they are driven primarily by their imagined feelings about caring for horses. Their comments are not remotely relevant to the posts. Most of these just want to ban things and practices they do not understand, and they refuse to learn.

Likewise, there are the smartest-person-in-the-room types who love to quote "a study" to counter a point I have made. These people try to make horsemanship into an academic experience, which tells me their experience with horses is superficial.

There are other common types that show up here wanting to be seen as important with their comments. These people are doing their social media socializing, passing the time, and they can fall off the planet for all I care. This page is about horsemanship education, nothing else.

But there are others who I greatly respect and appreciate who come here for the same reason I write. These commenters add to the page with their knowledge and experience. They, like me, want to better understand horses. I don't feel like an expert horseman, and I enjoy and learn from their helpful comments.

I'm a guy who has spent a lot of time with horses and I have a good memory, so I sound like I know a lot about horses. The bottom line is I'm only an old horseman and when you younger folks, if you continue with horses and get old, someday you will likely know more than I do.

But there is one big difference. When I began riding in the early 1950s, there were people who remembered horses being primary transportation and power on the farm to work the land. I was fortunate to spend time with riders who rode in the US Cavalry and Mounted Artillery who knew the most. These riders had a far more practical view of horses than today's riders and horse owners.

It is becoming increasingly hard to come by the understanding of horses that work, or even of working dogs, in today's culture. This is the void that must be filled if future generations are to have the same access to horses that I and other older horsemen and women have experienced. Horses make terrible pets but that is where the socially "correct" culture is taking horses. Horses make terrible pets. They are expensive to keep, a lot of work to maintain and they can hurt you. But horses make great partners in sport, in recreation and other work.

Those of us who value horses in practical ways must work together to overcome the social media mindset that is making the real experience of horses obsolete. We need to stick together and educate.

11/26/2024

Conformation, the science of equine physical structure that underlies their biomechanics, is based primarily on ratios of measurements. However, there are details that can affect performance in various equestrian pursuits. Most people new to riding begin by understanding conformation by studying the ratio between the length of the back, the length of the legs and the length of the neck. These three elements in an optimal ratio create a smooth steady well balanced horse. But today I want to talk about an important conformation detail, pasterns.

As we explore conformation and how it defines the "ideal horse" with ratios, slopes and such, my summary message is that conformation is very useful in practical ways regarding suitability. Understanding how horses are put together can make you a smarter horse trainer and prospect buyer of horses for specific purposes or disciplines. Pasterns are important in different ways for different disciplines.

The top row of images shows two examples of relatively long pasterns with slightly different slopes and a Saddlebred or Park Horse, bred for comfortable smooth riding. The second row of images show short pasterns and a polo horse. The breeds used in polo are bred for speed and agility for constant transitions between fast gallops and short, quick agile movements required in the game. Both these types of long or short pasterns determine suitability in different ways.

Much of the comfort in a Saddlebred or Park Horse comes from their longer flexible pasterns. The movement of the long pasterns act to reduce the impact of footfalls somewhat like shock absorbers in a car. By comparison, the short pasterns of a polo horse offer little or no movement to absorb the impact of the feet hitting the ground. While short pasterns do not make a ride more comfortable, they do make a horse that must stop quickly out of a fast gallop more durable. Short pasterns that lack a long range of motion protect a horse from pastern injuries resulting from hyperextension or other causes.

Pasterns are an example of how details of conformation can become meaningful when selecting a horse for a specific discipline or task. It takes time to learn all the ratios, measurements and details of conformation. It takes more time to understand how these elements of conformation interact to create certain qualities or flaws in a horse.

As with most areas of horsemanship education, gaining a practical understanding of conformation to be useful in predicting the quality of a horse's movement requires a lifetime of study. Therefore, when purchasing a horse for a specific discipline or purpose it is best to include an advisor with substantial knowledge of conformation.

Other posts at the bottom about the conformation -

The ratio between leg and back length and slope of the shoulder in polo horses -www.facebook.com/BobWoodHorsesForLife/posts/pfbid0X15EX7rZwcgkpa4Tyc7nXh3AR1cy1v4TDqFkSEnPcFuxhP13fEvLxvwLMQha3chql

The horses back as an element of conformation -
www.facebook.com/BobWoodHorsesForLife/posts/pfbid02XvUbF12CV3pGWXp2r1P1yt9k7nrxS98iMyvAw8muPgNuraJA2siXEaR15x3tHYg9l