Dr. Ali Hassan Awan

08/03/2024

Horses can't vomit because they possess a valve at the entrance of the stomach called cardias or " Swiss tie ", the muscles of this valve are so strong that they prevent food from returning to the mouth.

06/11/2023

Equine vital signs 🐎

18/08/2023

■■ Differential Symptoms of common Haemoprotozoan Diseases in Dairy cattle

25/12/2022

✓BLOAT🐄🐄
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Bloat is an over distention of the rumen and reticulum with the gases of fermentation.Tympany is caused by a physical or functional obstruction or stenosis of esophagus resulting in failure to eructate .

In adult animals, free-gas bloat is less frequent and usually more acute because disturbances of the adult rumen tend to be more rapid and severe .Prodigious volumes of gas are continually generated in the rumen through the process of microbial fermentation. Normally, the bulk of this gas is eliminated by eructation or belching, which ruminants are spend a lot of time doing. Certainly, anything that interferes with eructation will cause major problems for a ruminant. The problem, of course, is called ruminal tympany or, simply, bloatBloat is the overdistension of the rumen and reticulum with gases derived from fermentation. The disorder is perhaps most commonly seen in cattle, but certainly is not uncommon in sheep and goats.

✓ Clinical Signs.
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2There is discomfort and the animal may stand and lie down frequently, kick at its abdomen and even roll.
3. Frequent defecation and urination are common.
4. Dyspnea is marked and is accompanied by mouth breathing, protrusion of the tongue, salivation and extension of the head.
5. The respiratory rate is increased up to 60/min.
6. Ruminal contractions are usually increased in strength and frequency in the early stages and may be almost continuous,

✓ Treatment and Control
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Bloat is a life threatening condition and must be relieved with haste. For animals in severe distress, rumen gas should be released immediately by emergency rumenotomy. Insertion of a rumen trochar through the left flank into rumen is sometimes advocated, but usually not very effective unless it has a large bore (i.e. 1 inch), and is often followed by complications such as peritonitis.
In less severe cases, a large bore stomach tube should be passed down the esophagus into the rumen. Free gas will readily flow out the tube, although it may need to be repositioned repeatedly to effectively relieve the pressure. In the case of frothy bloat, antifoaming medications can be delivered directly into the rumen through the tube; the animal should then be closely observed to insure that the treatment is effective and the animal begins to belch gas, otherwise a rumenotomy may be indicated.

Use mineral oil
Charcoals
Carminatives.

26/08/2022

:
Each ml contains:
Oxytetracycline (as HCl) BP 200mg, Ketoprofen BP 30mg

:
Oxyfen LA injection is indicated for the treatment of pneumonia, shipping fever, infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (Pink eye), bacterial enteritis, diarrhea, arthritis, actinobacillosis, leptospirosis, anaplasmosis, infected wounds, acute metritis, septicemic mastitis, infections of urogenital tract and other non-specific and secondary bacterial Infections of viral diseases.

and Administration:
Administer the following dose by deep intramuscular or subcutaneous injection only.
Cattle / Buffalo / Sheep / Goat: 1ml per 10kg body weight (20mg per kg Oxytetracycline and 3mg per kg ketroprofen).
Dosage may be repeated after 48 hours if required.

:
Shake well before use.
It is not recommended to pregnant animals, especially in the last trimester.
Atransltory local irritation reaction with edema, swelling and erythema may last about 5 days at Injection site.
Do not administer in cases of ascertained renal Insufficiency.
Don’t mix with other products in the same syringe.
Consult the veterinarian before use.
Keep out of the reach of children.
Store below 25 degree centigrade in a cool and dry place.

Time:
Meat: 28 days.
Milk: 04 days.

17/08/2022

Composition

____________________________________________
Description.

Buparvaquone is a second-generation hydroxynaphtaquinone with novel features that make it an effective compound for the therapy and prophylaxis of all forms of theileriosis.
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Indications

For treatment of tick-transmitted theileriosis caused by the intracellular protozoan parasites

⚜Theileria parva (East Coast fever, Corridor disease, Zimbabwean theileriosis) and
⚜T. annulata (tropical theileriosis) in cattle.

It is active against both the
⚜schizont and
⚜piroplasm stages of Theileria spp. and may be used during the
✔incubation period of the disease, or when clinical signs are apparent.
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Contra indications

Due to the inhibiting effects of theileriosis on the
⚜immune system,
⚜vaccination should be delayed until the animal has recovered from theileriosis.

______________________________________________
Side effects

⚜Localised, painless,
⚜oedematous swelling may occasionally be seen at the injection site.
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Dosage
For intramuscular injection.

The general dosage is
✔1 ml per 20 kg body weight.

Butachem-50 is recommended to be given into the
✔muscles of the neck.

In severe cases the treatment may be repeated within 48 - 72 hours.
Do not administer more than
❌10 ml per injection site.

Successive injections should be administered at different sites.
_________________
Withdrawal times

✔For meat : 42 days.
✔For milk : 2 days.

15/08/2022

𝗞𝗘𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗙𝗘𝗡 10% 𝗜𝗡𝗝𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡

𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻
Contains per ml:Ketoprofen100 mg.
Excipients ad1 ml.
𝗗𝗲𝘀𝗰𝗿𝗶𝗽𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻
Ketoprofen is a derivative of phenylpropionic acid -and belongs to the non steroidal antiinflammatory group of drugs. Like all such substances, its principal pharmacological actions are anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic.

𝗜𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀
Inflammatory and painful conditions of the bones and joints and muscle-skeletal systems in horses.
Colic in horses. Respiratory infection and acute clinical mastitis in cattle. Respiratory infection in pigs and Mastitis-Metritis-Agalactia syndrome in sows.

𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗮 𝗶𝗱𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀
Hypersensitivity to ketoprofen.
Concurrent administration or administration of other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) within 24 hours.
Administration in animals suffering from cardiac, hepatic or renal disease.
Administration to pregnant mares, because the effects of ketoprofen on fertility, pregnancy or foetal health of horses have not been determined.

𝗦𝗶𝗱𝗲 𝗲𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗰𝘁𝘀
Gastric or renal intolerance due to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.
𝗗𝗼𝘀𝗮𝗴𝗲
Horses:
1.0 ml per 45 kg body weight by intravenous injection once daily for up to 3 to 5 days

Cattle:
1.0 ml per 33 kg body weight by intravenous or deep intramuscular injection once daily for up to 3 days.

Pigs:
1.0 ml per 33 kg body weight once by deep intramuscular injection.

𝗪𝗶𝘁𝗵𝗱𝗿𝘄𝗮𝗹 𝘁𝗶𝗺𝗲𝘀
Horses : 1 day
Cattle : following intravenous administration: 1 day
: following intramuscular administration: 4 days
Pigs : 4 days
There is no withdrawal period necessary for the milk of treated cattle.

12/08/2022

07/08/2022

Injection 💉 Sites in Dog 🐕.

12/07/2022

Common diseases in goat 🐐

12/07/2022

Common diseases in sheep 🐑

08/07/2022

■■■■ Lumpy skin disease (L*D)?
L*D is an acute disease of cattle characterized by fever, cutaneous nodules and generalized lymphadenitis.
■■■ Etiology::::
○ L*D cause by Capripox virus
○ Family Poxviridae.

■■■■ Epidemiology:::
Proven cases have only occurred in cattle. Endemic areas lies in southern Africa

■■■■ CLINICAL SIGNS::::
●● Incubation period (2 to 5 weeks)
Young calves most susceptible
● Nodules development
● Decreased milk yield
● Raised, circular, firm coalescing nodules (common on head, neck, udder, perineum, legs)
● Fever is usually diphasic.
● Depression
Diagnosis:::
● disease can be suspected from clinical signs and characteristics skin nodules.
● laboratory test for confirmation such as virus isolation, serology.

■■■■ TRANSMISSION AND SPREAD::::
●● Primary route: biting insect
●● Minor route: Direct contact (cutaneous lesions, saliva, nasal discharge, milk, semen)
●● Spread related to movement of cattle.

■■■■ TREATMENT::::
●● There is no treatment for L*D.
●● Nonspecific treatment (antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs and vitamin injections) is usually directed at treating the secondary bacterial infections, inflammation and fever, and improving the appetite of the animal.

■■■■ PREVENTION AND CONTROL::::
●● Vaccinate cattle (Vaccines are available)
●● Insect control
●● Keep free with import restrictions
●● Quarantine measures

07/07/2022

■■■■ Severe aspiration pneumonia?
(due to faulty drenching)

■■■ Following drenching animal shown::::
● severe cough
● dyspnea
● salivation,
● complete stoppage of feed and water
(During faulty drenching sometimes some portion of drenching material entered into the trachea and lungs instead of stomach)

■■■■ 10 hours after wrong drenching::::
● animal stopped complete feeding and water
● Frothy salivation,
● watery Nasal discharge
● Dyspnea and cough
● wheezings lung sound
● Temperature
● signs of dehydration

■■■■ TREATMENT::::
● Antibiotic: Tylosin (Drug of choice)
● NSAID: ketoject (ketoprofen)
● Steroid: Inj. Dexamethasone S/C (1-2 ml)
● Saline electuary orally (In case of coughing)
● Fluid therapy

07/07/2022

07/07/2022

■■■■Contagious Ecthyma (ORF) in sheep and goats ?
Contagious ecthyma (orf, contagious pustular dermatitis, sore mouth) is an infectious dermatitis of sheep and goats caused by a parapoxvirus that affects primarily the lips of young animals.

■■■■ Epidemiology:::
The disease is usually more severe in goats than in sheep.

■■■■ CLINICAL SIGNS::::
● Rise in temperature
● papules
● pustules
● scabs
● Lesion on gums, tongue, palate, face, ears
● Lambs fail to eat normally and lose condition, shows lameness and in ewes mastitis may occur.

■■■■ DIAGNOSIS::::
● diagnosis is based on characteristics lesions, clinical signs and previous history.

● laboratory test for confirmation such as ELISA, AGID, complement fixation and agglutination

■■■■ TRANSMISSION AND SPREAD::::
●● Enter skin through cuts, abrasions
●● healthy animals may be carriers.
●● virus found in skin lesions/scabs.

■■■■ TREATMENT, PREVENTION AND CONTROL::::
●● Antibacterials may help to combat secondary bacterial infections.
●● Avoid contact with infected animals;
●● wear gloves when handling susceptible animals. (Bcz virus is zoonotic)
●● Quarantine new animals

06/07/2022

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